ARH 314 Monuments

Avenue del Los Muertos (Way of the Dead)

- Tablero y Talud becomes an influence of Teotihuacan, proliferates for a 1000 years after - parallel would be thinking about classical orders of architecture

Romanesque Sainte-Foy vs Abbey Church at Saint-Denis (ambulatory)

Continuous spaces, larger windows, columns are very basic(eventually builders will start to free themselves from the rules of column, lose bases and capitals) (SD) Gothic architecture is focused on the future

Teotihuacan

1-650 C.E; city and urban zone with long history - 5 major monuments - 3 pyramids, 1 road, and "Barrios" neighborhoods/apartments - - "Talud y Tablero" style architecture Relationship between Teotihuacan and its environment/location - pyramid of sun-cave - pyramid of moon-mountain (cerro gordo) - - urbanism-valley location - orientation: north-south axis central corridor: 3 main monuments, - pyramid of the sun: cave - pyramid of the moon: mountain - - temple of the feathered serpent: "Despotic ruler"

Newgrange, Ireland

97 megaliths TUMULUS TOMB 2 people buried under it some megaliths decorated (near chamber) - chamber is most important Entrance - symbols might have meaning, color change to signal specialness of entrance (channel up to heaven) light comes into tomb thru window at winter solstice - 20 minutes of light a year only one 63ft long passage "walkway into earth" different communication system

Mycenae

Differences: HUGE wall made of huge stones, goes with the curvature of the landscape, had a clear main entrance, theres a grave circle (royal tomb, originally outside of the wall), layers of fortification Cyclopian - only cyclops would have been able to life the stones 1200BCE, further extension includes underground cistern (water) ♣ if attacked, everyone takes shelter in the sidedel, cant get through wall, turn into waiting game, whoever has more food and water will win, siege warfare, that's why water was stored underground. ♣ Mycinean collapses, catastrophic event, kills them out, should have been impossible for another army to take it all out o Lionesss Gate - 2nd iteration ♣ Entrance, extension of wall, come w shield & sword, sword in right hand, shield in left, right side more vulnerable, bastillon provides defense ♣ Lioness first monumental sculpture ♣ Post & lintel - over corble arch, slightly in each time, relieves weight, lintel is so heavy, triangle helps reduce weight ♣ Two standing lions w paws on alter, with a minoan pillar • Lioness Had an epitomic (protective) symbol War like, prepared, hurl projectiles • MYCENAE - decorates w frescos (borrowed from minoan), Mycenae is within Mycenea, shaft graves, tholos tombs (100 of them, 9 of them are outside Mycenae citadel, one of 9 - "treasury of Atreus" most elaborate, long dromos, reliving triangle over lintel (like lioness gate) , two columns and other things that would have covered the reliving triangle,

Grid plans are linked to

democratic ideals

Temple of Hera I

Limestone, 9:18 constructed temples to "house godesses" in Paestrum post & linel, doric columns, peristyle - columns around are 9:18 so no main entrance Paestrum - greek colony/settlement, not on mainland, Temple of Hera I, 550 BC, Post n lintel, DORIC type, typical early greek architecture, stylobane is top step - arided from that, peristyle - ring of columns that surround the temple, inside - cella in the middle (columns), stratification to the gods, actual architecture represents harmony (intercolumniation, x:2x proportion of columns outside, typical #s 6 & 8, entrance isn't centered because there's a column in the way, maybe housed 2 god because its v unusual to have middle column,

Pyramid of the Sun

Meant to memorialize place not person Cave system under it Not just a simple staircase, plits from one to two At each level you cant bee seen About movement and going up the monument staircases biforcate; view is obstructed at each layer pyramids are solid structures, make monumental a site why this site? don't quite know what language was spoken - - - - - cave beneath the pyramid, 700x700' pyramid; naturally occurring cave that was modified by people at Teotihuacan; the cave concludes in four parts perhaps constructed to monumentalize the site that might have been the place of origin for people; fertile ground, rainy season, dry season in summer, valley is hospitable to life grew as a city due to what the city offered to its citizens; defense, civilized practices, exerting military strength conquered neighboring cities, some were Mayan, Mexico to GuatemalaCity structure which is about the cave, the origin, connecting the people to their past

Temple of Hatshepsut

THE NEW KINGDOM queen dressed as a king , ruled for 21 years, most artistically influential royal patron of Karnak, New World architecture derived from her patronage, represented power: evidence bc all signs of her patronage as king were destroyed by her successors bc threaten the order of masculine authority not so much for burials, but for annual Feast of the Valley 3 courts, chapels for Amon, Hatshepsut, her husband and father "earthly paradise" for Amon gets smaller as you go back carvings of pregnant women on wall, tells stories best designed temple

Umayyad palace

Umayyad - first Islamic dynasty, set up after Mohammed, established capital in Damascus, no existing palaces that survived, have desert places Umayyad's build dome of the rock and Damascus mosque. Muslims payed lower tax rate, migration of Christians, Umayyad's take over land. Found in Jordan & Syria - probably hunting palaces for kalif Umayyad Palace • Some surviving remains, walls are reerected in berlin • Layout - o Central court - but very different from mosque, very very from domas o Central axis (N/S) o One entrance, right in middle o Looks like a fortress - walls, notches in top of wall for defense, arrow slits, turrets at even intervals, open towers so soldiers could go in and out, but actually not hollow, some have toilets o Suggests that while it looks like a building of defense, but not its actual use. o Have roman ruins here, dura eurpos, long artistic legacy of greek and roman architecture, khalif's draw on this for their palaces o Has figures (centaur) and a griffin, linked to Greco Roman mythology, used as decoration o Part that wasn't decorated, was a mosque, differentiation of decoration o Cupid & Venus icons - bathhouse, myths painted all over, Khalif was displaying his knowledge,

