ART 1001 Test 2

Effects of Greek culture in the Byzantine Empire include:

-"orientalizing" influences in the Near East -iconoclastic controversy (image smashing) in Byzantium -8th and 9th centuries -had theological and political dimensions -led to destruction of art

Blueprint for Christian builders in centuries to come, numerous innovations, derived from:

-Roman basilica design -entrance through propylaea (gateway building) -atrium (open colonnaded court) -narthex (entrance hall) -nave (central aisle) -lower side aisles -apse (semi-circular niche) -transept (traverse aisle) -timber roof

Reconstructions of Old St. Peter's, Rome, were created ca. _____

333

The Migration Period lasted from:

375-568

Division of the Roman Empire into the Eastern and Western part becomes permanent after ____

395

When did the Empire divide again into an Eastern and Western half for good, making the Eastern had its Capital with Constantinople, taking the name of the Byzantine Empire?

395

-Ceiling -Rome -4th Century -fresco -contains images of Christ as the Good Shepherd (central medallion); figures in "orans" (attitude of prayer with outstretched arms), poses on margins

Catacomb of Saints Pietro and Marcellinus

When persecuted by Roman authorities, Christians found refuge in the ______________, and even celebrated services in them.

Catacombs

a maze-like system of underground funerary sites, excavated from granular tufa; galleries connecting to small rooms (cubicala) filled with funerary niches (loculi); unsanitary conditions

Catacombs

-Ottonian Period -from the Codex Aureus of St. Emmeram -ca. 870 -manuscript illumination -Codex Aureus = Golden Book (lat.); St. Emmeram = monastery in southern Germany -This is a page from the book whose cover we just saw -Charles the Bald was one of the three grandsons of Charlemagne involved in dividing up the Carolingian Empire -The depiction exemplifies some key qualities of medieval art: flatness, no spatial depth, no proportions, figures are not life-like; only with the Renaissance will these attributes change

Charles the Bald Enthroned

-Gothic Architecture -Chartres, France -begun 1194 -Consequences of Suger's innovations can be seen at Chartres Cathedral -Pointed arch in combination with groin vault allowed cathedral builders to increase the height of structures and to pierce the walls with window space to received stained glass windows; galleries -Height of Cathedrals became a point of civic pride of citizens; cities to tried to outdo each other with higher and more sumptuous structures -Rosette window at the end of the choir is also characteristic of Gothic style

Chartres Cathedral

-Gospel Matthew, from Book of Kells -late 8th century -manuscript illumination -Ireland did not suffer Germanic invasion during Migration Period; Celts of Ireland converted to Christianity in the 5th century -adoption of an eastern-type of monasticism -Irish monks created precious manuscript illuminations (book illustrations) of Chirstian texts, decorated with interlace patterns -an abbreviation that stands for the name of Christ/Christianity

Chi-Roo Monogram (XP)

-Gothic Architecture -St. Denis (near Paris) -1140-1144 -Medieval civilization reached its zenith during the Gothic period (ca. 1140-1370 [~1700 N.-Europe]): rise of cities, chivalry, literature, university life, end of Crusades St. Denis = royal burial ground -Innovators of the Gothic style in architecture: Bernard of Clairvaux and Abbé Suger, Abbot of St. Denis (theologians, politicians, architects)>faith was mystical and intuitive, not rational -Architectural expression of idea: groin vault with pointed arches allow for skeletal construction in choir, introduction of stained glass windows

Choir with Ambulatory and Radiating Chapels of the Abbey Church of St. Denis

What was an important turning point during the Early Middle Ages?

Christianity

The ______ took over worldly power and succeeded the Western Roman Empire

Church

-mosaic decoration -Ravenna -526-547 -culmination of Byzantine splendor in Ravenna: orientalizing motives mixed with naturalism; Triumph of Emp. Justinian, Orthodox faith, Byz. power -plain exterior, central plan of concentric octagons, surrounding ambulatory, columned niches; clerestory; 2nd floor reserved for men, intricate lace patterns of Byz. capitals -Apse mosaics: Christ seated on word of the world w/ 4 rivers of Paradise, extends golden wreath of victory to St. Vitalis; Emperor Justinian and attendants/Empress Theodora and attendants

Church of San Vitale

___________ recognized Christianity, and his successor Theodosius made it the official religion of Rome.

Constantine

Byzantine Art

Constantinople

-Ottonian Period -cover -ca. 870, -book binding with gold, pearls & precious stones -Charlemagne's three grandsons partitioned the Carolingian Empire, into a western, central and eastern area (roughly France, Lorraine, and German countries) -Invasions of Vikings and Magyars; only German part relatively stable, ruled by a succession of kings called Otto (I, II, III), hence we use expression Ottonian period -A privileged art form remained illuminated book manuscripts, often with sumptuous bindings; this example has a binding of precious stones and gold repoussé plaques depicting Christ in Majesty (in mandorla), Four Evangelists, and Scenes from the Life of Christ

