ARH Exam 2

Abraham Darby III and Thomas E. Pritchard, iron bridge ARCHITECTURE - ability to use coal, steam to do things FIGURE OUT CAST IRON - we know how to make iron (did for long time), but cast iron - durable material, literally making a mold of something - pour molten iron, it hardens. Helps to make modular constructions - you make set pieces. See the same shapes repeated - the same mold, repeating This bridge - first iron bridge designed like this. For the Derby family - commissioned to get to their iron and coal factories. Used and can still get across today - specially preserved Even cast at Colebrook Dale and erected in years of... Cast-iron construction and modular stuff - cast at the foundry and then brought here (Eiffel Tower for example - same technology) go up quickly, everything brought there just need your bolts and screws ready to go, can start assembling Do not need as much centering (faux arch here build everything around and once all locked in, remove centering) not need that as much because iron is self-sustaining and already curved. Just need to put the screws in. lot easier to get things built

Abraham Darby III and Thomas E. Pritchard, iron bridge -Which medium starts being used? -Kind of construction -Speed of construction -Centering?

Southern Baroque (The Baroque in Italy and Spain) Europe in 1648: Patchwork Holy Roman Empire - patchwork state Italy - patchwork of different city states Vatican City in the 17th Century Italy: Focus in on Rome (a lot of stuff done). Rome still controls the Papal Lands (big swath of land). We'll finish St. Peter's Renaissance: Started St. Peter's took 100 years to renovate fully Back half is Michelangelo's design and his dome is the big one, but stalled. Protestant Reformation happened - had to make some changes Baroque Art in Italy • The Baroque period encompasses roughly 17th century • Term comes from the Portuguese word for irregularly shaped pearl. It was originally meant to be derogatory when 1st used in the late 18th century when critics compared the period to the High Renaissance • The key elements of Baroque style are complexity, drama, theatricality, and elaborate ornamentation • The main driving force for this period, in the southern half of Europe, is Counter-Reformation. From 1545-1563, the Council of Trent reviewed and revised controversial Catholic doctrine and one of the things they address is art: - Art is still allowed, and the Church can still be a patron - Understanding that the images to refer "to the prototypes which they represent" (aka they are not idols) - Art is meant to be instructive, examples of faiths, etc. Baroque Period: 1600s, most people would include last decade of 1500s Term meant to be derogatory, comes much later. We've held the Renaissance up as this lofty and high, glorious civilization moment of art and everything else is crap in comparison. Anything but the Renaissance, meant to be derogatory - ugly and irregularly shaped compared to the Renaissance. Nobody talks that way today Is different: got tired of the order and rationality - went for drama and theatricality and heavy ornamentation Key word: DRAMA (esp. in Italy) shooting for dramatic effect in their art (painting, architecture, sculpture) Protestant Reformation: Began in 1517 with Martin Luther. Catholic Church realizes this is not going anywhere. They're not quelling this, no going back - split is done and happened. Catholic Church has to reevaluate and do so for a couple decades at the Council of Trent - popes and cardinals organize. Take the 95 Theses he wrote out (criticisms) and address controversial doctrine, get rid of what is too far out there, maybe strayed from Bible in some places and did address art. Luther believes art had become too much. Counter-Reformation: Catholic Church's counter to it. Driving force for the Baroque in Italy and Spain. If Catholic, will follow those rules when it comes to art. If Protestant, care less what Catholic Church said. C-R does dictate art: Art is still allowed, church can still be a patron. But should be instructive, should be scenes and examples of faith (big miraculous moments). Meant to inspire, encourage, uplift you. These are practical images, there to help you meditate, not idols. Some people strayed to idolatry (worshipped the image and not who it stood for), no they represent the saint, they are not the saint. Has to hit in these boxes or trouble

Baroque Art in Italy • The Baroque period encompasses the ... century • Term comes from the ... word for ... ... ... It was originally meant to be ... when first used in the late ... century when critics compared the period to the ... ... • The key elements of Baroque style are ..., ..., ..., and ... ... • The main driving force for this period, in the southern half of Europe, is ...-... From 15...-15..., the ... of ... reviewed and revised controversial ... ... and one of the things they address is ...: - ... is still allowed, and the ... can still be a patron - Understanding that the images to refer "to the ... which they ..." (aka they are not ...) -... is meant to be ..., examples of ..., etc. -Describe Europe in the 1600s -What is the focus in Italy (where a lot of stuff gets done)? What does it control? -Baroque as a term and its early connotation -The connotation today -What Baroque artists are tired of, what they are shooting for instead -The Protestant Reformation and the Catholic Church

Diego Velázquez, King Philip IV of Spain King Philip IV of Spain, with his baton of command Diego and him had to discuss this - Are you sure this is where you want the baton to sit? Somehow agreed to this, the most phallic looking baton I have ever seen in my life No way they did not have that discussion - humans have changed little when it comes to penis jokes Philip is a Hapsburg - Hapsburg's is one of the old, big very fancy royal families of Europe Still floating around in places, but still out and about doing stuff They are ruling Spain, fingers in Hungary and Austria (HRE), France, either are a Hapsburg or related to one distantly Intermarried terribly! Why we end up with the Hapsburg chin - pretty minor and probably painted that way, later portraits of Hapsburgs where it is this jutting chin because of marrying first and second cousins, distinguished part of family tree

Diego Velázquez, King Philip IV of Spain (Fraga Philip) -The Hapsburg family definition

Decoration continues on the inside IS A DOME - even though cannot see from outside Curves and the undulation continues onto the inside, walls go in and out Domes - architects looking to be inventive, we've done round, octagonal, what have we not done? OVAL DOME here - four mini domes to help support that dome and up in the dome is a honeycomb pattern, added extra geometry Baroque architects looking to be innovative and more playful in their designs Another dome Borromini did, like a flower almost (Sant'Ivo alla Sapienza) Flower that curves in and out - likes that in and out form Looking to be a lot more innovative: let's up the anty DRAMA, walking up at this building and going 'Oh my! It's a flower, star dome. It's an oval. Haven't seen before"

Francesco Borromini, dome of San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane Francesco Borromini, dome of Sant'Ivo alla Sapienza

Francisco de Zurbarán, Saint Serapion Saint Serapion, 12th century monk in Spain trying to preach Christianity to local Muslim population. They got tired of him and killed him for his faith - a martyr He was tied to a tree and eventually beheaded, he has already passed away in this scene Presenting the saint in a different way We've seen saints already: This is him at the moment of his death, but there is nothing super necessarily glorious about this He isn't glowing, there is not light shining down from the Heavens. He is just kind of an ordinary man, that is the feel you take away from him The Catholic Church they want those instructive, big moments of faith His big moment of faith was choosing death over running away - I will stay here, keep preaching Christianity till I am blue in the face or you'll have to kill me - that was him sticking to his path (his moment of faith)

Francisco de Zurbarán, Saint Serapion -Who was Saint Serapion? -Interesting depiction of the saint -Baroque period characteristic

Francois Girardon and Thomas Regnaudin, Apollo Attended by the Nymphus The grounds of Versailles - he liked to think of self as Apollo, the sun god Louis as Apollo, his face on the body of a very young Greek god bod attended by nymphs in this man made grotto, he had them construct to make these vistas, views you stumble upon in the gardens

Francois Girardon and Thomas Regnaudin, Apollo Attended by the Nymphs

Francois de Cuvilliés, Hall of Mirrors It does make its way to Germany, on occasion German aristocracy but Rococo is really a French thing HOW MUCH MORE SCULPTED PLASTER could we get in a room, ode to Versailles (title) Room, windows Putti (angelic children), nature, odes to music, birds STUFF EVERYWHERE Rococo decoration can get excessive - don't know where to look after a while. So much going on Architecture = Excessively decorative

Francois de Cuvilliés, Hall of Mirrors

Frans Hals, The Women Regents of the Old Men's Home at Haarlem Not everyone wanted a lively portrait! Men had militia groups they could be a part of, women had charitable organizations to run. This was a way for women to gain power within the Dutch Republic was to head up these organizations. Women run a nursing home for old men in Haarlem, that was what they did Not a lively group, assuming very much requested this because he can do the same thing but different styling Clothing: Traditional for time, women and men often stuck to black and white, part of Calvinist understanding, idea is not to show off wealth, why you should not show it off in art. Wealth is not necessarily a bad thing, but flaunting it was or pride in it was. The trend was for more simplistic clothing, black and white, so it didn't scream your wealth as far as colors or patterns. The popular fashion of the time

Frans Hals, The Women Regents of the Old Men's Home at Haarlem -Did everyone want a lively portrait? -How did women gain power in the Dutch Republic? -Clothing and wealth

François Boucher, Cupid a Captive Watteau passes away really young - not a ton of work from him, 36 from TB. His career was short His successor was Boucher Pastel colors, love scenes "Pyramid of flesh" the book uses Cupid, little god of love, Venus' son - surrounded by nymphs, they've taken his quiver and bow. He is being held captive but not upset about it We have women, little Putti up above, just this scene of love. What they are interested in

François Boucher, Cupid a Captive -Artist

Carlo Maderno Saint Peter's Southern Baroque

-Slide ID

Frans Hals Archers of Saint Hadrian Northern Baroque Archers of Saint Hadrian, these little groups commissioned group portraits Frans Hals was really popular, Rembrandt also did them Kind of just do not want everyone sitting down, class portrait in elementary school kind of group portrait. Want something more lively, want to catch personalities A snapshot esque kind of moment of the Archers of Saint Hadrian in roughly 1633, who was on the roll books of that time The old guard, the younger guys coming in, the secretary or treasurer (he has the books) Everyone's face is seen, in their day all identifiable, lost to us now for the most part LIVELY GROUP PORTRAIT popular in Dutch Republic Had a meeting hall where these militias could rent it out and have their meetings, they would hang their portraits up in there. HUGE - big meeting auditorium for them, great way to put your militia group on blast. Look what we're doing so everybody could see them

-Slide ID -Were religious overtones common in added to portraiture? -Militia groups -Group portraiture in the Dutch Republic -Meeting hall

Jacob van Ruisdae View of Haarlem from the Dunes at Overveen Northern Baroque Jacob van Ruisdael, View of Haarlem from the Dunes at Overveen Dutch landscape, not a terribly large painting but the sky takes up two-thirds of it Sky is this beautiful blue, summer-spring sky. Haarlem in the back, giant church, windmill nod And not a nod to dairy but a nod to linen in this one - make tons of fabrics. Have the linen stretchers out, running out all of the sheets and letting it dry in the sun but the sun will also bleach it, giving it a bright white from the ultraviolet light Proud of their economy and going to show it off

-Slide ID -What are there nods to?

Gianlorenzo Bernini, David His big thing is sculpture and architecture. Look at how different Bernini's David is BAROQUE = DRAMA Donatello and Verrocchio - victorious, David standing on Goliath's head; Michelangelo's - pensive, pre-planning BERNINI's is the MOMENT - the moment of the throw. David is coiled back and he is going to let the rock from the slingshot go. Moment of action - the drama moment instead of the pre- or after. The scene he is catching. You also have to walk around him (nod to figura serpentinata - Mannerist period). Have to walk all the way around him if want to see the back of him, the rock in his hand Nudity is shunned during the Baroque - one of those rules, nudity not adding to the scene. Cloak whipping around at the right moment. Not a lot of nudity compared to Renaissance IS THE MOMENT David's face - brow furrowed, biting lower lip. He's concentrating - he has to do a miraculous thing! They love the miraculous moments

Gianlorenzo Bernini, David -What is the Baroque period all about? -His David vs. Michelangelo's, Donatello's, Verrocchio's -Nudity in the Baroque period

Guido Reni, Aurora One of the other big artists, one who kind of sticks to Italy (vs. Gentileschi who traveled around) Guido Reni, or the Divine Reni as he is often was called in his day Really popular artist after Caravaggio is gone - he does not stick to Tenebrism - not a Caravaggisti, he likes his colors! CEILING PAINTING example - one of the rare non-religious things for him, most of the stuff from Reni is a lot of Jesus, Saints, Mary Aurora, the Dawn. Apollo on his chariot, the Muses, Aurora - the Dawn leading Apollo on One of his rare pagan things - is that Quadro riportato - the outside frame IS real, but the inner frame is painted (an illusion of a second frame) architecture around it but that inner painted frame he makes He is the main guy of his day - ends up in Rome for a little bit but goes back North where he is from in Italy - works mainly out of that area Notice similarity with Ancient Roman coins - Roman coins are everywhere! Easiest artifact an artist could have had because there were so many of them - Rome produced a lot of money Do seem to be similarity with chariot and Roman coinage

Guido Reni, Aurora -Who was Guido Reni? His nickname? -Does he stick to Tenebrism? -Connection to Roman coins

Henry Flitcroft and Henry Hoare, the park at Stouthead ENGLAND (BRITISH) France loved manicured, precise gardens (Versailles) Britain wants the OPPOSITE - wild, untamed garden that is actually all very precise secretly. Everything has been perfectly planted in a certain area to give the wild look but in control really PICTURESQUE GARDENS - British, wild looking garden with dotted ruins in it They would build FOLLY's - Roman ruins that were fake, want you to think they have been there forever This one is a nod to the Pantheon James Stuart, Temple of Theseus This is one at a different garden. This was a temple to Theseus, there is no temple to Theseus. Stuart spent a lot of time in Greece so it is a very good copy of a Doric temple in Greece but it's empty on the inside. A lot of these you will go on the inside and there is nothing. We call them follies because they seem like wastes of money today but that was in style at the time

Henry Flitcroft and Henry Hoare, the park at Stouthead (bottom) James Stuart, Temple of Theseus (top) England and its gardens Picturesque gardens definition Folly definition

Rachel Ruysch, Flower Still Life Dutch Vanitas Still Life - not Vanitas scene but still life of flowers (POPULAR - Ruysch really popular with these - working with florists, greenhouses because purposefully get flowers not necessarily in bloom at the same time). Could dump a M.M. on it? Flowers will eventually wilt and die (once clip off of the plant). These will quickly wilt and die, could put religious tone to it Famous for the amount of flower and detail she gets on them. These are not big!!! Bumblebee detail - that is TINY, painting delicate things very skillfully and cleanly

Rachel Ruysch, Flower Still Life -Artist -Elements of Vanitas Still Life -Detail

Rembrandt van Rijn, Anatomy Lessons of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp Rembrandt also does plenty of group portraits just like Hals does and he does them the same way Maybe not lively here, but livelier group portraits. This was commissioned by the Surgeons Guild to commemorate Dr. Nicolaes Tulp who was a real doctor that existed. A lesson going on Medical students looking at a cadaver while Tulp seems to be showing muscles, tendons, ligaments Still get the personalities here: Tulp is trying his best to have their attention, get them to focus Some men super eager One gentleman on the left does not want to be there as a doctor, maybe squeamish Dutch Republic like the idea of personality in group portraiture Everybody is a little bit different, not everyone is being super attentive One guy is looking at us Variety of poses going on Rembrandt does love Tenebrism and will stick with that LOVES a neutral brown color palette, can make looking Rembrandt's paintings hard after a while because the varnish has turned and he was already using dark colors which just makes it all dark

Rembrandt van Rijn, Anatomy Lessons of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp -Dutch Republic and group portraiture -Story (Surgeons' Guild) -Personalities -Did Rembrandt follow Tenebrism? -Color palette -Varnish

Rembrandt van Rijn, Christ with the Sick around Him Rembrandt also did printmaking! Rembrandt has his hands in everything, idea is if he could get art in your hands in some way he would try to Prints were predominantly religious - do not know of any other kind of prints of his that are not religious. Crucifixion scenes, Christ with the sick like this one, etc. Caravaggio bent lends itself to printmaking because printmaking is primarily a black and white medium to begin with This is just a way to get his art out there, willing to use any means necessary

Rembrandt van Rijn, Christ with the Sick around Him -What were Rembrandt's prints primarily? -Tenebrism

Rembrandt van Rijn, Self-Portrait and another Self-Portrait Rembrandt painted self-portraits, nearly 70 of them. Get to watch him age! We don't get that for other artists, there was no photography We have no idea what Rembrandt looked like except his interpretation for himself, so we get young to old, see the whole thing Sometimes he is very much presented in his wealth, he was incredibly wealthy. He had a massive workshop - makes it hard for us now, he had a massive workshop and a lot of students. Sometimes you may see "Workshop of Rembrandt" or "Rembrandt's Student" but there is nothing more than that is because we just do not know! His studio churned out so much art we do not actually know what he touched anymore, it is really hard to say what is his vs a student He was Thomas Kincaid before he was a thing as far as how much art can I put out there He also did printmaking, his art is even getting into more hands It is hard sometimes with his stuff Left: Sometimes showing off his wealth Right: This is one of his later ones and he has kind of resorted back to just being the humble artist here. He has a palette, paintbrushes in his hand, has on a painter's cap and a smock. Gone back to just being the artist As he gets older his brushstroke does get a lot looser, probably from arthritis also the lead paint did tend to make artists go blind. Miracle we all survived Right: the circles he made the point to include and highlight was part of the legend story that went around: Only a true genius could draw a perfect circle by hand without the use of a compass. He has that in the background to be like, yeah that's me!