Alhambra

Umayyad's maintain in Cordoba for a long time, collapsed, fragmentation of power, small areas of control, only one Nasarids maintained a long standing hold of power o Nasarid Palace becomes bigger o Transforms a defensive fortress into a comfortable luxury estate in o Very large collection of buildings (mini city) o Lots of gardens o Sensual - heavily scented with citrus trees and flowering bushes o Reconstruction of Paradise on Quran o Hagia Sophia - trying to create a sense of heaven on earth o Used to have a mosque o Hall of the Abencerrajes o Constructed by building up niches like stalactites to fill a gap or create a dome o Dome sitting on series of windows (sensitive use of lighting, associated with god) o Paradise too o "the stars in heaven prefer to be in this dome rather than in the sky" o most of names of spaces are Spanish - this one based on a legend where there was a group of Christians who met here and were all murdered (supposedly can see bloodstain) o court of the lions o fountain has lions on it o different audience chambers o no pattern, barely symmetry o high arches sense of kinetic energy o entirety of surface is very elaborate stucco o distracts from thickness of the wall o primarily treviated arches with flat solid walls, building excels not through architecture but through decoration and paradise on earth o inner parts accessible by few people, further in less people are allowed o exclusively for sultan and fam bam o maintains authority of ruler by limiting access o Nazareths contained control on vernada by making alliances with Christians against other islams o Conquered by Charles the 5th

Pyramid of Moon

about the mountain behind it; visually apparent; the cerro gordo is a dormant volcano and looms over the site and provides a visual anchor for the site mountains were related to questions of water and fertility in mesoamerica man made mountain meant to reflect the agricultural fertility that the mountain behind it ensured

The Pyramid of the Feathered Serpent (150-200 C.E)

architecturalstructuresornamenttheexterior related to a despotic ruler; built by a single powerful person who wanted to monumentalize his rise to power Crocodile Headdress detail: scales, teeth, - shells are primordial seeds; represent the water that existed before mankind; upon which earth was brought into existence Atetelco (White Patio) - 60-100 people - work done in courtyards

Pyramids of Menkaure (GIZA)

complex geometry of the pyramid eluded any functional need extremem forces of gravity, onepoint decending to 4 coerners stairway to unite the sun god Ra with his son the pharaoh Fourth Dynasty Djosers immediate successors continued to build stepped pyramids begun my a decendant of djoser but finished by Sneferu (founder of 4th Dynasty) who married his half sister to maintain the royal bloodline

Parthenon

doric columns, even proportions - thought that reflected the beauty of nature, Iktinos & Kallikrates were the architects, sculpture considered higher form of art than architecture, housed a statue of Athena and the Delean League Treasury, Can be viewed from all parts of athens but when you get right up to it you cant see it (kinda like autzen) o Physical ♣ Inner & outer space - cella in middle, w statue of Athena, back space, ring of columns (interior) - peristyle, Peripital Temple (temple w peristyle) ♣ Hybrid of Doric & Ionic, ionic columns in the back space - space for $$$$$, symbolic of the fact that most of the money came from the ionian city states, Pericles dominating them o Each column specifically made for each section of the Parthenon, by mm ♣ New for its time ♣ V advanced ♣ All done by hand o Athena sculpture - Elephantine, Gold & Ivory, v large, Athena in military garb, shield was covered w 2 mythological stories, the fight against giants & fight against amazons, metaphors for Athenian conflicts against foreigners, greeks are the gods

Catal Huyuk, Turkey

founded 7500 BCE inhabited for 2000 years 8000 population good access to obsidian located on the river NOT grid - developed organically. can tell from lack of right angles, courts inside and outside, No Doors - defense, weaker walls, fewer places for enemies to enter, instead, entered through the roof Densely packed for safety & the walls reinforce eachother Seems society was even, no most important room, not a Stratified society used horns teeth and claws of wild animals for decoration bulls domesticated by end of these people, earliest landscape painting

Temple of Amun-Re, Thebes

lots of columns, narrow walkway, built for the gods presence of water high walls PYLONS - GATES, big stone monumental gateway HUGE temple not a lot of usable space obelisk - tall pillars, have to look up at them parallel to the nile river, important in their culture no average people allowed inside AXIALITY - single path HYPOSTLYE HALL - supported by lots of columns lots of rituals NEW KINGDOM state sponsored temple, kings responsible for building it

Citadel at Teotihuacan

mostly an enclosed plaza - bifurcating pathways - plaza on the inside massive space intended to be filled with performance

Palace/Labyrinth of Knossos, Crete

no walls - peaceful Largest and most famous of Minoan Most powerful city in minoan age Later Labrynth (focus) - 1700BCE: Central court Looks really modern - plants, gardens, windows, flat rooms, open space, lots of levels Very complicated - roof level not uniform, outline of building not straight line Built on hill, no defense wall Organizational system? - straight lines, thought to be a labyrinth, maze like quality, lots of twists and turns, bottlenecks- couldn't move through quickly, couldn't force a large attack force into entrance quickly Know from minoan text - no word for king and queen, makes problematic that it was a heiarchy, maybe more like priests or religious function, opium induced trances, Columns are top heavy to support ceilings, /\ • Paintings - men had red skin, woman white - possibly a ritual • Labyrinth invisible from aegean sea vibrant colors, lots of decoration Minoans - Traders hippies could attack from right side

• Abbey Fontenay

o Alternate strategy - Cistercian architecture o Fontenay doesn't have as extended of an east end o No rounded apse, no ambulatory o Had a couple chapels o Simplified o Bernard's Argument - you are not doing gods work if you are building elaborate churches and your people are starving o Only one story o Pointed barrel vaults o No sculpture on capitals o No articulation of side aisle, instead of groin vaults have barrel vaults o Very up to date on architectural advantages o Some of best acoustic o Contentious austerity

Courtyard House in Pingyao

o Ancient city in china o History 2700 years o Best preserved o 14th century village o wood, terra cotta roofs

Pingyao

o Ancient urban plan o Grid (south avenue main street) • "rulers city" o square, 3 buildings on each side o philosophical underlying of plan o symmetry on both sides o emphasis on cardinal directions o imperial palace facing south (warm) back to north (cold, scary) o grid - imperial palace in center, o symbol w gird, colors, animals, o LAYOUT IS IMITATION OF COSMOS

Temple Palace structure of Fengchu

o Archaeological sites o Fundamental principles are established early in Chinese history ♣ Includes: platform for house, arrangement of buildings around a courtyard, oriented to the south, use of 4 sided enclosure (walled), ♣ Front hall, around that everything is symmetrical ♣ Front gate is the entrance to the elevated space • Screened by the wall • Prevents people from seeing inside of house ♣ Not yet a bay system, v simple to later temples of dynasties ♣ Extends forward for lots of years • Hypothesized that use of similar design over and over again is based on renewal o Typical Chinese courtyard house is pretty much the same as fengchu 11 century BCE ♣ Rectangular ♣ Raised platforms ♣ 2 courtyards, sunken ♣ very strong axis ♣ different : • gate is on side of typical (indirect access to the house) o Conservative style