Rembrandt van Rijn, Self-Portrait, Self-Portrait -How many self-portraits did Rembrandt create? What does this allow us to do? -How did he present himself? -Workshop and students -What else did Rembrandt do? -Left self-portrait -What is he showing off? -Right self-portrait -How is he presenting himself? -Circles -As he gets older, what do we see in his art?

Rembrandt van Rijn, The Company of Captain Frans Banning Cocq (Night Watch) The famous Night Watch painting that is neither at night or on a watch We like Night Watch because a lot simpler to say One of those militia groups, not happening at night, going on parade because it is their Saint's Feast Day - like the Baroque equivalent of a Mardi Gras crew Here is the captain, his lieutenant Everyone else we do not know, maybe in his day they were recognizable But because Rembrandt already used darker browner colors, and then the varnish turned, it somehow magically became a nocturnal scene We are working on cleaning it This painting is large, nearly 12 ft by over 14ft feet, HUGE The museum cannot move it, not a conservation space big enough, so cleaning it right where it is "Operation Night Watch" The most recent thing they have released as far as their studies of it, cleaning the backing of it and put it on a new suspension system Found a new lead paint they did not know Rembrandt used on the nose of the captain All noninvasive Also doing scans, looking at the pigments. Newest thing about new lead compound did not know about, found a new pigment on the lieutenant that is really arsenic-based (miracle we survived as humans) Already a lot brighter with the varnish being removed Missing pieces, 12 by 14 ft now, was originally bigger but got trimmed Parts were cut out when moved from the big auditorium they all met to its new location where it had to be cut down because with the wall it was still too small Used AI to reconstruct those trimmed portions, art and AI have an interesting relationship. Not sure how they are doing that What got cut off was not major, maybe extra couple men and decoration. One of the big things they unveiled, claimed to reconstruct the edges cut off using AI The question always was since they thought it was men going on a night watch to catch criminals, who is the little girl? She stands out, but it was probably luck. The way she got painted, the varnish over her maybe did not turn as dark, so she glows while everyone else looks muted. Probably one of their daughters, going on march with her dad on the parade. Probably the most basic, simplest answer. Something in what the lead paint got used on her turned light, she seems to glow while everything else looks black. She is not a ghost or angel, not grand significance Just a little girl going to dress up and march with her dad at the parade

Rembrandt van Rijn, The Company of Captain Frans Banning Cocq (Night Watch) -Is this a night watch? -Scene, militia group -Color palette, varnish -Cleaning process -What have we recently found from cleaning it? -Missing pieces -Who is the little girl? Who did we think she was?

Richard Boyle and William Kent, Chiswick House As you go on with Neoclassical it pulls back on the decoration The main thing for Neoclassical architecture: Roman inspired (columns, pediments, domes), symmetrical (down to the chimneys, everything is very precise - cut in half and fold it going to be the same on either side) Pulled back on some of the decoration as far as the walls But for THIS HOUSE the inside is really Baroque or Rococo actually (inside is excessive, exterior not so much)

Richard Boyle and William Kent, Chiswick House -Neoclassical architecture over time (decoration)...

Saint Peter's Carlo Maderno - east façade Finishing St. Peter's, sitting without front door for a while PROBLEM: Dome back is Michelangelo's. M-a and Bramante (original plan) planned a central planned church (focus is on the circle on the inside and everything radiates out from there). Problem with the central plan with the Catholic Church because the plan is based on the Tholos temple from Greece and Rome - a pagan temple. Martin Luther kept complaining we were straying too far from the Church, went back to the traditional basilica plan (the conservative plan for Western Europe). PROBLEM : had half a church built that is centrally planned Enlist Maderno to finish out the nave and this giant façade (face of the building out front) Throws off the illusions! Michelangelo's dome would have been way more front and center, but now it gets hidden. Throws off the illusion due to changing plans halfway through Bell towers added later - sense the façade is so wide - messed up the aesthetic view of it and had to make some changes Maderno's façade stays more in line with renaissance styling than baroque architecture - baroque would have wanted more curvy lines than this straight-edged. His lumps more to the renaissance but technically under C-R period Gianlorenzo Bernini, then approached To do the piazza (plaza) big square out front. This is later. By this time the façade/front is done and Bernini works to counteract some of the odd illusion ARMS: He builds these arms to go back at an angle to the face of the church. By having the colonnade angle, it looks like the church is coming towards you. Meant to be welcoming. Most people do not walk this way (museums) today, but back then you would have because those museums would have been papal palaces. Walked in, the colonnade swings out and directs you to the church. Arms: LIKE A HUG - they swoop and pull you in, meant to be welcoming and inviting Idea: Trying to pull back in people - Oh you had that dalliance with Protestantism, that's OK come back home to the Catholic Church, we'll welcome you With those arms he has made Bernini does the colonnade, the fountains, an Egyptian obelisk This is the heart and hub of the Church until it crumbles, still going

Saint Peter's Cathedral, renovation Black portion: Michelangelo (High Renaissance) Blue portion: Carlo Maderno - East facade/front and nave (Baroque) Green portion: Gianlorenzo Bernini - Piazza/plaza, colonnade, fountains (Baroque) -The problem with St. Peter's initial renovation attempts in relation to the Counter-Reformation -What does Maderno's facade throw off? -Is Maderno's facade particularly baroque styling? -How does Bernini counteract what Maderno's facade throws off? -What do these arms represent? How does it relate back to the Catholic Church?

Scientific Art of the Enlightenment • A major factor in the French and American Revolutions was the Enlightenment (this includes the Industrial and Scientific Revolutions) • Enlightenment thinkers rejected faith in favor of reason and sought to obtain knowledge based upon scientific research and empirical observations. • This is the age of Descartes, Pascal, Newton, Locke, Diderot, Voltaire, and others • Because of this emphasis on scientific investigation leads to technological advances and humans begin to dominate our environment even more. Within a century's time (1740s-1850), we are able to harness the power of steam, coal, oil, iron, steel, and electricity. One of the reasons that pushes all of these revolutions (America, France) and stuff in 1800s is because of Enlightenment Descartes "I think therefore I am," Newton, Locke, Voltaire - PHILOSOPHES! All of the philosophers, coming up with major ideas. Focus is on pulling away from religion, religion does not have all of the answers, not explaining the scientific things we are observing. The Catholic Church in particular saying the earth is flat, the sun revolves around us because we are the center of the universe If you say anything otherwise, might kill you, excommunicate you, put you on house arrest (Galileo) Reason tells me the earth revolves around the sun and it spins and there are seasons Age of Reason, trying to do experiments. When the scientific method comes about - idea of pulling an idea, making a hypothesis and testing it STEAM POWER, coal power, gas power (Gas lighting) Going to affect art

Scientific Art of the ... • A major factor in the ... and ... ... was the ... (this includes the ... and ... Revolutions) • ... thinkers rejected ... in favor of ... and sought to obtain knowledge based upon ... ... and ... ... • This is the age of ..., ..., ..., ..., ..., ..., and others • Because of this emphasis on ... ... leads to technological advances and humans begin to ... our ... even more. Within a century's time (1740s-1850), we are able to harness the power of ..., ..., ..., ..., ..., and ... Philosophes definition

The Natural Style • One of the other major French philosophers was Jean-Jacques Rousseau. • Where Voltaire argued the salvation of humanity lay in science and technological progress, Rousseau claimed we needed to return to a state of ignorance/innocence and therefore happiness. Rousseau was more interested in the human ability to feel as opposed to our rationality • The Natural Style focuses on this "less complicated way of life" • Another side of the Natural Style was a new mode of portraiture that is less pretentious and more personal • It was also used for social commentary • This style was understood as a counter to Rococo Natural style is running alongside Rococo - two styles at same time A contrast to Rococo - wanted it that way, not everyone liked Rococo Philosopher influences this ROUSSEAU - all about returning to state of ignorance and be happy. We know too much why unhappy Prioritize and glorify the peasantry - they don't have to worry about politics and court things, simple life! Therefore they are happy. Completely ignores the fact the peasantry would love some extra income. Can marry for love! They're not starving... or anything... Rose-tinted glasses See a lot of peasantry scenes - glorifying them Influences portraiture - gets less pretentious (like LXIV for example), step back from that. Not show off their wealth as much

The ... ... • One of the other major French philosophers was ...-... ... • Where Voltaire argued the salvation of humanity lay in science and technological progress, ... claimed we needed to return to a state of .../... and therefore ... ... was more interested in the human ability to ... as opposed to our ... • The ... ... focuses on this "less ... ... of ..." • Another side of the ... ... was a new mode of ... that is less ... and more ... • It was also used for ... ... • This style was understood as a counter to ... Who does it glorify? Is this a good thing?

The Baroque in Northern Europe Baroque in Northern Europe: Flanders (Catholic), Dutch Republic (Protestant), France (Catholic) If you're Protestant you could care less what the Council of Trent told you to do 17th Century Europe (1600s) • Between 1562-1721, Europe was in a constant state of conflict or war. The most significant was the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648), which involved Spain, France, Sweden, Denmark, Netherlands, Holy Roman Empire (Germany, Austria), Poland, and Ottoman Empire. The war began as a conflict between Protestants and Catholics, but driving force quickly became nationalistic concerns. • This war helped firmly establish power of the Dutch Republic and France and granted religion freedom throughout the majority of Europe. • There was an increase in economic competition in Europe due to exploration, colonialism, and trading on a global scale. With wealth and growing merchant class, we begin finding art in private homes. • In 1581, the northern provinces of Flanders broke from Spain over religion and formed the Dutch Republic. The southern half remained with Spain. The Thirty Years War is the first world war we ever get close to, Europe wise. Everybody has got their foot in it somehow - starts out as a religious war of Catholics vs. Protestants but it eventually devolves into where are my borders and how can I expand them - where it ends up End up establishing by the end of it, the treaty they come up with does establish some very early version of religious freedom In the case of the HRE, a patchwork of different counties, they set it up to be: Holy Roman Emperor will be Catholic most likely because a Hapsburg and Spanish, but if you are the Duke of Saxony and you're Protestant, congratulations your county is now Protestant. It allows for a little bit of religious freedom for the ELITES - not if a farmer in Saxony and still wanted to be Catholic still, too bad you would have to convert to Protestantism but it is the first weird attempt at it Catholics know they cannot go backwards on the Protestant Reformation, trying to figure out a way to make it work Dutch Republic - break away, become Protestant. Flanders will hang behind with the Spanish as Catholic, eventually slowly transform into Belgium The economy is booming, age of exploration is on and going - colonialism is growing as much Dutch Republic - does have colonies but make most of their money off of the trade routes trading and being in charge of everyone's trade routes No elite anymore - a republic, maybe more oligarchy esque, but they have a growing middle class compared to some of the other countries and where that middle class will spend is ART

The Baroque in Northern Europe Baroque in Northern Europe: ... (...), ... ... (...), ... (...) If you're Protestant you could care less what the Council of Trent told you to do 17th Century Europe (1600s) • Between 1562-1721, Europe was in a constant state of ... or ... The most significant was the ... ...' ... (...-...), which involved ..., ..., ..., ..., ..., ... (..., ...), ..., and ... ... The war began as a conflict between ... and ..., but driving force quickly became ... concerns • This war helped firmly establish power of the ... ... and ... and granted ... ... throughout the majority of Europe • There was an increase in ... ... in Europe due to ..., ..., and ... on a global scale. With ... and growing ... ..., we begin finding art in ... ... • In 1581, the northern provinces of .... broke from ... over religion and formed the ... ... The southern half remained with ... -Thirty Years' War definition -Resulting treaty (HRE example) -Dutch Republic -Economy. How does the Dutch Republic make their money? -Is there an elite anymore? Growing middle class

Jacques-Louis David Oath of the Horatii Neoclassical Jacques-Louis David, Oath of the Horatii The main artist doing Neoclassicism in France is JLD! David is kind of a radical at heart - he ends up joining with the Jacobins - they were the more violent, radical revolutionaries. They are the ones who lead the Reign of Terror. He kinds of end up their master of propaganda, he is putting out stuff for them This is pre-Revolution (French Revolution is 1789-99) so it's been brewing for a while Oath of the Horatii Another Roman Republic story but again meant to inspire you for France Rome is a Republic, fighting nearby city of Elba. The Horatii brothers have been selected to be the champions of Rome and they will go fight Elba's champions. They are going to defend the homeland kind of thing The brothers -> their dad -> their sisters, wives, children who are mourning them because the chance is they may not come back The point or moral is being willing to give up your life for your country, your city, etc. Being a good citizen (the male version) What David wants you to do - wants you to take away this message of patriotism, rise up you citizens, go stand at the barricades and riot to bring down the monarchy, nobility, the Church (in the case of France) They do, especially David, (Neoclassical) is a love of order, symmetry Three rounded arches, everybody is situated in those arches Arch 1: Brothers Arch 2: Father Arch 3: Their families Grid on the floor, everything is orderly and perfectly balanced Using a lot of directional lines (like the arms) to get you to the swords. The swords are supposed to represent that oath they are taking to defend Rome even if it costs them their life. Very precise in how its rendering everything even though it is so dark in the back you can still make out stuff if you zoomed in David is very precise in his linework

-Slide ID -Another Roman Republic story, inspiring? -Story -The moral (the male version of being a good citizen) -Symmetry in the architecture and subjects -Directional lines -> swords -What are the swords a symbol of? -Precision

Jules Hardouin-Mansart and Charles Le Brun Galerie des Glaces (Hall of Mirrors) Northern Baroque HALL OF MIRRORS - backside of building looking out over gardens Jules Hardouin-Mansart and Charles Le Brun Baroque is more in the architecture - it is drama, dripping gold and crystals. Floor to ceiling mirrors (mirrors existed but lucky if had, small one to make sure your face looked right. Full length mirror not a thing) OPULENCE AND WEALTH, ceiling frescos, faux frames, looking out over the manicured garden This hallway did get used on the regular. Two kinds of planning study rooms for Louis on either side. Nicknamed the Peace Room and the War Room. If an ambassador depending on the room walking to you knew his mood. War room, Louis not in great mood. An ambassador walking through hallway, meant to intimidate you. He was playing a psychological game Surrounded by wealth, dripping from the ceilings (gold, crystals). Lowly ambassador, maybe a lord but still. Don't have wealth like this Walking toward most powerful man in Europe and THE MIRRORS - full length mirrors not a thing, now get to see your full length self maybe for first time ever. Notice and nitpick your appearance, have to walk the full length and looking at reflection constantly While ostentatious display of wealth, meant to nitpick your appearance

-Slide ID -Baroque style -Wealth -Planning study rooms -Intimidation

Germain Boffrand Salon de la Princesse Rococo Germain Boffrand - Salone de la Princesse - a salon, would have had more furniture like seating, chaise lounges, etc., art on the table ROCOCO ARCHITECTURE AMOUNT OF DETAIL - stuff everywhere PLASTER SCULPTING popular - mounding up a certain kind of plaster to give it 3D shape and not flat. Going wild with it This is where the elite of France are gathering *A lot of people look at Rococo and go 'it's feminine' the women are the drivers of culture and so this is somehow a reflection of what women want as far as decoration. That is not necessarily the thing - applying a lot of gendered ideas from us Pastels, love scenes Women commission this but so do men. Men are all the painters - Watteau invented a whole genre of sexy outdoor scenes. Not just women who wanted romance and love and lust (MEN WANTED) LXIV wore heels and short shorts so he could show off his legs Not the same idea as colors and gender

-Slide ID -Detail -Plaster sculpting -Is this style 'feminine?'

Willem Kalf Still Life with a Late Ming Ginger Jar Northern Baroque Willem Kalf - Still Life with a Late Ming Ginger Jar DEPICTING THE WEALTH. Dutch made their money out of doing trade, small colonies. Making money through their trade - Vanitas Still Life Bringing in citrus (not native in DR - tropical area or Southern Europe), jar from China (Ming vase), Persian rug. Lot of different cultures here - look at all of the pretty stuff I bought

-Slide ID -Elements of Vanitas Still Life

William Hogarth The Tête à Tête Natural Style England is not going to be interested in Rococo. It's the French and don't want the French But natural style they will gladly pick up because they can use it for social commentary. Question of love versus money when it comes to marriage was a big thing. Aristocracy wants love for marriage but have not had that ability because marriages typically were for political alliances, money. Starting to harshly critique the idea of marrying for money William Hogarth, The Tête à Téte (Marriage à la Mode) ENGLAND Will not really pick up the Rococo, England and France not gotten along since HYW. Rococo is French, so no! French thing, we don't touch. Natural style they do pick up on William Hogarth, The Téte à Téte, from Marriage à la Mode Part of a series, 6 paintings and a lot of prints. Popular - published in newspapers and a commentary about the moneyed classes, nouveau riche Young woman = New Money, family of merchants (made money out of trade). All money, but no title! Problem in England. Lot of people with a lot of money with no title But aristocracy with all the title in the world and no cash (he is the nobility but poor, his family had nothing) These matchers were happening frequently with New Money marrying into the nobility so nobility got money and New Money got the title of aristocracy But this is that moment, not marrying for love! Hogarth: Love did not happen, neither interested in one another and so everything will go awry TAT is scene 2, the morning after - they have been married but not spent the night together (rarely spent the night together is the implication) She has had a party at the house - there is stuff everywhere He has been out, the dog is sniffing at a lady's bonnet in his jacket pocket, he has been out with other women and has their undergarments (implication) She has had a great time, both hung over Servant trying to clean everything up Manager of the house and accounts has bills in his hand and ledgers, please stop spending money! Paintings everywhere, knick knack central - things because one of them keeps spending money on stupid stuff He has thrown his hands up, I cannot get through to them they are going to bleed themselves dry, what will happen Someone has spent money on scandalous paintings - hide your nude Venuses behind the curtain and unveil if you have the appropriate company around, foot of some unknown individual SCATHING what happens to them, both will die Hogarth had opinions Makes fun of the aristocracy - Marriage A-la Mode - concern in 18th century that marriages sometimes arranged for economic benefit than for love. Modern Marriage, the marriage of the day Entire series - 6 paintings - aristocratic family (Squanderfield, squandered their aristocratic fortune) Lord Squanderfield has his son marry the daughter of a wealthy merchant so he can maintain his estate and lordly possessions and she gets in return aristocratic title. Economic exchange brokered 1: Lord Sq. pointed to his family tree, medieval knights (great lineage) 2: Son in blue, picking snuff out of box. Looking like a dilettante, gazing at his own reflection. Woman behind him he will marry not paying attention to, arranged marriage 3: Silvertongue, counselor - Hogarth making fun of him (smooth talker) LS situated between family tree and dowry - I have this long aristocratic lineage, this money is not enough for me. Building a new mansion and he needs to finance Lawyer Merchant (woman's father) - business transaction Everyone in it for their own self-interest with exception of the young couple Painting Five: Night, not in aristocratic house. Place of disrepute Room would hide when did not want anyone to know what doing. Young woman on her knees, as her lover (Silvertongue) flees out window. Silvertongue impaled her husband with his sword, she is beseeching him asking for forgiveness. She and St caught in the act - masked ball (discared clothes, mask) Painting Six: Death of young woman, poisoned self (when read St was hanged for the murder of her husband) Nurse bringing her her child to say goodbye Syphilis spot on the child's cheek (child is sick) this couple is irredeemable Marriage for economic exchange instead of love is indicted Back in her home The father taking the gold ring off of her finger Hogarth has a very specific opinion about this. Marriage FOR LOVE rather than money. The outcome of marrying for money is both will squander it away, take their own lovers and somehow end in murder and execution Husband has a syphilis mark - known STI at the time. Often shown in art as black marks because a type of syphilis can necrose your skin (literally dies) or missing ears or noses (flesh rotting off of you). Indicting them even in that way (both of them have, daughter has as well). Even indicting them further, mark of an STI

-Slide ID -England, which style does it reject. Which style does it accept? -Marriage à la Mode series -Artist definition -What is this a commentary on? -Story (6 paintings) -Story of this painting -The takeaway from this story, marriage

Elisabeth-Louise Vigée-Lebrun Marie Antoinette and Her Children Natural Style Élisabeth-Louise Vigée-Lebrun, Marie Antoinette and Her Children Is in Versailles One of the famed portraits of M.A. that is more relaxed, not as queenly. Her with her children. She is the youngest daughter of Maria Teresa (empress of Hungary, Austria), not intended to marry LXVI, but happened Do seem to have genuinely liked each other - he never took a mistress (weird for French kings), four kids by end of it. She genuinely loved her children! She actively cared about them, when she is arrested by revolutionaries that is how they tortured her - listened to them torture her children None of the children make it out - die of sickness... One of the ways they tortured her Her with three of her kids She will have one more Heir to the throne, Dauphin Louis-Charles Two of her girls The bassinet is empty now, M.A. had a child the child passed away after childbirth while Elisabeth was painting, so she started the baby but then painted back over it The boy is opening the bassinet, unveiling her next child, but the baby passed away. She would have another child Way less pretentious - wants to be seen more as a mother than anything else, mom of her 3 kids, takes an active interest in them None of the royal family survives the FR by guillotine, illness, mysterious disappearances

-Slide ID -Style -The subject, more about her: marriage, daughter to -Did she love her kids? Her husband? -Do they survive the French Revolution?

Caravaggio Calling of Saint Matthew Southern Baroque Caravaggio does get religious commissions Calling of Saint Matthew, famous, more typical of Caravaggio TENEBRISM style - what gives him the title of one of the most influential painters of all of Western art We talked about chiaroscuro - the gradual light to dark, did use in earlier work (Musicians), things look round and 3-D Tenebrism is like chiaroscuro's dramatic cousin - again it is the Baroque, they like DRAMA It works, very kind of moodiness - almost meant to give you the feel: in a theater and someone standing on stage, the stage is dark but one spotlight of the performer giving a soliloquy - that kind of feel. More dramatic light to dark. THEATRICAL Religious scene: Jesus - took a second to find him - Caravaggio does not like making things obvious for you Jesus is there but behind St. Peter, his body eventually dissolves into blackness, barely has a halo, only reason we are 100% certain this is Jesus. Everyone else up for debate He is pointing out his hand to the table Saint Matthew is one of the disciples Jesus calls to walk with him, we know he was older but main thing he was a tax collector Tax collectors were the most hated men of this time frame - you had to pay taxes to Rome and your city, but tax collectors were NOT that regulated. They could tell you you owe $200 to the crown but you only owe $50 and they pocket the extra $150 Nobody liked tax collectors, known for being crooks. Was a big deal Matthew was chosen to be one of the disciples Jesus pointing to the table, presumably: Get up Matthew, follow me QUESTION: WHO IS MATTHEW? WE DON'T KNOW People have their arguments Not the two on the right: quite young, dressed like contemporary men of the 1500s, with feathers too Comes down to three men in the back Option 1: We know Matthew is older, the hand that he is pointing, it's like is it to the guy next to him, is it him? This look: Who, me? Option 2: Older man leaning over, not acknowledging anything Option 3: Younger man at the table, actually handling the money. Matthew was a tax collector Take your pick we do not agree Most do not consider 2, usually 1 or 3 - we do not know Caravaggio did not like to make it easy for us especially when it comes to identifying people MIRACULOUS MOMENT, still following those guidelines from the C-R Tenebrism: Meant to be dramatic, drastic dark to light The only light hear is from a window we do not actually see, coming from the side Mysterious, do not know which is Matthew and the drama of the lighting LOCATION: Caravaggio, 99% certain this is one of the taverns he frequented. Not this glorious, clean, pristine, holier than thou place. Seedy, dusty, dirty tavern where tax collectors sit in the back corner to count their extra money CARAVAGGIO often got in trouble for He got in trouble for constantly showing dirt feet and hands for saints People would get mad, had to change some on occasion. Mad the saints looked earthly, like humans. He was trying to bring the divine closer to home, trying to do this. Point of art is make it more relatable, inspire you. Not inspiring if this occurs in this golden palace He used a lot of people he knew for models: sex workers, card sharks, drinking buddies Uses the places he frequented as his settings

-Slide ID -Tenebrism definition -Scene -Who was Saint Matthew? -Who is Saint Matthew in this work? -Location -What did Caravaggio often get in trouble for? -His models

Neoclassicism • In the later 18th century, there is a renewed interest in classical antiquity • This is due partial to the discoveries of Herculaneum and Pompeii in 1738 and 1748, respectively, and modern art historians, like J.J. Wincklemann cataloging classical artworks not just writing artist biographies. • Neoclassical style took hold in France, England, and America, and is closely associated with the Revolutions. • Paintings would often have a civic moral and use of ancient stories was common. • Architecture looked back to classical Roman buildings as well as the Renaissance architect, Palladio. There was an emphasis on simplicity, symmetry, and precise proportions Last style, also running right alongside Rococo and Natural Style Renewed interest in classical antiquity, which I feel we never actually left (we just left the Renaissance, Rome never really fell out of fashion) Part of it has to do with this: we discover Herculaneum and Pompeii. When Mt. Vesuvius erupted in 79 CE, Rome abandoned those two sites and others. H is further up Mt. Vesuvius, they do archeological stuff there but you likely have to cut through solid lava at times, whereas Pompeii is just ash We uncover those spots and so it revitalizes this interest because now we have Roman households to look at (versus temples, ruins, baths). We never had someone's personal house. We got to see how Romans did interior decoration, we never done. It becomes fashionable to paint your houses that way: Exhibit A: Robert Adam, Etruscan Room There is a big trend for having Roman, Pompeiian inspired rooms. It comes in fashion as well - the fashion we see on the wall paintings makes its way into modern fashion (loose, flowing clothing). Neoclassicism is a big art movement - not just painting and architecture - it's interior design, fashion, etc. That is the big push for this style is finding all of those things Also have art historians, JJ Winckelmann is our main one. He starts cataloguing artwork and finding "all of these Greek pots are all in the same style." He's the first one cataloguing stuff where we can track movements when it comes to Rome and Greece. He pushes Roman art in particular as 'this is the height of civilization.' He pushes that narrative and people pick up on it Neoclassicism becomes this style of the revolutions because in the case of the American and French Revolutions they are wanting to get rid of monarchies, they are wanting a democracy. Who had a democracy? The Roman Republic, more Rome than Greece. That is why they look at Rome - they see that connection there. There is a reason why when you go to Washington DC everything looks Greco-Roman. We wanted it to look like Rome because we had a republic they did It becomes very common for Neoclassical Art to have a CIVIC MORAL - we may be looking at an ancient Roman story but understand it is supposed to be inspiring, particularly inspiring patriotism. That you are going to stand up and go defend the colonies in America or France. Trying to throw off the shackles of monarchies and tyrants. Has that particular agenda in it ARCHITECTURE: Looking at Rome, particularly Palladio. Palladio was the Renaissance architect from Venice Kind of his version of Roman architecture they are looking at. It helps he wrote books upon books about it - easy access to those books to go pull

... • In the later ... century, there is a renewed interest in ... ... • This is due partial to the discoveries of ... and ... in 1738 and 1748, respectively, and modern art historians, like ... ... cataloging ... artworks not just writing artist biographies • ... style took hold in ..., ..., and ..., and is closely associated with the ... • Paintings would often have a ... ... and use of ... ... was common • Architecture looked back to ... ... buildings as well as the ... architect, ... There was an emphasis on simplicity, ..., and ... ... -Running alongside Rococo and Natural Style -Seeing ... households for the first time, influences interior decoration -Fashion as well Robert Adam, Etruscan Room -Art historians -Revolutions (why this art style is the style of its time - think about government) -Kinds of stories/messages in art -Architecture: Who do they look to?

Jan Vermeer Woman Holding a Balance Northern Baroque Jan Vermeer, Woman Holding a Balance This is what Vermeer is known more for. Interior domestic scenes of women doing something in front of a window He does love always having a painting or map behind them. In this case we have a Last Judgment, which pairs up with her holding up the balance or the scales - could sometimes apply religious overtones to his work but he is interested in these quiet scenes Vermeer's scenes can be very quiet, calm. Person going about their daily task of whatever, washing a window, reading a letter, etc. Are supposed to take away that she is pregnant, her belly is sticking out of the blue and white cape she is wearing We are supposed to understand she is pregnant, maybe she is weighing up a few family jewels she needs to sell because they have to pay for the new baby, etc. We did find last year from the painting of the woman in the black and yellow dress reading a letter (Girl Reading a Letter at an Open Window) thought there was just a blank wall behind her, which is odd for Vermeer. Because he loves a painting or a map behind them. Peeled the paint off of it, known since the 1970s there was a painting behind her but the later owner covered it up It was a painting of Cupid, odd for Vermeer because a naked person and Vermeer not known for his naked people - maybe that is why? Nudity, so paint over. The last big thing done with the Vermeer paintings. Apparently the big museum in Amsterdam is doing a retrospective in the coming year, all the tickets are gone - he was that popular

-Slide ID -What does Vermeer love to include behind his subjects? -Last Judgment -Scales -What are we supposed to take away from our subject?