Pisa Cathedral Complex

o Campo Santo, Baptistery (leaning tower), Cathedral o Maritime city, lots of trading o Involved of Christian conquest of Cecily o Cathedral ♣ Eastern architecture refrences • Striping in the building, alternating vouisours • Has a timber roof • Crossing of nave and trancept - oval like Islamic architecture o Baptistry ♣ Basilica to centrally planned building - like Holy Sepulcher ♣ Original roof was a cone - refers to the conical dome of the anastasis rotunda o Campo Santo ♣ Earth - courtyard surrounded by walkway ♣ Dirt was taken from Jerusalem - literal transportation of sacred site to Piza ♣ Trying to recreate THE HOLY LANDSCAPE ♣ Converted to cemetery ♣ Virtual pilgrimage

Temple of Ramses the 3rd and 19th dynasty pharaoh

o Claiming land o Province of land o Propaganda in order to gain control of territory o Ramses 2nd, ruled for 67 years, longest - commissioned mire architectural things than any other ruler o 4 sculptures of Rmses, smaller figures of family o sunken relief - figure sunken or carved in to o was flooded and had to be moved o god in the middle in sunken relief. o Interior - strong axis back into the rock, more statures with ramses face

Atrium House of the Vettii

o Closer -more access o Farther - less access o Atrium area served as waiting are for clients coming to do business with male head of household - elaborate wall paintings & architectural things to impress visitors o Social function ^^^ o Changes to patron - client relation - changes from republican govt to imperial govt ♣ Instead, embellishments used in dining room ♣ Romans ate reclining ♣ Arrangement/where you sat was dependent on your status

Basilica Ulpia

o Constructed 112 CE o Forum of Trajan o Unifying the city o Different: ♣ Two alters, semi circular instead of rectilinear ♣ Apses on the side ♣ Double peristyle inside ♣ Sunlight can be let in - different ceiling heights - clear story windows ♣ Enter on long sides - coming off a forum ♣ Pass thru to go to library

Civic Basilica at Pompeii

o Court building o Raised platform - judge o Many functions though o Actually defined by form - ♣ Rectangle ♣ Free standing Columns inside in a rectangle - follow design of exterior ♣ Engaged columns on outside ♣ Enter from front (short end) or sometimes sides ♣ With a roof ♣ Trapeated columns - columns with a lintel o Dark on inside - single roof

Qin Wall

o Incorporates guard towers & communication relays o Lots of different materials used o Walls meant to divide civilizations not very effective o Symbolically used as a barrier between inferior (nomads) and superior (qin)

Santa Constanze (constantina)

o Mausoleum for his daughter Constantina o Centrally planned building (not a basilica) o Interior columns o Naturally stand in center, pull is under the dome o Annular barrel vault o Covered with mosaic o Interior oriented, looks like nothing from outside, lavish inside o Central oriented and basilica church buildings o martyrium - site of a martyr

City of Priene

o N/S street narrower than E/W because steep site o Uniformity of city block except for temple areas, agolraw (marketplace), and theater o House block - 2 rows of 4 houses, 120 x 160 ft, each house 30 x 80 ft, 2 stories, courtyard, o Entire city had about 5000 plots, 5000 people, smallest and most modest bc of steep slope of site o Theater - modeled into the ground, greek drama wasn't just entertainment, part of religious festivals, cavea - seating area, middle - orchestra and architectural stuff behind (skena)

Cluny 3

o Nave that was 500ft long o Floor - ceiling 100 ft from floor o Walls were 8 ft thick o Described as a place for angels to dwell if they ever came down to earth o Magnificent building o Destroyed during French revolution o Used stone to build city o Only thing that exists is one of the southern transepts • Not a whole lot of area for manual labor - servants • 2 transepts - eastern end has a big choir to house large numbers of monks engaged in devotional prayer • curving isle around apse, small little chapels for relics - physical remains of saint or something that has come into contact with the saint - drops of mary's milk, pieces of crucifixion cross, ect holy person who would have enacted miracles, bodily remains make it possible for god to enact miracles after theyre dead • reunification of body and spirit • lots of stories of people praying to relics to create miracles • can see relics without disturbing monks (crowd control) • elaborate decoration - only fragments • one of the capitals - represented people playing musical instruments (devotional practice) • largest building in western Europe for 500 years • has a clear story • change in the arch shape - pointed arch • beginning of exploitation of pointed arch • by pointing they could effectively channel weight of heavy stone so they didn't have to have as much buttressing • not first stone vaulted church • most of the ones we've seen have been timber roofed - how do we put stone rooves on our building? • Lots of experimentation • Using arches, barrel vaults, columns and H_H_H_H_H_H_

Church of Santa Sabina

o No transept, not as significant o Same basilica plan o Inside intricate, outside plain

Santiago de Compostela

o One of the largest pilgrimage destinations ( also Jeruselum and Rome) o Why pilgrimage? To prove their devotion, absolution (committing a sin to be relieved), to be in the presence of a relic, to be cured "the economy of relics" - if you do x for the sain, the saint will do x for you o Pilgrimage routes o Pilgrimage church - typography that spreads international (whereas rome is regional) o International style on the Romanesque period \ o East end - chevet o Radiating chapels attached to ambulatory and an apse, build up of external volume like Clooney, relics in the chapels, traffic control o Different type of apse than Abbey Church - shorter and has ambulatory and radiating chapels o Both have clear story window

Old St Peters vs Basillica Ulpia

o Only one apse o Change in arrangement of columns, ulpia full peristyle, peters only single file lines, increases axiality o Have a pull from entrance to alter

Mausoleum of Theodoric

o Ostrogoth, Christian, practices heretical o Barbarian King _ people that are not roman o Small compared to other things we've seen o Can't take anything with you into heaven o Ostrogoth didn't control as much territory and resources that other ones did o Made out of stone - ashlar stone, dome is single stone, massive, outposts where rope would have been threaded o Why use stone instead of concrete? ♣ Wealth display o Theodoric sent for builders from Syria and asia o Dogged stone - Syrian technique, allusion to romans but also reflection of builders o Groin vaults interior, o Tomb is a bathtub o Monolithic dome - Syrian technique, reminiscent of Gothic german practices o Roman, Syrian and Gothic influence in the structure