Fra Andrea Pozzo Glorification of Saint Ignatius Southern Baroque Fra Andrea Pozzo, Glorification of Saint Ignatius The artist Pozzo works to take architecture into consideration, the real architecture keeps going in the painting (the illusion of the paint extends it), hard illusion to try and do linear perspective from the floor for the ceiling! Architecture line - everything past it is paint - keeps going and it works if you stand in the right spot St. Ignatius - recently canonized, St. Ignatius Loyola was a Spanish monk who founded the Jesuit Order. Their big mission was education. Here he is and Jesus coming down to meet him Also nods to the other realms, well into conquering the Americas by this point. Jesuits did have a big presence in the Americas, somewhere is a nod to the Americas Africa too, nods to the globes because they were a big missional focused group

-Slide ID -What does artist take into consideration? -Who was the saint? -Nods to the Worlds

Diego Velázquez Las Meninas (The Maids of Honor) Southern Baroque Diego Velázquez, Las Meninas (The Maids of Honor) His famous painting Seems to be commissioned by Philip IV, know it sat in his office and remained in royal collections until donated to the Prado Seems to have just been on the face a portrait of one of P's daughters, Margarita - one of the infantas (princesses) But there is a lot more going on than just her... Pick out the strange things and figure out who is the subject of this painting They are looking at you DIEGO - giant canvas, Diego looking at you Margarita looking at you MIRROR in the back - not a painting - showing you (the viewer) - that is Philip IV and his wife Mariana of Austria The viewer is the King and Queen of Spain - makes sense why they are looking at you Weird guy in the back highlighted by the door - some kind of chancellor, we know who he is and everybody else - weird how he is highlighted by the very brilliant white of the door. Why are we making him stand out? Why does he need to be there? Is this a portrait of Margarita? Is this a portrait of the King and Queen? We have a hard time figuring out the subject because it suddenly devolves into being just a portrait of his daughter. If it was just a portrait of his daughter, no need for everyone else except her posse, her entourage. This is her entourage: 2 ladies in waiting, 2 children are entertainment - a young girl with Dwarfism and another - meant to be the jesters. Why she is kicking the dog? Do not know In the back - Margarita's governess and tutor - those people make up her entourage This still does not explain why we have the Chancellor in the back and Diego being like "I'm here!" and the mirror. It devolves - do not know who the most important person is anymore In the back: two paintings - zoomed in and know these belonged to Peter Paul Rubens (North Europe) - they were in Diego's studio, he owned them, he was quite wealthy and well-connected. Weird moment We're in Diego's studio - so even if we can't decide if the King and Queen, Margarita, or someone else is the subject, I think Diego thought he was the subject 1. His canvas he's painting on, presumably painting us the King and Queen takes up a good portion of what is going on - sticks out like a sore thumb, very obvious what he is doing - he is at his job, he is painting (at his profession) 2. They are in his studio - he is not going to the king and queen's space - he is not being summoned to them, everyone is coming to him. It's his studio he's not in their space they are in his Something about this status of him as an artist, him being close with the family, being a part of it. This royal entourage. Even if Philip did not read that into, at least for Diego he was trying to insert some of his own status and kind of how he felt he was doing within the court and doing well - he did very well, he was very wealthy Red Cross on his chest - added LATER Diego tried for years to get into a fraternal order, the Society or the Order of Saint James. It was for Saint James, could never get in because he needed to be of noble birth and he was not He had all the money in the world but he did not have the patens of the nobility kind of moment He finally convinces Philip to give him a title, he can then apply and get in and he goes back and adds the insignia of the society to his shirt here Painted 1656, not in that order yet. He went back to this specific painting to put it in Even if Philip thought it was a pretty picture and kept it in his office, Diego is like: I'm here too, this is a little bit about me Subject and painting within paintings kind of moment Hard to think Diego had complete artistic license and Philip loved it and kept it - not how the art world worked at the time, but seems weird Philip would have wanted all of this: Yeah I want a portrait of my daughter but I also want this Chancellor and the entourage and us in a mirror and you painting over there - maybe an interesting collaboration between the two to come up with this or maybe not - maybe Diego had complete artistic license but unlikely

-Slide ID -Where is this piece from? -On the surface, who is this a portrait of? -Mirror -Chancellor -Who is the subject in this piece? -The girl's entourage -Diego -What is the setting of this painting? How do we know? -Could Diego be the subject? (2) What does the painting say about him, at least? -Red cross on Diego's chest

John Singleton Copley Paul Revere Natural Style John Singleton Copley, Paul Revere Amercian colonies (US) - US colonies love some natural style and will love it for a while. Because for them they feel their colonial overlords in Britain are pretentious and elite and they look at the colonies as less than. So colonists like the art to feel very down to earth and humble, which is natural style 100% JSC one of the bigtime American artists during the colonies and later on in the early US. This is his famous portrait of Paul Revere. Revere was a silversmith before the Revolution (American Revolution). This is late 1760s, early 1770s. This is just him at his profession. His clothing is not particularly nice, he is not wearing all of these fancy things you would wear (neckties) his vest is not buttoned. He is just here at his job being a silversmith. He has the pot done, has engraving tools (engrave fancy details like names of the family). Also no accident it is a teapot. Just the year before, 1767, the Townsend Acts have all come in. The Townsend Acts are coming from the British Parliament (Tea, Sugar, Paper, Stamp acts - overly taxing all of these things). Made the point to include the teapot because the colonies are not all that happy about all the extra taxes having to pay for things that they are growing. It was very common for the colonies to grow the cotton, have to harvest all the cotton, send it to Britain, Britain would manufacture it and make into clothing, and then send it back to be sold back to the colonies. Meanwhile they are being taxed through all of it, that is what they were not too happy about

-Slide ID -Which style do the US colonies love? Why (think about Britain)? -Who is our artist? -Who is our subject? What did he do before the American Revolution? -Teapot

Thomas Jefferson Monticello Neoclassical US As far as how the US interacts with Neoclassicism, thank Thomas Jefferson. He is over in France for the majority of the revolution. Seeing those things going on with Neoclassical style and loves it, brings it back to the US. Monticello is Thomas Jefferson's home, remodels to be the Neoclassical style here in the US Monticello had already gotten started, he remodels it (his slaves remodel it). Look at the symmetry (everything is very precise), not a lot of excessive decoration (except maybe the balustrades, these balconies) He does it again when he gets the commission to design the University of Virginia at Charlottesville, their main centered campus everything was originally Have the rotunda and little buildings off to the side UA's rotunda was modeled after this one, burned down when the Union was here in 1865. It is where Gorgas is now Neoclassicism in the US we can all thank Thomas Jefferson for

-Slide ID -Who can we thank for Neoclassicism in the US? Why? -The importance of this place -Later see Neoclassicism at the University of Virginia at Charlottesville (also designed by same man)

Rococo to Neoclassicism - the 18th century in Europe and America Stick in France - baroque will evolve. Baroque is 1600s (took 100 years nearly) 1700s Art will move faster, start going over periods last 50 years and shorter and shorter time frame Rococo: The French Taste • The 18th century (1700s) was the age of revolutions- American, French, Industrial, and Scientific. It was a century full of change • We end up with multiple art movement or styles happening in rapid succession in response to these changes. • Louis XIV dies in 1715 and after him, the aristocracy regained some of their power. • The Rococo style is very much about the French aristocracy and their delights. It is softer, more lighthearted, and floral in its design than Baroque. • The term Rococo comes from the French word rocaille, referring to the pebbles and shells used to decorate the interior of grottos. • Antoine Watteau created a new genre known as the fête galante (amorous festival). • Keep in mind the French Revolution (1789-1799) is being put into motion during this time period 1700s is dubbed the age of the revolutions - literal revolutions (French, American) but also Enlightenment, Industrial Rev., Scientific Rev. so art moves a lot faster - so much cultural things shifting so art will shift with it FRANCE - Rococo Good chunk of time but really confined to France LXIV passes away, aristocracy runs away from Versailles - flee And regain some power in LXV's reign, nothing to write home about but Madame de Pompadour and then LXVI and French Rev. Rococo driven by French aristocracy because can get out of Versailles, their own hubs. SALON*** you go to talk and look at art. Bigger open rooms to congregate, chit chat/talking, discussing ideas especially when get to philosophes (Voltaire, Locke, Descartes, Diderot). Sit around and talk about philosophy and art Salon - hub of culture for France and women driving those Madame de Pompadour - LXV's mistress, driver of culture because employing artists making art *Age of the women: Madame de Pompadour, Maria Teresa (Empress of Hungary, Austria, HRE), Empress Elizabeth and Catherine the Great (Russia). More women in charge of major areas, drivers of culture not previously Rococo style is a lot softer. Evolution of the baroque (loves drama especially in decoration). But softer, lighter, ongoings of the aristocracy (idea of love and secret affairs, French aristocracy like because games they played while trapped in Versailles - marrying for political alliances and money, love not an option). Tradition to have someone on the side Madame de Pompadour, LXV's mistress driving culture - not weird she had a lot of power, position within the government to be a mistress of the king Lot of secret love affairs, Cupid, Venus, etc. Rococo - term, little shell decorations and pebbles Antonine Watteau - fête galante (creates this genre) - typically an outdoor scene but it's a love party. Not quite an orgy (everyone clothed) but the implication is clothes will come off eventually (implied) Story: when he submitted his F.G. to French Academy as his admission painting it wasn't a category so they created a whole FG category to let him in French Revolution is coming (1789-99) 101 on how not to carry out a revolution - very violent, constant changing of power and incredibly violent to aristocracy Rococo - art for aristocracy, by aristocracy. They're not going to be alive to see the end of the century - most die from guillotine or flee

...: The ... Taste • The ... century (...) was the age of ... - ..., ..., ..., and ... It was a century full of change • We end up with multiple art movement or styles happening in ... ... in response to these changes • ... ... dies in 1715 and after him, the ... regained some of their power • The ... style is very much about the ... ... and their delights. It is ..., more ..., and ... in its design than Baroque • The term ... comes from the ... word rocaille, referring to the ... and ... used to decorate the interior of ... • ... ... created a new genre known as the ... ... (... ...) • Keep in mind the ... ... (1789-1799) is being put into motion during this time period Salon definiton -Madame de Pompadour Maria Teresa, the Greats, etc. (age of women) Style -People commissioning -Texture -Color -Scenes Fête galante definition

Peter Paul Rubens Consequences of War Northern Baroque Peter Paul Rubens, Consequences of War Painting he does for the Duke of Florence, one of the Medici family While this is pagan in subject it is actually a political commentary Center: Venus, goddess of love Mars, god of war - being egged on by Fury Below: all of these people Harmony with her guitar Bottom meant to be culture and society, civilization Back is Europe - Europa Temple of Janus Has to do with knowing Roman history - Venus the goddess of love, Mars god of war. Mars more of bloodlust kill everything in sight kind of war (vs. Minerva or Athena - strategy wisdom, let's be rational). Mars is just fury. Thirty Years War - a commentary on TYW has been going on and ravaging Northern Europe what the Duke and Rubens interested in talking about - wanting to bring it to an end Close - comes in 1648 - so particularly bad - fought a lot in the HRE, really turned families against families because about religion. The closest thing for us time wise was the Troubles in Ireland - Catholic vs. Protestant - you and your neighbors may know each other all life but because one is Catholic and the other is Protestant, it devolves into chaos Chaotic and rough time. One of the first religious wars for Europe (Big religious wars) Ready for it to be done - ready for religious freedom moment of go be Protestant I don't care anymore, I am just tired of being at war Mars is being egged on to keep going to war by Fury Venus, though not married to Mars is his lover. Always lovers. She is the one who can calm him, grabbing him - no, we need to chill out. But she can't because Fury is egging him on and driving him forward Mars is trampling civilization - Harmony (normally with music - why her guitar is broken), trampling on literature. War crushes civilization and society in its wake and it destroys all, it doesn't care Europe dress torn because Europe is being ravaged, it turned everybody against one another Temple behind is the Temple of Janus - in ancient Rome during the republic and empire, god Janus (two-faced of beginnings and ends - January comes from) When the doors to the Temple of Janus were open, symbolized Rome was at war, why the temple doors are open. Have to know Rome, but nod to old Roman stories War somewhere with someone We are tired of it - commentary on the TYW and how over it they are. War and bloodshed has ruined everything - where they are at mentally wise

-Slide ID -Who commissions this piece? -Despite the pagan subject matter, what is this painting really about? -Venus and Mars and Fury -What is Mars trampling on? -Europa and the Temple of Janus

Nicolas Poussin Et in Arcadia Ego Northern Baroque Nicolas Poussin - who Louis worked with when it came to founding the French Academy, drives French art for a while. Founds the Academy and churns out the artists (Academy), can dictate what things look like for a while CLASSICISM - looking hard at Rome, ARCADIAN LANDSCAPES (land of the gods, pastoral scenes). Crisp and clean lines - no loose brushwork Et in Arcadia Ego - In Arcadia I Am Also - DEATH, kind of a Memento Mori moment Three shepherds, up for debate if they can see this woman. One guy in red looks like he looks like her but she is the personification/metaphor of death. Can they really see here? By saying in Arcadia (land of the gods) I am also, even death is there. Death will come from the gods Looking hard at Rome - Roman stories, Poussin a lot. Roman mythological stories of the founding of Rome and Roman citizens

-Slide ID -Who is Poussin? -Style -Woman -Landscape -Death

Jean-Honoré Fragonard The Swing Rococo Jean-Honoré Fragonard, The Swing The most famous scene of the Rococo Fragonard becomes the main man people want Young woman on a swing, two gentlemen in this overgrown park with her Her suitor at the back, man looks a bit older. Her betrothed, the person her parents want her to be with Her lover is down here, she invited him! Not a peeping tom. She knows he is there, they are making eye contact. She's like "hide in the bushes" and we'll make googly eyes at each other while I'm here with the person I'm meant to be married with He swung her up, she's kicked off her shoe, kicked her foot up in the air to give her lover a shot view up her skirt to her undergarments, she knows he's there. Doing on purpose, his arm is meant to look phallic, what they are interested in Aristocracy - how long could you keep the affair a secret? A lot of scenes like this, running about going behind each other's backs. Even cupid cluing his in, fingers to his lips 'don't tell!' Look at what is coming, this is the 1760s... The French Revolution comes in late 80s and 90s Reason FR happens is because things terrible in France, economy. Lower classes little to no money, food. 90% of wealth in France contained with these people and they are oblivious. This is what they are doing (what they are spending on) What is going to come... you people were like love affairs! Swing scenes! And the people in Paris are starving, no wonder people killed you How could you miss it? Oh yeah you were sitting in salons, chit chatting about Voltaire and Locke and looking at stuff like this

-Slide ID -Artist -Story -Aristocracy -French Revolution on its way...