Temple of Athena Nike

o Same time o Just outside propylaea o Victory o Ionic temple o Replaced earlier shrine of same dedication o Has a frieze, referred to Nike & victory of Greeks over Persians ♣ Fight against oriental people ♣ Relatively unusual ♣ No reference to type of fighting o Located where Mycinean bastillion is ♣ Edge is decorated w sculptures of Athena ♣ Athena adjusting her sandal • How older mycinean structure was incorporated

The Parthenon Frieze

o Sculpture that runs through the Parthenon, marble, if you walked along - get a sense that its moving faster and faster as you go along it. o One of men doesn't have clothes on, suggests some degree of mythologizes, some suggestion of legend bc people wouldn't ride horses nude o Reference to some mythical first? Has to do w true myths and legends o What was the purpose? V difficult to see except for two locations, at very steep angle, was it meant for human viewers? Possible that it was for humans, for Athena, for value of building

Church of San Vitale

o Shortly after Theodoric died, Ostrogoth in power, completed under Byzantine rule (Justinian) o Church was an orthodox church, against Arian church o Main space central plan (polygonal) ♣ Mausoleum ♣ Martyr o Type of material (brick based) o More extravagant on inside o Narthex askew - changing function of church, lots of explanations, don't really know why o Apse that extends outside, 2 chapels, o No direct point of entry o Apse moves central plan to side of central plan o Veritcla & horizontal axis, not purely centrally planned o Double shell construction - exterior wall (octagon), interior wall (octagon), but octagon is approximation for circles, in middle ages they're approximations, also w squares and rectangles o Dome is 3x as tall as high o No walls, piers and columns o Octagonal wall in Nero's Golden house o Interlocks with aisle o Inside ♣ Purple royal - jesus on world ♣ Justinian & his wife ♣ Justinian never went to Ravenna ♣ As if they were participating in the precession of catholic church

DOMOS VS COURTYARD HOUSES

o Similarity ♣ Have axis ♣ Maximize privacy - offset entries, further back you go in house the harder it is to get in, women would be in v v back ♣ Both are organized around cetnral courtyards o Differences ♣ Roof designs ♣ Different construction method ♣ Significant of conception of building ♣ Roman house is carved out, Chinese is added ♣ Chinese can grow organically, roman is not going to be added on as easily, carving out void ♣ Atrium - air conditioning, waiting room for business'(roman), different social context than Chinese (humble yourself before your guest)

• Anthemius of Tralles (Hagia Sophia)

o Spikes - added in 15th century o Without them ♣ Looks like a dome ♣ Looks like a mountain ♣ Doesn't have a giant front or a façade o Collapsed a couple of times - built very quickly o Additional domes - important for structural o Risky / sophisticated building o Reason back to the people trusted for designing buildings o Scholars, not architects, (phyisicist and geometrist) o Light makes it look like dome is floating/resting on the light o God is being supported by the grace of god o Building becomes a testament to god's grace o Miraculous that it exists at all o Maybe favors people who built it ♣ By building the structure you will be rewarded o Maybe building becomes heaven itself o Not well preserved o Mosaics ♣ Aniconic - prohibitions against images ♣ Level is uneven, moving light reflects off the mosaic ♣ Gives it a glistening effect o Pendentives - ♣ dome on a square ♣ allows you to close gaps ♣ part of an additional dome ♣ double dome ♣ all rest on 4 points, massive buttresses ♣ 30ft thick ♣ ones now are bigger ♣ arches in buttresses ♣ d o dome buttressed by more domes o north and south side very well supported, east and west have windows, floating on air o directly on a fault line o basilica planned building - has clear axis, but dome is central planned o combine both in one building

Conques

o Stone Vault (rather than timber) o No pointed arches (rare in Romanesque architecture, most round, Clooney the exception) o Nave arch aid o Arches are 180 degrees o Cloumns in the arches, no columns in the nave arcade o Transverse - bands evenly placed thru barrel vault, reinforcement o Colossal order column - extends for more than one story o But no proportional relation, too skinny, the column has been stretched up o Piers consist of a column and engaged pier and pilasters that support the arches o Bay - space between columns, all the same mostly o Dome part - nave and trancept meet, octagonal drum on top, something there to make the square and octagon meet - squinch o Stone much more expensive and difficult to make, so why? ♣ Durability - churches burned down all the time from candles and fire ♣ Way of constructing more elaborate building - display of wealth and power, like container of relic, attract pilgrims ♣ Transition to stone vault in relation to worship - symbolic of jesus being born In a cave? Symbolic of the solidness of faith? ♣ Light reflection on stone vs wood ♣ Both are practical and important o Lack of clear story - If your relic was in it and it fell down it would undermine power of relics, made sure there was nothing to undermine it, made building feel dark and miraculous, mysterious, way of distinguishing between everyday o Cluney III - triphorium - passage within the thickenss of the wall o Tribune gallery - two walls connected overhead with a vault ♣ Used as a way to buttress heavy barrel vault o Sick people would come here to get healed, so sick people would stay until they died or got better o Religious decoration in capitals and over doorways ♣ Sacrifice of issac, angel comes down (old testament) a prefiguration of Christ on the cross ♣ Hybrid animals, faces being pulled like a clown, less well understood ♣ Tympanum Sculpture - judgement day • God w body halo and head halo - jesus • Saints and angels at top • People coming out of coffins • Heaven is always on the right, hell on the left • Right is orderly, left is frantic and disorganized • Image of the devil on left, also suicide of judas, betrayed jesus, indantes inferno, tortures b

Shi Huangdi's Funerary Complex

o Unexcavated tomb mound o Excavated around it, o Begun after SH ascended in 247 BCE still in construction in his death o 2 walls, each 8 m thick o contains a microcosm- miniaturized his whole territory inside the tomb (un excavated part that contains a lot of booby traps that would fire off if excavated, mercury rivers) o build so his afterlife was as good as his real life o found horses, court people, chariots, animals, models of exotic animals o HUGE o Largest and first of tumulus tombs o 1/3 larger than hutus pyramid in Egypt (tho not as tall) o 700000 people to build it. Not complete after 37 years o Terra Cotta Warriors ♣ Giant army, to protect him in case all the people he killed came back in afterlife to get him ♣ 8,000 - rep all the parts of the army ♣ differentiated in terms of hairstyle, clothes ♣ celebrated reach of his ruled ♣ painted (polychromies) individual beginnings of serial production and mass manufacture

Church of St. Anne

• To have a clear story, the side isles need to be lower than the nave • Side isles aren't lower, can tell by single roofline • Inside nave arcade o Vaults are same height o Haul church, doesn't require flying buttresses