Annibale Carracci Loves of the Gods Southern Baroque Annibale Carracci, Loves of the Gods Not everything Carracci does - primarily religious but does some extras. Can find non-Christian art running about in the Baroque, but more contained and in people's houses In the Palazzo Farnese, one of the big families. A cardinal commissioned for his brother who got married, hall where the marriage ceremony and reception would take place. He got Carracci to do the ceiling, theme is Love of the Gods - theme is love and marriage (why he picked it) Different stories throughout mythology Most part: Nudity not a big thing, trying to cover up, there in some places but people are a lot more covered than they had been if it was the Renaissance ALL OF THIS IS PAINT - even the frame Quadro riportato - it's a framed painting - the illusion of a framed painting, this is all paint Takes on the feel of a gallery space, still using this idea of displaying artwork with frames on pedestals, but it started here The illusion of a painted frame when it is not really there, pops up in the Baroque and used frequently Even the statues - Carracci experimented and knew all the light would be down, all the shadows is if (light from torches, candelabras) everything is going up - purposefully worked the illusion, realistic as if being lit from the floor like it actually would be at party time - made sure the illusion worked

-Slide ID -Where do we find non-religious art during the Baroque period? -Farnese family, theme -Nudity and the Baroque period -Quadro riportato definition -Experimenting with painting and illusion of lighting

Gianlorenzo Bernini Ecstasy of Saint Teresa Southern Baroque One of Bernini's biggest pieces is... Cornaro Chapel, Santa Maria della Vittoria - Rome Installation piece - he does this whole chapel: architecture, painting, sculpture all coming together Does do the statue at the center Relief sculptures to the sides, main sculpture highlighted at the center, fresco on ceiling CEILING PAINTINGS BECOME POPULAR - Baroque - drama, idea is the ceiling is gone and looking at the Heavens Bernini even frescoed down the walls, sense the clouds are spilling in. Theatricality, drama all the way Ecstasy of Saint Teresa Main highlight - the stage moment of this whole chapel St. Teresa is a Spanish nun who was recently canonized (made a saint). She has miraculous visions, one of her visions - angels visit her and represent the love of God to her normally by plunging an arrow into her - how she had her visions Not all artists who are religious produce religious art, but Bernini was Deeply religious and interested in the theater too, brought together religious faith and interest in theater. Bernini both a sculptor and architecture: brought sculpture, architecture, painting (colored marble), fresco on ceiling, stained, glass, gilding - entire installation piece Involve the viewer to inspire faith - inspire faith in the miraculous Ecstasy of Saint Teresa - having a not so uncommon vision (canonized in 1622), accounts of visions she had of angels - golden spear, at iron tip point of fire - plunged in my heart - consumed by the great love of God - pain so severe - sweetness by this intense pain. A spiritual pain Sexual symbolism/physical body to get at the spiritual experience - we need to understand her spiritual visions by means of a metaphor, all we have - a physical experience Translated the relationship between the physical and spiritual. Difference in gauze fabric he wears (torsion in contrast to heavy quality of his cloth - she is of the Earth and he is of the Heavens) - feathers of the angel's wings - all done in marble Miraculous is expressed - everything underneath is in shadow (looks like floating) Using the pomp and ceremony (of the Church) to express a direct relationship between an individual and the spiritual realm Involves the viewer - the whole space of the chapel - relief sculptures of figures that look like in theater boxes, as though we are part of the audience too. We become part of the work of art Broken pediment, stage like space opens up, marble moving to reveal this intimate image - specialness Figures on upper left and right are curious, like us, seeing this sacred event. But not like us because the patron and family of the patrons - Cornaro family Light miraculously pouring down on figures from above, fresco on ceiling shows the Holy Spirit (dove) and light emanating from that, almost like light from the two figures is coming from the Holy Spirit. Trick: Window hidden behind the broken pediment that shines light through and down on the sculptures, AWE-INSPIRING, feel this spiritual vision in our bodies NOT ABOUT THE RATIONAL, about spiritual awakening, emotional The amount of stuff he included Box seats funny - they are not even watching: talking, we all do with plays - moment of chit chat but this is the climax and not even paying attention Main point: St. Teresa and her angel He is using a sexual metaphor - he means ecstasy in a sexual way but is meant to represent the love of God. Doesn't want it to be a sexual thing, just the metaphor he had to use. Intense love and intense passion in this moment BERNINI: TEXTURE, his ability with textures - can have the feathers vs. the fabric (his and hers) vs. the cloud underneath - does a lot with texture and does it very well

-Slide ID Cornaro Chapel -Installation piece -What becomes popular during the Baroque period (fresco)? Why? -Elements of theatricality, drama -Woman subject's backstory -What is the angel doing? -What is artist particularly good with when it comes to sculpting? -Love for theatre + religious faith -How is the miraculous expressed? -Involving the viewer -Bernini's trick -Representation of the Cornaro family -Sexual metaphor used to represent what?

Baroque and SPAIN: Spain did not have a problem with the naked Venus's running around during the Renaissance anyways. The Counter-Reformation was like an ordinary day for them Oh yeah, duh we paint religious stuff They are staunchly Catholic, yes can find other things. But not what the majority of people were commissioning and buying (Venus's, nude gods, etc.) Religion sticking to anyway, but also doing still life, going to pick up Caravaggio and Tenebrism see with this piece (Juan Sánchez Cotán, Still Life with Goose Foul) But also Spanish polychrome statues - made of wood, carved and painted - unique/exclusive to Spain and very popular Counter-Reformation time mainly for Southern half of Europe, briefly discuss in Northern Europe - only depends on if Catholic (if Catholic: care what pope says, if Protestant - do not) The Counter-Reformation is the driving force for SOUTHERN Baroque (Italy especially) - wanting to stay within all the guidelines the Council of Trent set out Art (Bernini in Italy with David: use of drama and twisting forms) Architecture meant to be awe-inspiring, breathtaking - all the big words, WOW! You walk in and go oh my goodness, a dome that looks like a flower or star, something new and different TENEBRISM - keep seeing, begins with Caravaggio - it was not just Caravaggio or Southern Baroque artists (REMBRANDT for example). Tenebrism is really popular

-Spain and Catholicism. Its reaction to the Counter-Reformation -What can you typically find for art in Spain? What can you not typically find for art in Spain? Counter-Reformation time mainly for ..., briefly discuss in Northern Europe - only depends on if ... (if ...: care what pope says, if ... - do not) The Counter-Reformation is the driving force for ... Baroque (... especially) - wanting to stay within all the guidelines the ... set out Art (... in Italy with David: use of ... and ... ...) Architecture meant to be ..., ... - all the big words, WOW! You walk in and go oh my goodness, a dome that looks like a flower or star, something new and different ... - keep seeing, begins with ... - it was not just ... or ... Baroque artists (... for example). Tenebrism is really popular

Aelbert Cuyp, Distant View of Dordrecht with a Milkmaid and Four Cows, and Other Figures Dutch: Group portraiture they love, religious painting Dutch Republic also LOVES LANDSCAPES Part of that gaining their independence, spend a lot of time doing land reclamation - some areas of the Netherlands is below sea level, use windmills to pump water out Windmills are used to grind up grain but mostly water pumps to pump out water from these areas to have land to farm Really proud of this and paint it like crazy Dutch landscape paintings NOT Arcadia, or land of the gods, they are THE NETHERLANDS. They are the Dutch Republic in Haarlem and all of the other little counties they have You will always know where you are - can identify what city is in the background because they are proud of it. Will always be a nod to the windmills typically around This one also giving a nod to the dairy economy, one of the things that went on to all this land was dairy cows. We have a milkmaid gathering the morning's milk The Dutch are really proud of their economy and love to talk about it - will put it in art and put it in painting

Aelbert Cuyp, Distant View of Dordrecht with a Milkmaid and Four Cows, and Other Figures -In addition to group portraiture and religious painting, what else does the Dutch Republic love? -Dutch independence, later land reclamation -Windmills -What are Dutch landscapes NOT? Where are they? -Dairy economy -What were the Dutch proud of?

Interior design is looking at this, but looking at art we will look at painting and architecture Angelica Kauffman, Cornelia Presenting Her Children as Her Treasures, or Mother of the Gracchi England, France, US particularly love this style Kauffman is British and one of the few women who worked with the kind of founding of the British Art Academy and was in the academy. She does print and painting When it comes to Neoclassical look for: -Interest in Roman narratives (like this one) -Clean and precise brushwork, will NOT see the loose brushwork of the Rococo (This is almost an antithesis where Rococo is playful, frivolous, love-happy, THIS IS NONE OF THAT) Kind of a slightly made up narrative The people existed, unsure if the story happened Corneila presenting her children as her treasures The Gracchi were three real Roman sitters, they were big-time senators of the Republic and their mother was Cornelia. The people existed, the story maybe not so much The idea is Cornelia has been hanging out with this other woman in red and the woman starts pulling out all of her jewels, talking about all of her treasures, her prized possessions. And she's like "Cornelia, what are yours?" Cornelia runs back home and brings back her three boys and is like "These are my three treasures" And the woman is like I meant fancy diamonds but whatever. You didn't have to make it a moral story My children are my treasures because I'm raising them up to be good citizens. This is the female version of being a good citizen. Women not expected to go out and fight at the barricades and defend France or England or America but expected to raise up the new generation who will particularly if you have boys You're the one at home instilling all of the morals and virtues - that is the implication here

Angelica Kauffman, Cornelia Presenting Her Children as Her Treasures, or Mother of the Gracchi -Who is Kauffman? When looking at Neoclassical art, what should you look for? -Stories -Brushwork -Our narrative here: Who are these individuals? The "moral" The female version of being a good citizen is...?

Not from Rome, more North around Bologna The University of Bologna has been around by this time since the 1000s, one of the oldest in the world but started an art school. First ones to set up the idea of going to school for art and not doing the master-apprentice system. Carracci is one of those graduates, ends up down in Rome, working primarily with religious artwork - Counter-Reformation is pushing: religion, religion! Post-Nativity, Christ has been born but fleeing from one of the Roman governors, Herod, who does not want the Messiah running about - them running to Egypt Holy Family, idea of an idyllic, pastoral scene not meant to be anybody in particular The guy has just ferried them across, idyllic building in the background Calm, quiet scene but with religious moment!

Annibale Carracci, Flight into Egypt -University of Bologna -Carracci backstory -Painting scenes during the Baroque period in Italy -Story

Anthony Van Dyck, Charles I at the Hunt Rubens is one of the most important artists for the North during the Baroque Period One of his students was AVD, brief jump to England Charles I, king of England, royal portrait. But a very reserved, calm, down to earth portrait. Not in his regalia with the crown jewels sitting on the throne He is surveying his domain, the Thames in the background, meant to be more down to earth but still very much I'm still king If in front of it, the story always is that he is painted where is looking down and situated on the wall where even if down to earth king still looking down on you because you are a peasant, you are situated very much below him in the painting

Anthony Van Dyck, Charles I at the Hunt -Who is this a portrait of? -How is he meant to look? -Where is he looking? Where are you in relation to this painting?

Antoine Watteau, Return from Cythera PAINTING Watteau - the painting that is credited with started the fête galante genre This is his submission into the Academy that got him in Outdoor scene, love is in the air (amorous festival) Return from Cythera - island where Venus lives (island of love). Questions on whether they are going or leaving the island. Leave? Everyone is walking back to the water. Some argue they are arriving Picnicked on Venus' island, she is here - in the grove almost More pastel colors (sky baby blues, pink, yellow - springy color palette), looser brushwork Example: mountain and trees but no crisp cleanness (vs. Classicism where every leaf painted in and mountain ridge there). Quicker to produce, not so diligent with every detail When Watteau gets into the French Academy (Art Academy) he is the one who starts pushing the Rococo style French Art Academy divied up into two groups for a while 1. Poussinistes - following Poussin - classical, crisp clean design 2. Rubenistes - colorists, Ruben had a lot of brighter color, looser brushwork Two warring camps and Watteau enters, he settles this. Settle out the French Art Academy, the Poussinistes lose and the Rubenistes takes over (colors and brushstrokes). Now academy painting in this style and this is what you buy

Antoine Watteau, Return from Cythera -What is this painting credited with? -Artist -Cythera -Scene -Dueling schools in the French Art Academy. How does this get settled? Who wins, who loses?

Antonio Canaletto, Riva degli Schiavoni, Venice GRAND TOUR - We can lump this in natural style but it is specific. It became common to do Grand Tours - a grand tour our closest equivalent is like taking a gap year to go backpack across Europe. People taking these GTs are the elite, the wealthy because they have the money and the leisure time to make this work. This was for US and for Europe. They would do this right around college age (19, 20). You would do this before you got married. You would have a tour through Europe and see all the cultural hotspots (Venice, Rome, Budapest, Berlin, London, Paris) the bigname places people even want to go see today. You would see those to be cultured, you may go on tours and try to learn (meant to be educational) and people wanted souvenirs We're not to photography yet, so cannot take pictures of Venice and show all your friends when you get back. BUT you can buy a painting. A whole genre of art grand tour stuff. These vistas, views of Venice or Roman ruins. These kind of scenic spots In this one you have the bridges, gondolas, the Doge's Palace to the side. All the big spots. If you could afford the painting great but if you couldn't they would have prints. A big genre of grand tour paintings and prints, meant to be your photographs and souvenirs you would take back. OR if you really had the money you could get copies of famous paintings or statues. Just so you could go back and show people. Grand tours will continue for a while - once photography gets invented and gets smaller and handheld it will replace all of that, but it will take a while

Antonio Canaletto, Riva degli Schiavoni, Venice -Grand Tour definition -The art of Grand Tours (what they typically were) -What kicks the Grand Tour paintings out of style?

Judith and Holofernes pop up a lot for her Looks much more realistic than Caravaggio's - this is how it would go down Nobody is just going to sit there while they are beheaded, all placentally. Most will struggle with that Judith is with the sword, her maid is there helping her Get a glimpse of Artemisia: Around the time of Susanna and the Elders, her dad had brought in another artist to help train her - Tazzi - he rapes Artemisia, she takes him to court and he is tried and convicted. Rape conviction in the 1600s! She takes him and he is convicted It is important -she spent a while in this phase of women triumphing over men, being put in situations they are just having to make due and work out for themselves. Fair point - she does not stay here, evolves past this, but she is an assault survivor - therapy in a sense

Artemisia Gentileschi, Judith Slaying Holofernes -Artemisia's backstory and how it is relevant to the heroines she represents

Does end up in England working for Charles I, we get some self-portraits of her Self-Portrait as the Allegory of Painting There is one of hers as St. Catherine as well, but this is the Allegory of Painting The idea is she is leaning there, looking at a model we cannot see or something and she is going to start painting. Idea of her at work - brushes, palette, everything Allegory of painting part comes in with the necklace - symbol on the necklace chain, allegory of painting - that is her, face and her body Trend of women and self-portraits: Always going to have to paint, this will be the standard for a while Men do not have to paint in their self-portraits, women almost have to extra prove - yes, I am a painter, I did this. Even when they are court artists for people, seem to have this May become a tradition for women but for a lot of them had to drive on the point, yes I painted this Caravaggio's style spreads - he never took any students but people who pick up Caravaggio's style (like Gentileschi) we call Caravaggisti - people who follow in C's footsteps, will keep seeing them

Artemisia Gentileschi, Self-Portrait as the Allegory of Painting -Idea of this painting -Where does the allegory of painting part come in? -Trend of women and self-portraits -Caravaggisti definition

Artemisia Gentileschi, Susanna and the Elders Somebody who follows in Caravaggio's footsteps, one of our women artists. Remember with women earlier and today: dad has to be an artist, study in the home with him. But she goes on to be a court artist, working for Charles I of England. She travels around Highly sought after artist in her day, the first woman ever to be accepted into Florence's art school: the Academy of Design - first woman to be accepted into that in her lifetime Religious stuff all the way for the most part Susanna and the Elders one of her earliest works surviving from her. She does a good heroine - a woman put in a situation by men and having to figure it out Susanna is a young Jewish woman who ends up going to the appropriate place to bathe, but men are spying on her. She catches them, if you tell on us, we'll say you seduced us. She rats them out, they believe her, and they're done away with

Artemisia Gentileschi, Susanna and the Elders -Who was Artemisia Gentileschi? -Women artists trend -What is she the first woman to do? -The subjects Gentileschi likes to depict -Story

Benjamin West, Death of General Wolfe Not necessarily the case for this one! (Yes he is more grand in status, in appearance but not in location or environment - Lord Heathfield) Benjamin West is our first colonial artist! Made it to the colonies! Not quite to the US but almost there West born in colony of Pennsylvania, works in England most of his adult life. Works with Sir Joshua Reynolds, founding the British Art Academy. This is a story about the Seven Years' War/French and Indian War. Death of General Wolfe (in red, young individual). Mortally wounded, battle for Quebec which the British do win and gives them parts of Canada. He has been mortally wounded and is dying, his men are surrounding him. He is very much meant to feel like a martyr or saint MOTIF: Nod, particular in American art. The noble savage motif - not great, oxymoronic. These indigenous individuals (Canadian and what would be Native Americans), they are savages, uncivilized, cultures are less than but have good hearts. Motif that pops up in art, they are so uncivilized we are so good to bring them civilization and culture. That was their implication and viewpoint. They are there watching (the Native Canadians helped the British and the French because they knew the land in the area because it was theirs) Benjamin West is combining up the natural style with this history painting This is something history paintings love (glorious battlefield moment) but it has a bit more contemporary and playing up this martyrdom of this particularly young general

Benjamin West, Death of General Wolfe -Who is Benjamin West? Location, art academy -Story of this painting (which war, who the man is) -Noble savage motif -Which two styles is West combining here?

Caravaggio, Conversion of Saint Paul MIRACULOUS MOMENT Saint Paul is a Jewish leader who is persecuting early Christians, has a vision - Jesus comes to him and says please stop doing that! He goes on to be the last guy who writes the letters at the end of the New Testament He is on the ground, his servant is trying to keep the horse from stepping on him See the vision receding, the light of it Paul is struck blind for a couple of days - why his eyes are closed and he is feeling around for things TENEBRISM: Everything is pushed at you - very shallow stage setting feel - no background or extra detail - just horse, servant, Paul - nothing else

Caravaggio, Conversion of Saint Paul -What does the Baroque period love? -Who is Saint Paul? -Tenebrism

Caravaggio, David with the Head of Goliath Ends up having to flee Rome in 1606, 99% certain he killed someone. A warrant was issued for his arrest for murder. It was someone he constantly had arguments with, nobody was surprised He flees to Sicily into Malta and spends time out there, doesn't do terribly but wants back to Rome, all his patrons are Finally gets a papal pardon for the murder, Pope: Find come back to Rome but you better bring back all the paintings you have been working on Heading back in 1610, loads up a boat with all of his stuff to head back. The paintings make it back but Caravaggio does not Passes away on the trip back: July 18, 1610. Up for debate Death is a bit of a mystery Main theory: The boat docks at one port, he gets off and ends up in a tavern drinking (his norm). But he misses the boat and instead of catching an extra boat back he decides he'll just head down the beach up to the next town. But this isn't a beach, a marsh, delta area. Not an easy walk - ends up dying of heat exhaustion, maybe malaria (mosquito-ridden) Ends up passing away before making it back to Rome Some people think he was murdered by the guy's family who was killed, not terribly unlikely. Not happy especially when he got a get of jail free card from the pope Never makes it back to Rome but the paintings do This is one: David with the Head of Goliath The stuff later in his life is a lot darker Not wrong to look at it and question his mental state: he had to flee, on the run, does not have the same connections he used to. Not going to plan It is theorized Goliath's head is a self-portrait and it does bear resemblance - have self-portraits of Caravaggio and it does bear resemblance If it is, mental state! That is rough - I am the head of Goliath with blood dripping out of me Does keep the TENEBRISM style to the end

Caravaggio, David with the Head of Goliath -Caravaggio has to flee from...? To...? -Why does he flee? -Does he get permission to return? -Does he make it back? -Theory of Goliath's head

Caravaggio, Judith Beheading Holofernes Story becomes popular in the Baroque - this is before he flees Judith is a Jewish woman, a widow in Jerusalem when the Assyrians come knocking with General Holofernes at the front. Judith comes up with a plan to save her people because the Assyrians are just going to lay siege to Jerusalem so they would starve them out She decides to seduce Holofernes, she is a widow and does not have much of a family. She decides to work her way into the Assyrian camp. She eventually is there so frequently she can come and go without question. She plans it out: Gets Holofernes blackout drunk, he passes out, she beheads him, and puts his head in a basket - idea is she might bring food in, they did not check - they never questioned it The Assyrians woke up to the general's head on a pike outside the gates of Jerusalem the next morning, they were gone One of the heroines - she becomes popular - BIG ACT OF FAITH (MIRACULOUS MOMENT - she did it by herself, not forced to do it by the elders or anything) That becomes popular Caravaggio's attempt at it: What in the world? Have a hard time believing Caravaggio painted this and then allegedly murdering someone in a couple of years She is like cutting toast or something, does not match what you would expect the scene to be. He's going to wake up, nobody is that drunk that they do not notice their head is being chopped off - he woke up, he struggled, he fought her off - this has none of that, it looks weird And that is like ketchup being squirted out of a bottle, not blood May have figured it out: Representation of the Roman Virgin? Young woman at this time who is accused, convicted, executed for murder Beatrice Cenci, she is a young woman (about 22 years old), ends up having to kill her dad - an abuser, a rapist, a terrible person by all accounts To everyone in his circle he was a terrible person to - with a nudging of her step-mother and other brothers, they conspire to get of him and kill him The abuse made a situation where it was either them or him - she is accused and convicted of murdering her dad Rome is not happy - they riot over this because everyone knew her dad, she killed her abuser. Everyone knew how terrible her dad was, it was not a secret her dad was a terrible person Everyone rioted but Rome was in this punish nobility kind of mode and did not want her to get away with it - he executed her, her step mom and her other brothers who were all part of it - September 11, 1599 Caravaggio is documented being at the execution, rioted at the execution because they were pleading for her life - she is 22 years old, her dad was a terrible person. Nobody was sad about the abuser dying, but the pope went through with it. Hearing that, knowing Caravaggio was there - maybe this was the reluctant murderess - why Judith looks this way Beatrice does not want to be the one who killed her dad - that is not the way you behead somebody. If it is going to be inspired by the reluctant murderess, Beatrice Cenci, maybe. Not 100% certain but that line of thought makes more sense, as it does look strange

Caravaggio, Judith Beheading Holofernes -Story -Why does it become popular (Remember, what does the Baroque people love)? -Caravaggio's attempt doesn't look right. In which ways? -What might Judith be a representation of? What happened to her? How does Caravaggio relate to her story?

Caravaggio, Musicians The other big painter of the day, one of the most influential painters in all of Western history Caravaggio also from northern Italy but ends up working down in Rome - name is Michelangelo, dad named him that after the artist because he wanted his son to be a great artist Ends up down in Rome, working with the same people Bernini and Carracci working for, running in those circles THE BAD BOY OF THE BAROQUE - spends most time in seedy taverns, in the back alleys of Rome. Often in trouble, accused murderer - likely did it, flees Rome. Interesting backstory Some of his early stuff - The musicians. Not particularly religious, idea of walked into like a greenroom where musicians are prepping for a party and you disrupted them kind of feel Cupid? Maybe a dancer or something Practicing and like What do you need? Every day, mundane scene Nothing super religious about it, a lot lighter in subject - gets darker Does do portraits at this time, loves doing Bacchus's - sickly, they are green, look ill

Caravaggio, Musicians -Caravaggio backstory: IMPORTANCE -How is he the 'Bad Boy of the Baroque?' -Idea of this painting

Flanders: STILL LIFE - so popular, have so many of them even today Clara Peeters, Still Life with Flowers, Goblet, Dried Fruit, and Pretzels Famous still life Flemish artist - still life were a great way for women to get into the art world, women rarely could get into the art schools popping up (France has one, Italy has one). Women could not get in because they could not sit for the life model drawings, could not see a nude body for some reason... Pass out? Who knows Did not need any of that, this could be done from your home, did not have to feel like you had to go to school or anything An easy way to enter the art world without that extra stuff PEETERS is known especially for her breakfast scenes, what we call them (her still life) Still life = inanimate things, food, flowers, utensils, whatever you can get your hands on Often still life has Memento Mori's not so much this one - none of the flowers are gross looking, normally flowers look wilted or decaying. Food might look gross but not here either (not moldy or anything) Is an acknowledge of wealth - glass, pewter, gold. But even in the food itself - almonds, dates not native to Flanders or Netherlands, getting them imported. Food is lending self to wealth Still life: Easy thing for somebody to buy, on the smaller side Often religious overtones (M.M.) - maybe the bread? Acknowledgement of Last Supper, possibly Also sign of wealth if the person curated it. Maybe the person that commissioned it pulled out their nicest objects, obviously pull the nicest things they own - paint this so we can remember for all time that I was owned Persian rugs and Ming vases, etc.

Clara Peeters, Still Life with Flowers, Goblet, Dried Fruit, and Pretzels -Still life and women -Why did women rarely get into art schools? -What is Peeters most known for? -Wealth -Characteristics of still life (not necessarily in this piece but in general) (3)

Claude Lorrain, Landscape with Cattle and Peasants Other big artist. It's more landscape. Famous landscape artist, even then this pastoral, arcadian landscape. NOT FRANCE, meant to be pastoral Rome almost Cows, shepherds - it's the same thing Poussin is doing but less Roman narrative driven, more landscape

Claude Lorrain, Landscape with Cattle and Peasants

Salons would have had big paintings but also tabletop sculptures everywhere Clodion, Nymph and Satyr Carousing LOVE SCENE. Nymph drinking with a satyr in a very suggestive pose Clothes will eventually come off, always the implication 1789 is hard stop for Rococo (French Revolution begins), royal family arrested. Nobility either captured and killed or they flee

Clodion, Nymph and Satyr Carousing

Diego Velázquez, Surrender of Breda One of his commissions for the King (Philip IV), during this time in the 1600s - Thirty Years War is going on further North, not necessarily taking place in Spain but Spain is a player in it because Spain controls the Netherlands and Flanders and they also have vested interests in the HRE At this point in time, trying to fight off the Dutch who want to be Protestant and have their own country, whereas Spain wants them to stay Catholic and under Spain's control Breda is one of those cities that would be up in the Netherlands The Spanish are able to drive out the Dutch and they take the city. Philip wanted a painting to commemorate that victory THIS SCENE NEVER HAPPENED They took Breda and moved on out, did not do this ceremony of handing over the key to the city But, the difference between the Dutch and the Spanish as far as how their armies are presented Dutch: Haphazard, clothes are dirty, few men in their ranks (counting the number of spears), one man looks oblivious SPANISH: Forest of spears, everyone is regimented, they have their s—together and that is why they won Breda, what they want you to take away from this The Dutch mayor nicely handing the key over to the city, that never happened, but the Spanish do eventually lose the Netherlands

Diego Velázquez, Surrender of Breda -Spain in the Thirty Years' War -Why did Philip IV commission this? -Did this scene happen? -Difference in armies

Diego Velázquez, Water Carrier of Seville The MAIN Baroque artist for Spain, a court artist working with Philip IV (King of Spain), one of his earlier pieces Velázquez definitely falls more into the Caravaggio, Tenebrism category One of his early pieces - genre scene, everyday scene - like a resume to help him get jobs You can't type up a resume, "I've done this and trained with so and so" Can give them a painting to show this is all the stuff I can do Water carrier of Seville - somebody who is bringing fresh clean water into the city and you will purchase it from them He is showing you he can do age: old to young; textures and clothing (cloth vs. wood vs. the ceramic vs. the glass); show glass with water in it and how light refracts and how it perfectly works; water running down the pot and how it changes the color between what is wet and what is dry Resume: I can do all of this please hire me, what Diego is doing - gets hired on to be a court artist, makes plenty of money working for the Spanish king and queen

Diego Velázquez, Water Carrier of Seville -Who was Velázquez? -Who did he work for? -Did he follow Tenebrism? -What kind of scene is this? -Idea of a resume (4)

• In France, the monarchy reaches its zenith with King Louis XIV (1666-1715) • Louis grounded his reign in divine right and truly believed that France revolved around him. He called himself the Sun King • Louis was the preeminent art patron during France in the Baroque period. He used it as a means of control and propaganda • French art during the Baroque period centered on classicism France during the Baroque is doing its own thing. They're interested in CLASSICISM - ROME. Looking to more Renaissance styled art. Architecture is more baroque and elaborate, not painting Glory Age of France - Louis XIV, reigns for extended period of time but brings French monarchy completely under himself, nobility under his thumb. Versailles is for that function He claims he has Divine Right to rule - right to rule by God Calls himself the Sun King because he will reign forever kind of idea Has himself depicted as Apollo - propaganda for how he perceives himself PRODUCES A LOT OF ART - remodel Versailles, helps establish the French Art Academy. Establishes the Gobelins, which is a tapestry factory in Paris He does a lot to fund the arts Hyacinthe Rigaud, Louis XIV Here he is in all of his glory. The big royal portrait of Louis. Him in all of his regalia, not like Charles surveying his domain. This is the regalia, crown jewels and all Covered in gold fleur de li on dark blue background (emblem of royal family of France) Probably getting close to 60s, always shown in short shorts, high heeled shoes because he wants to show off his legs. Classically trained ballerina, dancer. All of his portraits legs highlighted with his attire He is king of France here and dripping it, every bit. Looking at authoritative as he can

France • In France, the ... reaches its zenith with ... ... ... (1666-1715) • ... grounded his reign in ... ... and truly believed that France ... around ... He called himself the ... ... • ... was the preeminent ... ... during France in the Baroque period. He used it as a means of ... and ... • French art during the Baroque period centered on ... Classicism definition -What about architecture?