Ashoka Pillar

obelisk, (carnac) Tall & something at top •Avg height 40-50ft up to 50 tons Lots of labor and resources Shaft is Not fluted Monolithic - single stone More expensive, more difficult to quarry Hard to carry Lots of effort Reflect Dharma Inscriptions vary based on geographical placement (some greek oriented toward where alex. The great conquered) Axis mundi Connection between heaven and earth Most pillars placed along trade routes for viewing

Athenian Acropolis

oldest inhabited part, all the monuments, very top, place for worship, not an area of government bc they wanted govt to be equal with people, and could not do that when placed superior

Abbey Church of Saint Denis

origin of gothic architecture - Saint-Denis in paris Saint-Denis carried his head here Abbey Church of Saint-Denis, as rebuilt under Suger - 3 building phases - he's (suger) depicted honoring mary o staff signals he's head of the abbey o very quick learner and good at reading o rose very quickly o was childhood companion of Louis the 6th - selected as his playmate o close connection with French monarchy o under his reign, transforms Saint-Denis into a more wealthy abbey, tightened relationship, become official burial site for all kings o king of france goes into battle with oriflamme, has to ask abbey permission to go to war o extensively powerful - church - Carolingian o 8th century building he inherits, thought it was old looking, move to stone vaulting was not here, timber roof too prone to fire, not demonstrating wealth, also too small o he wrote about how small it is o supposedly Jesus touched the walls, so he can't destroy them o also, a debate about building huge elaborate churches o Carolingian nave stays for 100 years, until its reconstructed under St Louis o New west and new east end, much much taller - West Façade o Missing southern tower, struck by lightning o Have thought about building another tower, metro runs right under it o Twin tower façade - Carolingian westwork o Romanesque - 2 towers, pretty plain o Hired builders from southern france and Normandy to build this, evident in the architecture o Major innovations - first ever rose window on a west façade, windows become enormous, establishment of statue columns - a coulumn shaped person/person shaped column, standard feature of gothic, were old testament kings and queens, were ripped up and buried cause they thought they were kings and queens of france, use of crenulations (directly reference castle architecture) o Crenulation is speculated about use - could be about heaven, not probably used for protection - INSIDE o Compound pier - each arch rests on own individual column, piers are enormous o Heavy, massive, stone structure (like Romanesque) o Use of ribbed vaults and pointed arches - rib vault only needs to support the ribs, whereas groin you'd have to support till it's done o Constructional advantages to pointed ar

Stonehenge

theories for uses: aliens, maybe glaciers moved huge stones celestial sun dial bodies stored in aubrey holes (bodies are all men between 20-40 in good health) 3 stages of the development of stonehenge deal with death took lots of effort to rearrange let alone construct 50 tons / 23 miles lintels were shaped & carved to fit together (smart) post and lintel

IMHOTEP

step pyramid, funeary complex of King Djoser - founder of the third dynasty Old kingdom royal tomb type first pyramid first time in stone, Imhotep was first documented architect underground system with pyramid top funerary complex: courts, palaces, papyrus shaped half columns, processional hallw ith coliumns engaged to spur walls - like he doubted stability of free standing columns, gand court - twice size of step pyramid, a vaulted mastaba on the south side covered an intricate tomb shaft as on of the two burial chambers prepared for the pharaoh

CND at Chartres

• 163 of its original 180 windows • fastest build in France, took 26 years, more consistency throughout architecture • was as Carolingian church before • they start rebuilding and then it catches on fire, marys tunic is miraculously save, cannons use the saving of it to get more money to use to build the church, construction begins immediately • Royal Portal was still there, statute columns (what they would have looked like at Saint Denis), • Basilica planned • Nave o Stained glass stands out because its really big o Clear story to nave arcade is 1:1 o Triforium is a little narrow belt o Double lancet topped with oculus • From 6 part vaulting to 4 part vaulting (early to high) each bay division has 3 ribs + 2 from arches, no more alternation but the master builder maintained legacy of alternation with cylinder and polygonal shafts. • Shift - single column to compound pier, highly organized • Vs Loan o Chartres - 115ft , so taller, but Laon had sense of verticality • Stained glass o Medieval glass is leaded to create high saturation • Using flying buttresses • Real attempt to aestheticize the buttresses • 3 levels of buttresses • continuation of a common motif in buttresses and the rose window, also on the interior niches that have been carved in and ornamented with statures Nave Cathedral Notre Dame • High gothic • Colorful stained glass, highly saturated. Important: depict standing saints or narrative scenes from the bible or of saints lives; bibles for the illiterate. Very very large, proportion of nave arcade is 1:1, replacing a lot of stone with glass, allowed by flying buttresses • Pointed arches, 3 story elevation, nave arcade, triphorium, and clear story • Clear story - oculus and double lancet • Pointed, ribbed, 4 part vaulting (ceiling, differentiates from high gothic)

Christian Community House

• 70 ppl • space for baptism • space for congregational worship • central court - converted into Christian community house • baptism separate from ritual room • maybe place for catechism (learning the religion) • Modest size compared to synagogue, reflects that Christian communities were made up of the least enfranchised members of society • Was a place for them to have status • 235-284 - 26 different emperors - a new emperor every 2 years, change in govt at a v fast pace, often taken over by assassination o Roman general's troops determine rule, in order to maintain power you have to keep your military happy, so pay them off, not enough money, take the metal coins and shave them, use scrapes to make new coins, causes massive economic debt, people are selling themselves into slavery o People lose status in society o By joining a mystery cult, you could have a status o Christians would let anyone in, Christians thought in the afterlife rich and poor were seen equal, spreads incredibly rapidly ♣ Baptistery in the Christian community house • Only one with images • Less quality of images (lack of money)

Abbey of Corvey

• 9th century • have two side towers, missing central tower • been renovation to upper windows • front building to a church • westwork • almost always had twin towers and central towers • short lived • significant bc is forerunner for gothic architecture - twin tower façade • substantially sized rooms/chambers • used for emperors that traveled, areas for chapels

Colosseum

• Amphitheater is 2 sides • Largest amphitheater in the world 50-80000 ppl • Executions, • Could not have been constructed w/o concrete • Greek theaters were constructed into the ground - no slope w Romans, they build up an artificial slope • Annular barrel vaults • Post and lintel would have failed • Elaborate substructure under floor - kept prisoners & wild animals, covered w sand so liquids could clump and be easier to clean • Columns for ornamentation (doric, ionic, Corinthian, palasters) • Seat # on entrances for crowd control • Seating correlated with your status in society, closer more important, kings, senators, wealthy merchants.......slaves, women • Could put a giant tarp on the top