Francesco Borromini, San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane Main architect for Baroque in Rome: Borromini, given a commission to do this church Technically has two facades - funky - Church of the Four Fountains, four ancient fountains around Had to include that one but technically the front doors to the side, funky HOW IT MOVES (the front) Wave-like form that carries across the whole front, some statues in light some shadow and change depending on time of day, steps pool down onto the sidewalk If walking on the sidewalk, have to either walk on the steps or walk around them, invading your space with this building. Not kept away from you! What we would see more from Baroque architecture than Maderno's façade: è Curving lines è Wave forms è Play on light and shadow More traditional baroque compared to St. Peter's VS. Renaissance architecture: straight lines, minimal decoration Baroque: BRING ON THE DECORATION, statues upon statues

Francesco Borromini, San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane -Importance of Borromini -What makes the building funky -How the building moves, what is he also playing with? -Invading your space -Three elements of more traditional Baroque period architecture -Baroque relationship to decoration

Georges de La Tour Adoration of the Shepherds Not everyone is doing classicism so much. He does fall more on the Caravaggio train, TENEBRISM. More religious (nothing else from him) - France is staunchly catholic during this time - stick to Counter-Reformation rules **SINGLE CANDLELIGHT - almost Tenebrism even darker. The only light source is the singular candle painted in and everything else dissolves into blackness Present religious figures very down to earth (Caravaggio), wanting the holy people to look more religious not so otherworldly or glorified We know Mary on left, Joseph on right but nothing distinguishes them. No halos, nothing fancy about clothes but Mary's red dress. Presenting more humble version of religious figures Magdalene with the Smoking Flame Mary Magdalene, sometimes smoking candle but Penitent Magdalene, or contemplating death (holding skull) Humble woman contemplating her past deeds Can find more traditional Baroque in France but art school pushing Classicism

Georges de La Tour -Adoration of the Shepherds -Magdalene with the Smoking Flame -Who is La Tour? -Style -Light -Religious figures -Women contemplating

DUTCH REPUBLIC - Netherlands Line they have to toe: Protestant, in Protestantism certain sects not super big on art even today. Calvinists - one of the sects, some Calvinists staunchly anti-art. For them to get around that, making art but always religious. Always something you can add a religious overtone or message to. Even this... Gerrit van Honthorst, Supper Party Birthday party? Feels like the man on the end is the focus because everyone is looking at him Double fisting wine, eating food. Having a good time Music, women Not all grand - religious overtone SIN IS AFOOT - take away lust and gluttony Eating massive amounts of pasta or chicken - gluttony (man on the end), double fisting wine, having food shoveled into his mouth These women are sex workers (the idea) - escorts, procured for the party and being paid to be there - lust Gluttony and lust on display for you - DO NOT DO THIS Popular with the Dutch Republic - can put those religious overtones on it, I'm learning something. Reminding them not to be sinful, reminding them of the seven deadly sins to stay away from

Gerrit van Honthorst, Supper Party -Dutch Republic: A line they have to toe -What will you spot in Dutch Republic works? Why? -Religious overtones (2)

INSIDE of Saint Peter's Bernini also commissioned Bernini quite the devout Catholic - loved working for the Church, kind of the golden child of the Baroque - gets tons of commissions, highly praised in his day, gets along with everyone. The main man for the Early 1600s for Rome Baldacchino (honorific canopy) - does this giant bronze thing over the high altar. Does mark the spot of St. Peter's body - is a skeletonized body/remains at the bottom - the church was built supposedly on St. Peter's grave - visual marker in the church to that BUT also a bridge - high the building - standing under Michelangelo's dome - between you and the ceiling is massive - this adds an extra visual to help your eyes bridge the gap between you on the floor and the tippy top BRONZE mostly - angels, crosses Columns unique because they're twisting - mimic the Temple of Solomon - legend: the Temple of Solomon had bronze twisting columns like this (Jerusalem). Romans stole them, do not know what happened to them Miraculous, pretty things of Temple of Solomon, ode to those columns (gone for 1k or more years) Covered in vines, flowers, BEES everywhere in the columns and up here - family crest of the pope at the time - Barberini family (papal family - at this time, not too much today, popes tended to come from the same sets of families in Rome - same lines). Purposefully put the Barberini family crest everywhere

Gianlorenzo Bernini, Baldacchino -Inside of Saint Peter's -Bernini's religious beliefs -How was Bernini the golden child of the Baroque period? -Baldacchino definition -Material, columns and their Biblical connection -Visual aid for the cathedral -Bees

Horatio Greenough, George Washington Maybe this is not so much the curated image of Washington we have in mind George Washington was a never nude kind of man Congress commissions this, they wanted a new statue. George Washington had passed on, it's 1840 by this time. He's passed on, they want a new statue of him to go in the Capitol. They commission Horatio Greenough to do it and this is what he delivers. They were like what is this... one Senator wanted them to throw into the Potomac They were shocked The cult of George Washington had become so big he had been elevated to a godlike status, but we don't want to think of him as a god, we want like what we see with Houdon, the gentleman farmer who steps down This is a representation of the myth we built up in the US consciousness at the time, it took them seeing it visually spelled out for them to realize we don't want this version of Washington We think Horatio is using copies of Zeus probably for inspiration, very Zeus or Jupiter like pointing to the Heavens and being half-nude (how Zeus was typically presented) They hated it, it did not go out on display, it sat in the basement of the Smithsonian for forever Out on display now but mainly to giggle - look at how far we went

Horatio Greenough, George Washington -Who was this commissioned by? Did they like it? -The cult of George Washington -The inspiration for this work (probably)

Joseph Wright of Derby, A Philosopher Giving a Lecture at the Orrery ENLIGHTENMENT ART Niche - Joseph Wright of Derby (England), paintings of these scientific experiments. Not of anyone in particular, not documenting a particular event - generalized ideas Philosopher giving a lecture at an orrery (mechanized solar system - singular candle representing sun and mechanism to show how the earth travels around and other planets) Have the philosopher (red), student dictating notes and individuals (lady, kids) everyone watching the experiment go on while he is giving the lecture of idea of heliocentric solar system Elites love these scenes - crisp and clean - flavor of Tenebrism (the experiment itself requires). Crisp and precise - reflects interest in logic (not open to interpretation, fact kind of moment)

Joseph Wright of Derby, A Philosopher Giving a Lecture at the Orrery -Scene

Hyacinthe Rigaud, Louis XIV Here he is in all of his glory. The big royal portrait of Louis. Him in all of his regalia, not like Charles surveying his domain. This is the regalia, crown jewels and all Covered in gold fleur de li on dark blue background (emblem of royal family of France) Probably getting close to 60s, always shown in short shorts, high heeled shoes because he wants to show off his legs. Classically trained ballerina, dancer. All of his portraits legs highlighted with his attire He is king of France here and dripping it, every bit. Looking at authoritative as he can Claude Perrault, Louis Le Van, Charles Le Brun - Louvre When he is young, this is where Louis grew up - Louvre is originally the French royal palace. When he gets of age and becomes king, decides he wants royal court to be moved to Versailles (dad built as hunting lodge outside of Paris, chateau) Wants to do that because he wants the nobility under his thumb. When he was growing up lot of conflict between nobility and his dad (a lot more authority the nobility had than with England, no idea of Parliament - could not express selves). He wants to bring the nobility where he could watch them

Hyacinthe Rigaud, Louis XIV -Portrait style -Louvre -Versailles definition

Jacques-Germain Soufflot, Panthéon (Sainte-Geneviève) ARCHITECTURE - Roman inspired Aptly named the Pantheon in Paris, actually a church. Meant to have some nods to the Roman Pantheon We've got pediments, Corinthian columns, giant dome Actually a Greek cross plan though, look more like an 'X' Weird combination of things Pretty early on in the Neoclassical architecture where it is a little more decorative (garlands going all the way around). They will eventually drop that. Neoclassical isn't interested in a lot of exterior decoration Andrea Palladio, Villa Rotunda (recall Palladio) This is who they are looking at. He loves symmetry (all four sides look the same, nod to Pantheon dome on his as well)

Jacques-Germain Soufflot, Panthéon -Roman-inspired architecture -But the plan... -Decoration and Neoclassicism -The inspiration behind Neoclassical architecture

CEILING PAINTINGS (Italy, wrapping up) Ceiling painting has its heyday in the Baroque - DRAMA, it's dramatic The idea that the ceiling is gone and you are staring up at the Heavens In this case, the triumph of the Barberini family Pietro da Cortona, Triumph of the Barberini Angels, saints Main tidbit: Triumph moment The bees (three bees for Barberini family), papal keys up above topping with the papal crown Supposed to make you gasp Meant to be dramatic

Pietro da Cortona, Triumph of the Barberini -What becomes popular during the Baroque period? -Bees -Aspects of Baroque period

Jacques-Louis David, Death of Marat Later, the Revolution is in full swing and this is not a Roman Republic story, this is current The death of Marat, was a local newspaper publisher. Part of the Jacobins and pushing their propaganda, the Jacobins were very "with us or against us" and everyone against us needs to die. They were on the more violent side of it Marat is here, he was assassinated by Charlotte Corday - she was part of a rival faction (more moderate). She felt it got to the point where if they did not get ride of the propaganda pusher (Marat being a newspaper publisher) it was going to be the death of the republic they were trying to build. She is able to get an audience with him The letter he is holding is her kind of get in card, so she stabs him and runs away She is quickly apprehended and executed. She was very willing, I did it - he had to go kind of thing. It backfired on her. She thought if she got rid of them it would help them but it just turned Marat into a martyr and David didn't help in the process Marat looks very much like a martyr, he seems as though he is a defenseless gentleman in his bath. Marat had a skin disorder that was very painful, he essentially had to sit in a certain type of bath soak most of his day. It got to the point where that is where he would receive people. So he had a table built over him so not being improper He is literally turned into a martyr here, he looks almost Christlike - he was a poor, defenseless man in his bath - it really galvanizes the Jacobins, backfires on Corday's faction. People have even looked at this moment as a backfiring on women's abilities to be in politics because people started using this as an excuse to exclude women from the revolution. "Look what we did. We gave them an inch and they killed somebody we can't trust them" Women start to get excluded from a lot of the revolution stuff

Jacques-Louis David, Death of Marat -Who is Marat? When is this painting (is this a Roman Republic story)? -Marat vs. Charlotte Corday -What does Marat look like here? -How this later impacts women

Jan Steen, The Feast of Saint Nicholas Dutch Republic This is Christmas Morning, the feast of Saint Nicholas, Christmas. So Saint Nicholas would come and leave little gifts in your shoes or your socks (where we get stockings). Everyone is getting up in the morning and finding what they were left in their shoes. Normally it would be goodies like fruit. This girl got a little doll, he is sad, his older siblings are laughing because he did not get anything. It perfectly captures the chaos of a Christmas morning and everybody being either really excited or really mad about what they did or did not get Nothing has changed in 400 years

Jan Steen, The Feast of Saint Nicholas -Time of the painting

Jan Vermeer, Allegory of the Art of Painting Vermeer is getting his second wind a couple hundred years in the future This is his other odd painting but it gets a lot of talk because you are seeing the activity of painting in a painting, we seem to like that theme The title came after him, we do not think he came up with that title. It was after his death, sorting out his will and either a daughter in law or his mother in law wanted the painting and named it. Our first recorded documentation of it, one of the relative specifically requested this one We have his studio - this room in front of this window with a map in the background The map is of the Dutch Republic We presume this is him painting? We cannot be for certain, have no idea what he looked like and this is the back of him The idea is him painting a woman, dressed up as Clio, the muse of history. The book and the trumpet tell us that Sense of the action of painting Maybe nods to other mediums here: textiles, sculpture, even drawing or printmaking with the book but the only active one is painting Some people have interpreted with him painting the muse of history (Clio) maybe the idea that art transcends history and time kind of thing - metaphor, maybe? It is different, painting is the only one being acted upon of the arts that are there. It is the only active one out of the bunch Camera Obscura - dark room (camera = room; obscura = dark in Italian) Originally was a room, it would be a dark room with a pinhole point of light coming in, what it would do is it would reflect an image. At one point in time it was just kind of a neat trick but art picks it up as an aid. We know Vermeer used them, everyone probably used one. At this point it was a smaller object, not an entire room. What you would do is you had a lens, it would reflect what is in front of it back to you through a set of mirrors, and then you could trace Some people have looked at camera obscura as a cheating tool: Oh you're tracing it? Vermeer maybe traced the scene but still went and painted it. Not just painting it and going "Done." What Vermeer was especially using it for was lining up his perspective - it is a little bit easier to trace out the perspective than do all of the math Everybody is probably using them, Vermeer is the most famous one of the bunch doing it but this does not cheapen his work! Rembrandt probably used one too, but that does not cheapen his work (We still appreciate their art) Camera obscura is important because without that little box we never got to our other cameras in our phones. Kept the word camera, room. They wanted to save that image - if only I could find a way to fix that image, I would have a photograph We'll come back to the camera obscura when we invent photography, but want to save that image instead of just using it is an aid

Jan Vermeer, Allegory of the Art of Painting -Painting in a painting -Did Vermeer come up with this title? -Location -Who is painting we presume? Do we know? -Nods to other mediums -Who is the woman posing as? -Camera obscura definition -What did artists use the camera obscura for? -Why is the camera obscure important?

Jan Vermeer, The Letter Golden Age of the Dutch Republic (still) The other big artist of the Dutch Republic is Jan Vermeer Vermeer never had a lot of success in his life, he sold some paintings, but his success came after his death For him, his scenes focus more on the domestic sphere so inside the house. Most of them you can tell a Vermeer because it is always in his studio - always the same window, the same table. Always the same scene and always a lady doing something: reading a letter, writing a letter, weighing out stuff, washing the window, pouring milk Always something a woman is doing in front of a window in his studio This one (The Letter) is a little bit different because this one is maybe a bit like eavesdropping Idea is you the viewer are in a closet of some kind, in some kind of space. He loves a good map, always one on the wall Idea is maybe the curtain would have been traditionally covering up and you're like spying The lady of the house is in the yellow and white with the guitar and she has been practicing but one of her maids has stopped her with a letter. The knowing look between them plus us eavesdropping you're supposed to take away this is not a letter from her husband, you are catching wind of an affair The maid is smiling like "So and so left you a letter" Very much her look Not her husband, we think the sailing picture just behind is that her husband is a merchant, away at sea, not at home. And while the husband is away, she has better things to do than play guitar because she is bored and he might not come back (this is the 1600s and seafaring world) The idea is the letter is not from her husband, you are eavesdropping and you should not be and now you have a secret - odd for Vermeer, normally not that kind of scandalous, he usually is not one for/not interested in the scandalous stories

Jan Vermeer, The Letter -Who was Jan Vermeer? -Was he successful in his lifetime? -What did his scenes focus on? -Location -Story -Curtain

Jean Baptiste Greuze, Village Bride Get into this idea of marrying for love because aristocracy obsessed with love but they cannot marry for love, the one thing they cannot do for all the money they have Why everyone has these love affairs, but the peasantry can marry for love! Doesn't justify everything else Mom, dad, groom, bride, sister, notary (witness), skeptical older sister Family that has 8 children, notary there to document it. Do not have to go to church for wedding, just need a witness to enter into this agreement He (Groom) is paying the dowry, paying dad to take the daughter and dad is like here's the dowry, my blessing is upon you Mom is sad, younger sister is sad Older sister has gotten skipped, typically marry daughters off in order of age. She is still not married, implication, but younger one is getting married today Idealized - rose-tinted glasses, ignoring how they will feed this many people in one family... Natural style loves the peasantry

Jean Baptiste Greuze, Village Bride -Story -Marrying for...?