Old Saint Peters in the Renaissance (info)

• Constantine built a lot of Churches • Shift from worship in hoses to large monumental churches o Reasons - Christianity rapidly spreading, not enough space, makes a symbolic statement, appropriate representation of gods power, setting allows for elaboration of ritual • Very savvy in where he builds the churches • Site them outside of Roman walls, puts them near sites of burial grounds, persecuted people • Less likely to antagonize powerful roman senators • Described as: destructive superstition • Not all of rome was excited about this • More space • Not a layout or leftovers, but we have digital reconstructions

Hagia Sophia

• Constructed as a church • Church > mosque in 15th century • Museum rn New • Capitals throughout the bilding - Greco roman type (Corinthian) much flatter and used drill work instead of adding • Looks like lace, Justinian's initials carved into it • Use of mirrored marble o Cut down middle and open like a book o Look like movement of water - surfaces are water & light is bouncing off and revealing the surface o Disillusion of mass

Sultan Hadan tomb

• Display of wealth • Madrasa (training/college) mausoleum (tomb) mosque (church) • Constructed after the bubonic plague, 1/3 of kyro wiped out • Sultan hasan - 13 when appointed to power, kicked out, and reestablished, but only a little bit in charge, was more a figure head, • Huuuuuge, so expensive that he was siphoning money from the government in order to build it • People were mad, became v unpopular and was assassinated • School comprised of all 4 schools of Islamic theology • Architecture - o Entrance - pushed inwards, not perpendicular to wall (huge shift in axis), building had to change orientation in order to maintain in the direction of kiblah (one toward the street) o Cross plan within building o large arch openings in courtyard - IWAN, each dedicated to different school of theology, one of them also functions at the mausoleum (largest in Kyro) o muqarnas - designs on the dome of entrance o minbar - platform for person giving prayer o lamps on long chains o epigraphic decoration, geometric, arabesque (aniconic) o alternating voussiors • many of these monuments in Mediterranean have eastern influence on this architecture

The Great Stupa

•Sanchi, geo center of dynasty •84,000 stupas - burial mound for an esteemed person •different from temple, no entrance, sealed off olater additions: ♣diameter doubled with improvements ♣4 gateways constructed •vertical element on top to symbolize bhudda enlightenment, but serves as connection between heaven and earth •dome is buddhas head, thing on top is thing he got when went through enlightenment •uncover right shoulder to honor Buddha •middle walkway for priests and monks ♣promoting detachment of physical world but promoting that attachment through physical things •much like pyramids - meant to protect body but ur telling everyone where the body is

Great Mosque of Cordoba

• Establish legacy of Umayyads in spain • Has a garden (orange trees) • Catholic church in the middle • Was a cathedral for a while after Christians took over, before the church was put in the middle • Multiple phases of expansion • 544 bays • integration of hierarchy - initially very simple, close to traditional mosque, over time increasing complication of plan • elaboration of ceremony made for elaboration of architecture • drawing on byzantine • original o no hierarchy o prayer hall has red & white pattern (like dome of the rock) ♣ represents him being nostalgic of his homeland o 2 layers of arches o short columns o if there was only one level of arches building would be really low o horse shoe arches (more than half of the circle) (would have been used in the church it is built on top of) • expansive horizontally, limited vertically • similarity to Damascus, but arcading runs parallel in Damascus, in Cordoba it runs perpendicular • 3rd renovation - insertion of domes (hierarchy) • mirhab is now placed somewhere special • get disoriented when you're in it • makes worship place different from an everyday thing • no red and white striped anymore • very likely he used a byzantine mosaicist • feeling of nostalgia for their homeland (Damascus)

Salisbury Cathedral

• Flying buttresses curved, instead of being integral part, more like little bandaids, Much less monumental • NO rose window • Vs amnies o Amines is significantly taller o Salisbury o Just a wall that's slapped up there, façade not too grand, cant tell anything about interior • Plan - 2 transepts, flat east end instead of a rounded chavet • East end still elaborate, large lady chapel, • Nave o Horizontality, no continuation of supports for the ribs

CND, Paris, france

• From early to high gothic, begun in 1163 not done till 1200 • Demolish and rebuild part of it during construction to make it more beautiful • Twin tower façade • Façade vs Laon o Rose windows, very similar o More flat walls (Laon) o Pulled, flat and thin • Builder Rebuilds some of the bays, 19th century • Clear story window gets bigger with remodel, cause they took out a story, they drop it down below the springing of the vault, used flying buttresses to hold up the walls. Exterior independent arch to a pillar further out, changed window to double lancet • Buttresses are invisible from inside, like a miraculous ting that its standing (like Hagia Sophia) • 6 part vaulting • clear story to nave arcade 1:2

Portrait of Constantine

• He wins substantial victory over main opponent at the bridge/northern gateway to city of rome • Night before, had a dream where he sees the sign of Christ in the sky with the phrase "in this sign you will conquer" • Chi Ro - abbriveation for sign of Christ, takes it to be jesus • In 313 he & co emperor, Edict of Malon, prohibited the prosecution of Christians, Dicelcian persecuted harshly (lashing him, salt water, slowly boiling over open flame) • Set stage for monumental architecture • 324 he assassinated co emperor, 325 Christianity becomes unofficially religion of rome, but not till 380 when it becomes officially, unclear how much Constantine followed Christian religion

Great Mosque of Damascus

• Head of Saint John is in there • Not a typical mosque • Dome - suggest hierarchy • Prayer hall has hierarchy because of the dome • Place reserved for important person • Influence of Christian architecture • Mihrab is solving the problem of which way to face, o Wall is also orienting you toward mecca o So why have a mihrab? Reaffirmation, • A mosque is most of the time oriented correctly • Greater architectural emphasis in middle of the room • Mosaics - made by byzantine, on exterior

Great Mosque of Kairouan, 836

• Hypostyle hall • City comes very close • Made from stone (permanent)