Jean-Antoine Houdon, George Washington We do like Neoclassicism because we want to look like Rome (the US), we're having a republic like Rome. We love it SCULPTURE: Late 1700s, George Washington is still alive at this time J-A commissioned to do. This is what comes to mind when we all think of George Washington, very mature, elegant but maybe gentleman farmer president This is the image we have curated of him, this is him stepping down from being president. He did his 8 years and he is done, he makes the point to step back. He probably could have stayed in power as long as he was alive and we would have been fine with it because he was the hero of the Revolution, but he made the point to step back (they have to figure this out) He is taking off his general attire, setting it aside, his sword is there The plow is behind him because the idea is he was going to go back and be a farmer in Mount Vernon in VA - he is presented as a gentleman farmer, a leisure sort of thing There is a lot of symbolism -Fasces: bundles of sticks, there's 13 to represent the 13 colonies Little stuff like that Made the point to include an emblem down at his waist. The symbol for the Society of Cincinnatus Cincinnatus was a Roman dictator - dictator was a position within the Roman Republican government and it was like an emergency position. If Rome was under attack, the Senate could get together and put the names of every land owning Roman male citizen in a hat and pull it out. Cincinnatus was the legendary first one. You had executive authority over Rome in the time of conflict but the understanding is you would step down once the conflict is done. He was the first one, elected, sees Rome through the crisis and steps back down to be the farmer like he was before People who are part of the Society of Cincinnatus that is the goal - you take positions of power when you are needed, see it through and then you walk away when your time is done Made the point to highlight this emblem - that is what he is doing. He is a member of the Society, he is like my time is done, I'm stepping down. What nobody does anymore! That was his goal, I'll be here while you need me and then I'm done This is the curated image we love of him

Jean-Antoine Houdon, George Washington -The image we usually think of when thinking about George Washington: what is that image? -His role as president and how long he did it -What is he doing? -What is behind him? -Symbolism: Fasces Emblem on his waist (Cincinnatus)

Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin, Grace Praised in its day, this is the natural style what Rousseau is talking about Young mother, two girls - idea is they are trying to sit down to have a meal and mother instructing them how to say Grace (say prayers, thank God for meal, eat) Ignoring maybe that is all they have to eat... ignoring the other things going on Simpler, polar opposite of rococo. Color palette, brushwork still loose. But subject matter different

Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin, Grace -Color palette -Brushwork -Subject matter

One of the other wood sculptors - the BIG polychrome wooden sculptor was Juan Martínez Montañes It takes a lot of skill to be the person who carves veining into feet out of wood but then have to be the next person who can paint it so it looks incredibly realistic Often like this one, part of a massive tableau Montañes is given the title "god of wood" in the 17th century Saint John the Baptist Life-size sculpture, arguably the most famous sculptor of the first half of the 17th century in Spain Figure seems alive - walking into my space - uncanny in its lifelike quality - animation of the body Surface and the painting - NOT marble or bronze, PAINTED/POLYCHROME WOOD - common in Spain and unique to, peaking in 17th century Skeletal structure, musculature revealed even though figure largely under heavy cloth - John the Baptist wore camel (lived in the wilderness) Wiry, wild hair, hair is shoulder length, barefoot, feet is dirty Despite modest clothing, special status as saint by draping more elaborate fabric on his right side - vines, flower, putti (angelic children) - someone with special status Forward foot is worn and dirty - part of the body people in the church could reach, what they touched - importance for St. John the Baptist for this convent in Seville Part of altar dedicated to St. John the Baptist, no longer part of the altarpiece Not even the entire sculpture - he is pointing at something, and a hole in the base - something would have been placed in it - possibly a banner (St. John the Baptist often holding a banner/poll or pointing to Christ/Lamb of God) Spanish altarpieces/retablos could be widely elaborate, fill entire wall of the apse Form - looks like carved from single block of wood, but not how Spanish produced wooden sculpture - formed from numerous pieces put together in clever ways so seams never visible - left leg separate from his hips He would have only been the sculptor, other artist(s) who did the painting Prescriptions around who could sculpt or paint - paint the flesh tones (encarnación - incarnation, making it "alive") Paint also modulating, creating shadows and highlights to accentuate the three-dimensionality of the sculpture Montañes carefully sculpting the veins on the skin - subtle modeling of the musculature, symbiotic relationship between wood and paint (very naturalistic, humanizes what we see) *Uniquely Spanish

Juan Martínez Montañes, Saint John the Baptist -Who was Montañes? His title given during the 17th century

SPAIN Juan Sánchez Cotán, Still Life with Goose Foul Spain has kind of always been strictly Catholic, did not have big come up in the Renaissance with naked Venus's going around everywhere, you could find them but just was not their thing Counter-Reformation rules came out but Spain had already been doing this For the most part, will see portraits, religious artwork everywhere and a new genre STILL LIFE - a category or genre of painting - inanimate objects or dead ones as well - no people or living animals Everyday objects, can be food, cutlery/utensils, pieces of art, clocks, take your pick - anything you assemble Popular because typically on the smaller side, no 12ft.x10ft. still life - smaller scale, more affordable price wise. Gets popular with middle classes because that is the affordable thing to buy Can typically apply a lot of religious overtones to still life - maybe not this one so much, but it will be easy to fit Memento Mori's into still life - you're going to die, better get your life right with Jesus kind of moment Also great way for artists to show off texture - never going to be the same things over and over again Example: Feathers of the ducks vs. the hardness of the rind of the melon vs. the leaf texture of cabbage vs. stringing texture Purposefully choosing a lot of different textures and showing they can render them well You will never find a still life that is just melons or just cookies for example - never just one texture - going to be a variety, trying to show skill and talent. Will see more still life up north too

Juan Sánchez Cotán, Still Life with Goose Foul -What do we mostly see in Spain (3)? -Still life definition -Why is still life popular: a. Who can buy it? b. Overtones? c. Artists can...? -What will you never find in still lifes?

Judith Leyster, Self-Portrait One of Hals' students, one of the few women artists Had a decently successful career, many mentions of her just not a ton of her work Slowly finding it because we realized we labeled a lot of Franz Hals' stuff that was Judith's Slowly regaining some of her works, starting to figure out not all just Hals' work Self-portrait, almost a full extra painting of this fiddler she seems just about done with unless she is adding a background to him DRESS: Elaborate color, she never once painted in this. Her trying to show off her status, she is a wealthy woman who is painting for money, she is not doing it as a hobby, she has a career of doing this and she is trying to show you she does it very well (why she is getting paid for it). Showing off status here

Judith Leyster, Self-Portrait -Who is Judith Leyster? -Was she well-known? Do we have a lot of her work? Is this changing? -Clothing

Luisa Roldán, San Miguel y el Diablo Saint Michael and the Devil SPANISH POLYCHROME SCULPTURE - wooden PAINTED SCULPTURE, wood (not bronze or marble) - Spain has their own thing Wooden sculptures with a sculptor - Luisa Roldán, one of our few female artists - she is sculpting the wood Her brother in law was the one who painted, and there may have been an extra person that did the golden leafing, the gilding TEAM PROJECT - something unique to Spain, but the color brings a lot of vitality and lifelikeness to these statues This is one of her biggest ones, she has about two large scale ones, another one is a saint. This is her other large one, Saint Michael and the Devil - the rest of her stuff is more small tabletop kind of style, but ALL RELIGIOUS This one gets pulled out occasionally, spends a lot of its life in storage - HUGE, over six feet tall Saint Michael walking and crushing the devil who is writhing beneath him on flames with chains hanging off of him Luisa worked as a wood sculptor with her family and actually worked as a court artist for a while. That was commissioned by the Spanish royal family - why it is in their collection today

Luisa Roldán, San Miguel y el Diablo -Medium, unique to Spain -Who was Luisa Roldán? -Story -Who was this commissioned by?

Peter Paul Rubens, Arrival of Maria de' Medici at Marseilles Another series Rubens does - he travels everywhere He is still working for the Medici's, but he goes on to work for Marie de' Medici in France, she goes on to be Queen of France She commissions a 24 painting series all about herself - she was Queen of France and had nothing else to do, all about her life: about her education, marriage, this is her arrival to France Grandiose - great to see Marie through her own eyes Nudity - sea nymphs and Poseidon - can get away with, a bit more in the private domain - would have been in the Louvre (not to Versailles yet). Rubens never gets rid of nudity, always keeps his naked women Here is Marie, being heralded by Fame, so important Poseidon and the sea nymphs have made sure she gets to Marseilles without much trouble and on time. This is not how this happened at all The idea is this is France coming to meet her: man with dark blue robe and gold fleur de li, symbols of if you see those two symbols, means to represent the French royal family Her future husband, Henry, nowhere to be found. Could not find him, not there to welcome his new betrothed to France to come be his queen. He was probably drinking in a tavern They got married but their marriage was one of political alliances, so they wanted nothing to do with one another so she had time to sit for 24 paintings about herself with Rubens They did not want a whole lot to do with each other Fun to look at: You are getting Marie's life of how her life was going and it is very glorious and lovely in her mind

Peter Paul Rubens, Arrival of Maria de' Medici at Marseilles -Another series of Rubens'. Who is it for and why? -How does Maria de' Medici see herself? In this scene? Is this how the scene really happened? -The man with the robe -Maria de' Medici's marriage

FLANDERS: Starting off, Catholic and will stay Catholic because technically being controlled by Spain Peter Paul Rubens is the main Flemish artist coming out of Flanders during the Baroque Fairly well known internationally - worked in Flanders, will work in the HRE, Italy, Spain, France He bounces around a lot - some people speculate he may have also played spy for some of the people he was working for because what do you do when you're sitting hours on end for a portrait? You talk - maybe he heard things and relayed things back Rubens does kind of a mix Have non-religious stuff and plenty of religious stuff - does not stick to Christianity hard as far as a subject One of his earlier works Elevation of the Cross Around the time we know he ended up down in Rome (Italy) and seems to have a heavy influence from Michelangelo and the Sistine Chapel especially looking at our center scene The cross going up - all of these men - Michelangelo could not have painted them more muscular if he tried Think a lot of Michelangelo going on here, that will slowly fade away from him He does love voluptuous ladies - a good voluptuous woman with breasts a flowing He will always keep that but muscular men will kind of fade for a little bit Rubens will NEVER pick up the Caravaggio Tenebrism Dueling things with schools Kind of like the Florence vs. Venice kind of thing during the Renaissance (Florence = reason, design - laying out composition and then color ; Venice = color first) This shifts not just sticking to Italy Rubens more of the colorist - he will never let go of color, might use dramatic lighting where it is necessary but still going to have brighter colors Will eventually have looser brushstrokes on a couple of occasions but people will look to Rubens for more of the color side of it

Peter Paul Rubens, Elevation of the Cross -Starting in Flanders -Who is Rubens? What do people speculate about him? -Where was he at the time of this painting? -His influences in this painting (looking at the men) -How does he create women? -Does he pick up Tenebrism?

Pieter Claesz, Vanitas Still Life Dutch Republic STILL LIFE, when it comes to the Dutch - we like this term: Vanitas Still Life - Vanitas = Vanities. Idea of pride and sinfulness For them want to show off all their goods but really will harp on the Memento Mori's, reminder of death could be a skull (LIKE HERE), cracked nuts (LIKE HERE) or broken/decaying fruit, TIMEPIECES (LIKE HERE, a watch). Any representation of life ending or time passing, you are going to die so get it right with Jesus! But still: the idea of texture (the wood vs. the feather vs. the glass), Pieter Claesz really showing off with this mirror ball or gazing ball - we get a little self-portrait, him painting the scene in front of you They like this paradox of a painting within a painting moment - in the gazing ball see the timepiece, a spyglass, bits of the feather - his little show-off moment. I can do the reflection and get it all in there Dutch still lifes - term we use with is Vanitas Still Life's - Vanitas meaning vanity. Idea of vanity as an element of pride and pride being a sin. Idea of reminding you of items of wealth but M.M. will always be there: Claesz - skull, cracked nuts or opened up fruit (idea is it will quickly decay), timepieces (hourglass, clock - idea of passage of time). M.M. = reminder of death, get life right with Jesus because death is around the corner

Pieter Claesz, Vanitas Still Life -Which still life is particularly popular in the Dutch Republic? Why? -Characteristics of still life we see here (2) -Painting within a painting -Memento Mori In Northern Baroque, bounced from Flanders, England, Dutch Republic and getting to France We're talking about a variety of peoples and religions. Some are protestant, some are catholic. Some people like the Counter-reformation rules and stick with them, others could care less. But regardless, still focus on religion Peter Paul Rubens - the international artist of his day. Travels around, Consequences of War - worked for Grand Duke of Tuscany in Florence then Marie de' Medici in France STILL LIFE: New genre. Scenes all inanimate objects (no humans or animals typically), normally religious overtone (Memento Mori) or reminder of wealth (example: Dates not native to region, Peeters) Dutch Republic: Group portraits - want them to be lively, want you to capture personalities Frans Hals, Rembrandt. That will vary depending on who is commissioning it Dutch landscapes - Dutch love their land, worked hard to reclaim it from the sea

Sir Joshua Reynolds, Lord Heathfield Technically natural style but sub-genre under it - GRAND MANNER PORTRAIT - British All about the idea of conveying the sitter's elegance, grace, and class SJR one of the leading founders of the British Royal Art Academy Heathfield - one of the generals stationed in Gibraltar (part of Spain), tip technically British. Fend off Spanish and keeps the fort. Has in his hands the key to the fort, still has (British still have the fort). This moment of victory for him, smoke billowing from cannons. GRAND MOMENT, climax of his career (he is the general who does this) but simplistic still in how presented. Red coat with insignias, but grand portrait technically natural style but amping up class and status Grand Manner Portraiture Under natural style umbrella but a particular niche for Britain. Want to play up the status of the individual but not going to be glory all hail this person. This is Lord Heathfield quietly sitting here surveying his victorious battle and holding the Gibralatar fort. Yes he is more grand in status, in appearance but not in location or environment Sir Joshua Reynolds, Lord Heathfield

Sir Joshua Reynolds, Lord Heathfield -Grand Manner Portraiture definition and its relation to Natural Style -What are they playing up?

Thomas Gainsborough, Mrs. Richard Brinsley Sheridan Portrait NATURAL STYLE - portraiture in England, what we get. Less pretentious, not blatantly showing off wealth Keep the color palette and brushwork of the Rococo (loose, pastels) She is seated here, a woman, of noble birth but not in her finest. Not dripping jewels, just seated outdoors, assume she likes being outdoors, gardening, etc. seated in pastoral scene

Thomas Gainsborough, Mrs. Richard Brinsley Sheridan -Style and portraiture

Versailles was his way to do that He mandated they had to leave there for 99% of the year, occasionally allowed to leave to attend things but not allowed out of here - a prison for them Made up rules for court - rituals, they would get obsessed with that and not have time to scheme Originally only this u-shaped building (hunting lodge) added on and on and on The gardens in the back. French like their gardens very manicured - orderly, cute designs Bunch of fountains, moved a river to help irrigate Versailles and get water to it. Famously even Louis did not have enough money to run the fountains all the time and so servant ran ahead to turn it on while he walked past and then cut it off

Versailles -What kind of gardens did France like?

Élisabeth-Louise Vigée-Lebrun, Self-Portrait Natural style works into portraiture FEMALE ARTISTS She is one of the very few women to get accepted in the French Art Academy, hard to do Personal artist for Marie Antoinette, the portrait she is painting in the back. Close with the family, she does make it out of the French Revolution Self-portrait. NATURAL STYLE - more relaxed, her dress is not that fancy (she was the personal artist of Antoinette), but not the fanciest thing on, simple cap. She is at her job, painting M.A. in one of her many portraits Natural Style: Running concurrently to Rococo. Kind of the counter to it, not frivolous and playful. Looking at the peasantry through rose-tinted glasses and thinking their life is so wonderful because they get to marry for love and not acknowledging the rest of the crap. There is a lot of glorifying and romanticizing the peasantry Portraiture is interesting for the natural style Portraiture is way less pretentious Élisabeth-Louise Vigée Lebrun, Self-Portrait ELVL she is the painter to Marie Antoinette, but she does not show off this status as clothing. Simple clothing, little bonnet. Showing herself at work on one of Marie's portraits to the side

Élisabeth-Louise Vigée-Lebrun, Self-Portrait -Lebrun definition -Style -Portraiture