Robert de Luzarches, Amines

• Interior foliate crease (band of vegetable sculptures) • Plan vs Chartres o High gothic - 4pt ribbed vaults o Trancept, ambulatory o Refinements of a general pattern o Double side isles • Clear story windows vs Chartres o 4 lancets instead of 2, each grouping of 2 has an own oculus ♣ INCREASING SUBDIVISION o A lot less wall, more glass o Charte - plate tracery, stamping them out & left with a lot of wall, Amiens - put glass in extra room (bar tracery) o Merging of the upper two stories into one megastory, single line • Vs chartes in plan o Virtually identical o Ambulatory w radiating channels, triphorium, nave, 4 part ribbed vaulting, twin towers on west front o Extension of basilica planned church • Vs Chartres (second tallest) o More glass o Chang in design in window, plate tracing and bar tracing, important because open up all the little pieces w glass to dissolve the wall and increasing the light, decreasing the mass • East end made by different person o Windows behind the triphorium o Removed outer wall for windows, glazed triphorium o 1 large window supported by 1 nave arcade (visually), 3 lancets, o change to flying buttresses, solid stone is filled with tracery, can see through them o progression in reducing amount of mass

House of the Prophet (reconstruction), Medina, 624

• Mecca was polytheistic • Mohammed suggests there is only one god - moves to a new place with followers • Also hypostyle hall • Made from mudbrick • Not elaborate, but humbler and simpler • No mirab (hole in wall toward prayer) • No hierarchy in mosque • No hierarchy in islam • Single space, even throughout

Temple of Jupiter of Jupiter Optimus Maximus

• Oldest temple, shouldn't call it roman but Etruscan, Terquin leader vowed to build this temple while in battle. Thought it was a way to make the gods happy • Most of building constructed by his son • Expelled king and made a new system for ruling, dedication happens under roman buildings • Rome lasts till 27BCE, new system • Burned 3 times in its history • Doric order columns, Doric entablisher - metaphes and trygliphs, so not doric order completely • Has an acroterion - that thing on top gargoyle • Sculpted by most famous Etruscan sculptors - Jupiter driving horses • Have to enter on one side • Only had columns on ¾ sides, not a complete peristyle like greek temple • Modification of Greek Temple Design colorful

Palace Chapel of Charlemagne

• Palace area, cosway to chapel, borrowing from byzantines • Most of palace destroyed • Alternating bursars on arches • Byzantine-style mosaics (best mosaicists in the world) • series of arches up to a dome ish thing • made of stone • dome of rock - double shelf octagonal • central planned • similarity to San Vitale, Ravenna o so similar that fairy confident that the chapel was built to be an imitation of san vitale o same architect had been to san vitale and knew him personally o differences : ♣ layout of circular space ♣ 16 sides vs 8 sides ♣ no narthex in Charlemagne ♣ porch to address people, has a front ♣ this building is heavy and dark and massive and angular, san vitale is light and elegant and delicate o under side of arch doesn't need columns, so design undermines structural logic and grammar

Cathedral Notre-Dame Laon (France)

• Unified design, built in 50 years • Elevation (vertical wall) - clear story, triforium (passage within the thickness of a wall) , tribune gallery (its own vaulted space, used for observation or pilgrim sleeping), nave arcade (4 stories) o Builders trying to construct a more magnificent church to better honor the saints, wanna build it taller, o Lancet (rectangle on 3 sides circle on top) windows - lost stained glass from bombing from war o Vs Ambulatory at Saint Denis ♣ Both well lit, large lancet windows & clear story ♣ Both have ribbed vaults an pointed arches (unlike at Clunyiii) ♣ Verticality in Laon, skinny shafts to pull eye vertical, pointed arches ♣ Use of single columns, not monolithic o No blank walls, less and less • Opening up the walls as much as possible • Each bay in the nave archade has one arch, 2 in the tribune gallery, 3 on top. Vertical sense on rhythm and harmony • # of shafts different on each bay, has to do with pattern of vaulting • 6 part ribbed vault o webbing inbetween o means that there are different number of ribs hitting the wall o each arch has its own support o alternates between strong and weak, sense of rhythm • transitions between master builders - change in the columns o instead of regular column, column with smaller ones o was probably constructed from east to west • West Façade vs Saint Denis o Rose window getting bigger o Have two towers o 3 portals - sculpted • Originally planned to have 7 towers • Oxen poking heads out

Old Saint Peter's

• Using a basilica • Why? - more civic buildings, for the popups, possible/likely that one of reasons to chose over temple, don't wanna choose a pagan temple for a new god, temple - people worshiped outside, Christians ate meal inside, couldn't go outside bc not everyone in Rome was Christian, have to be baptized to be initiated • Basilica is also very flexible o Multiple functions (training for military, markets) o Highly adaptable • Had a function as a place for congregational meeting, but originally meant as like a cover over a graveyard • Doesn't have vaults, more tradiditonal • Two isles • Perpendicular place that crosses the central space because it was built at st peters grave, "foundation" for the church, first Pope , transept (perpendicular) forms a space for people who want to be near the body of St Peter, body and soul are united after death, bodily ascent or decent, getting close to the body of holy people allows prayers to be answered more effectively • 4th century, crucifixion was reserved for worst criminals, embarrassment that God had bene crucified, graffiti, person w donkey head on crucifix, making fun of chrisitians for crucifixion

San Marco

• Venice - city of water o Proclaims mercantile thru architecture o San Marco ♣ Arch forms (islam - new to italians) ♣ Use of mosaics (Byzantium) ♣ 4 horses - looted from Constantinople in 1204 (not supposed to fight other Christians) ♣ most likely part of Constantine's extention of a building in Constantinople ♣ plan - greek cross, 5 domes, copy of church of holy apostles in Constantinople ♣ interior - gold mosaics, finest in the west, domes resting on pendentives (byzantine), unification of space (hagia Sophia), central plan, axiality ♣ proclaims Venice's close connection with these states, propaganda ♣ gothic windows from Europe

Sainte-Chapelle, Paris

• a little different, not a cathedral, doesn't have a seat for the bishop • not even really a church, a royal chapelle, St. Louis built it as part of his castle, • 2 stories, upper was private chapel for Louis and Fam, bottom was church for people how worked at the castle, occasionally opened up so that visitors could see major relic • holds crown of thorns jesus used when crucified • purchased it from brother who got it as compensation from crusaders for boats that attacked Constantinople • spend 40,000 gold coins on just the architecture, equals the entire county of Champagne, wealthy area of france cause it held all the fairs • average peasant would have had to work 1000 lifetimes, if no money was spent on himself • top is 2 or 3 times size of bottom story • no flying buttresses - much smaller building • still largely an externalized structure • Bottom Chapel o Brightly painted, saturated o On blue, fleur de lis o On red, towers of sign of his mother o Louis incredibly devoted to his mother o Windows on 3 sides, but very small because this is just the foundation for the important part o Flying buttresses on inside • Upper Chapel o Crazy tall windows o Bar tracery - pieces in between window frames dilled w glass o Not really clear story, o 45 ft tall windows in nave, in apse 50 feet tall o rise from a dado o the columns are the wall, muliens o tiny capitals, tiny bases, insignificant, just a vertical shaft o rearticulating verticality o blue ceiling - heavenly sky o everything looks purple bc of red and blue stained glass • Outside o Large buttresses, not flying

Plan of a monastery

• from 9th century, don't have a lot of drawing plans till 13th & 14th century • rarity • plan is made out of 5 large sheets of parchment sewn together • entire complex • ritual time of the day so that you'd say certain prayers at certain hours • Rule of St Benedict: does manual labor, reads religious text, studies religion more so engaging in devotion, slit between god and labor • Why not a blueprint - no scale, too small not enough detail, everything is the same line weight, so probably a conceptual drawing, part of a letter • "double ender" church, 2 apses - one on each side • towers w/o westwork • open atrium known as a cloister - open courtyard w covered • refectory - eat • dormitory • outside of the church - all labor and sustainability • had a hospital ish thing • 3rd area is open to guests, residents not allowed to leave monastery without permission • had to be able to read to be into devotion, centers of learning for most of the middle ages • had servants for excessive physical labor • monks not poor, poor people do not go in the monastery • interpretation of st benedict rules is iffy • those who fought, those who pray and those who work o need all 3 o within the monastery o fear of second coming of Christ was very prominent - had to have people praying to save the people • monasteries are most powerful players in medieval Europe for early part

monetary of cluny

• stipulated it was free of state control, only alleged to pope • allowed initial leader to take on rule of St Benedict, emphasized devotion and prayer over labor • monks would spend easily 10 hours a day doing devotional things • intense lifestyle • because of this devotion, you needed to have new stuff being constantly composed to keep devotion going • some of brightest minds went to cluny - opportunity was here for muscicans architects etc • because of freedom of oversight, grew phenomenally fast • has to be expanded, 3 phases, monks increased from 70 to 300 • enormous agricultural estates • incredible wealth and power • 1000 monasteries

Temple of Portunus

♣ Fully constructed under roman rule ♣ Not a lot of temples that survive • Survived bc of use value ♣ Structures would be burned to make lime/mortar to make new churches ♣ 80-70BCE ♣ small ♣ Why its more greek: • Ionic columns • Entablature matches columns • Columns on all 4 sides • Only free standing in front - engaged columns • Pseudo peripital temple • Pediment is constant ♣ Why is Etruscan: • Can only access from one place • God of Portunas o Not hugely important -explains size • Romans blending Etruscan & Greek styles together • Etruscan's temples were made of wood - couldn't mimic it, used white stucco on outside of les attractive stone

Basilica of Maxentius (Constantine)

♣ Had been constructing in Rome which Constantine rededicated to himself, erasing a political rival, purge rivals from historical record, placed statue where Maxentius was going to place his ♣ Law courts & official govt business ♣ Has direct outside lighting ♣ Clear story windows ♣ Arches barrel vaults ♣ Two barrel vaults that intersect - groin vaults ♣ Groin vault • Allow vault to be supported on points • All of upper wall between groin walls becomes a curtain wall- no longer necessary ♣ Well lit because marble and color ♣ Stucco decoration ♣ Coffers lighten load, but less important bc walls are 20 ft length, 300 ft long, 215 ft wide, ♣ Largest building ♣ Roof relates to groin vault ♣ Applies fluid nature & structural advantage of concrete ♣ First basilica that has used Roman innovations ♣ Marble still remained norm after this, this is an exception

Nero's Golden House

♣ Was controversial bc in 64 a fire in the slums destroyed most of the city of Rome, Nero was emperor, did some good reconstruction w more fire repellent concrete, praised ♣ But confiscated city space from the city to make him a newer bigger palace, Luxury villa ♣ Most located in countryside, but his was located in the heart of city ♣ Highly visible ♣ Built fake lake size of coliseum ♣ 120 ft statue of Nero in it ♣ nonlinear layout ♣ Most important room • Octagonal hall • Covered by a dome, opens up to form an oculus to let light down • Architects could use oculus cause it was made from concrete • 3 of sides directly or indirectly face the street • other 5 sides give access to subsidiary rooms - two of them covered with a barrel vault • other 3 have groin vault - 2 barrel vaults intersect (sometimes called cross vault) • these architect wasn't concerned w walls - much more concerned w how to construct the space • unified yet complex o using state land and money to create it - so unpopular he was declared an enemy of the state, and he committed suicide in 68 o pool was replaced by the colosseum - Flavian amphitheater

Pantheon, Rome

♣Roman Empire reached apex of wealth and max growth ♣The best preserved - turned into Christian church in 17th century ♣Most unorthodox roman building ♣Doesn't look unorthodox - columns, pediment, entablature, look just like a temple. ♣All side views blocked ♣Unorthodox BC - • Expecting a temple, pseudo peripital w interior cella, not rectangular cella, amazing dome that goes over the top of the structure, • suggestion of post lintel support bc columns, but really is held together bc technology of arches and concrete (Nero's Golden House, this one and colleseum - use of concrete and arches) •why is there a hole? oculus o Lighting (no windows) o Possible bc concrete o 27 ft in diameter - largest o sophistication & engineering of the romans •dome is held up by walls o w/in walls there are arches and vaults to support the dome o begins w travertine & then tufa & then brick & then pumus, so concrete becomes lighter as you go up ocoffer - lighten the load for the dome oannular barrel vault - go around in a circle • 142 ft in diameter o could fit a sphere with 142 feet o designers thought geometrically (sophisticated) • use of numbers o rations important 142:142 o circles associated w heaven •in between the coffer id blue, gold on coffer •Pantheon - A temple to ALL gods •Gods on the floor, not looking down on you o Based on human perception (at the limits of human perception) o Max size a building can be but also still in limits of what we can • 3 levels o they're not aligned o has been interpreted as a mistake OR creates a sense of instability, dome seems to hover above you, seems like it spins as if it were the actual sky • oculus o you always know the weather because of the oculus o as sun moves, light beam moves • FRONT o Columns ♣ Building was planned to