Cover of the Codex Aureus of St. Emmeram

a term that describes an object consisting of two hinged panels

Diptych

-517 -ivory carving -Diptych -Anastasius I was a Byzantine Emperor who ruled b/t 491 and 518 -image of Anastasius on a throne and about to throw a handkerchief (mappa), the sign to let the games begin (amphitheaters in Constantinople as well) -stark formality of pose, flatness, lack of 3D space, all characteristics of medieval art and signal regression from classical art -b/c of turmoil, incursions, political and military insecurity, small, hand-held objects like ivory carvings were artworks of choice of Middle Ages

Diptych of Anastasius I

-Guadalajara -Spain -6th century -cloisonné (gold and enamel) -fibula -many times invading central Europe from the east brought with them skills in metal craft and the cloisonné technique -political and social instability favored small, portable objects during the migration period

Eagle-Shaped Visigoths Fibula

- Romanesque Architecture -Autun, France -ca. 1130 -Architecture and sculpture exist in close affinity during Romanesque period; both were products of same workshops of cathedral builders -Last judgment, Apocalypse, rising of the dead are common themes in Romanesque sculptural programs; here: weighing of the souls of Judgment Day, demon & angels dispute souls; condemned souls cast into furnace of hell; stern reminder to church-goers of the fruits of sin -Medieval mentality was geared entirely towards saving ones soul in the afterlife; here and now unimportant

Ghislebertus, West Tympanum of St. Lazare

Byzantine culture returned to which kind of language and traditions?

Greek

What plan was associated with St. Mark's Cathedral, which involved a cluster of four domes resting on pendentives just like Hagia Sophia?

Greek-Cross plan

-Anthemius or Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus -Constantinople (Istanbul) -532-537 -while Western had of the Empire disintegrated under the pressure of invasions, the Byz. east and its capital Constantinople prospered -monumental church meaning Holy Wisdom epitomizes Byz. power and splendor; built by Byzantine emperor Justinian I -huge narthex, canopy-like dome, pierced at its base by numerous windows, rests on pendentives supported by huge wall piers in 4 corners

Hagia Sophia

Beginning in the 7th Century, the rise of __________ poses an increasing challenge to the Byzantine Empire, to which it will ultimately succumb.

Islam

The Early Middle Ages included a gradual transition from the classical to the ________________ world.

Medieval

Middle Ages

Migration Period

- Carolingian Period Switzerland -ca. 819 -Monasteries and monastic life were essential for medieval civilization: medical services, care for the poor, centers of learning, sometimes food processing & storage -Depending on the order (the administrative organization of the monastery), monks and nuns had to take an oath of poverty, chastity, obedience (= Benedictine rule to which St. Gallen belongs), perhaps silence and other impositions (see Da Vinci Code for a caricature of this; prefer The Name of the Rose); monastic communities were supposed to live ascetic and self-sufficient lives -A monastery is a complex of buildings, including abbey church, cloister, chapter house, dormitory, refectory (dining hall), kitchen, storage rooms

Monastery at St. Gallen

a community of monks, living in seclusion and dedicated to spiritual life (eastern-type of m. prevalent in Ireland, hence I. was not firmly connected to Rome or papacy); one of the defining characteristics of Middle Age as a whole

Monasticism

Christianity believes there is but one God, this means it is a ____________ religion.

Monotheist

a place of worship for followers of Islam

Mosque

-Spain -8th to 10th century -prophet Mohammed's (570-632) teachings in Mecca and Medina spread rapidly across Arabic peninsula, and large parts of Near and Middle East; Spain came under Moorish (Islamic) domination from 711-1492 -one of the largest mosques in Moorish Spain (re-dedicated to Christian Church in 13th century) -unique system of double-tiered arches (one arched stacked on another) to support wooden rood; influences from local Spanish and Moslem arch. combine

Mosque ar Cordoba

-Romanesque Art -from the Bayeux Tapestry -1070-1080 -embroidered wool on linen -Embroidered (needle-worked) fabric made of wool sewn on linen, 20 inches high and 230 feet long -Commemorates the Norman defeat of the Anglo-Saxons at Hastings in 1066; England and much of France under one rule, the Dukes of Normandy (Viking descendants) -Commissioned by Bishop Odo, half-brother of conquering Duke William -Unique type of medieval artifact: technique, depiction of a con-temporary event shortly after fact

Norman Cavalry Charging in the Battle of Hastings

St. Peter's Cathedral was built on the ruins of ______ St. Peter's, the site where the first apostle Peter was buried.

Old

Eastern Empire = Byzantium = ____________ faith

Orthodox

-Ottonian Period -treasury of Essen Cathedral -Germany -10th century, -gold and precious stones -Besides buildings and book art, liturgical instruments figure prominently on the list of medieval art -This cross would have been brought out and carried in procession on certain feast days; otherwise it was kept in the cathedral treasury -Materials, style, subject matter, and crafts skills are basically the same as for the Codex Aureus binding

Otto Mathilden Cross

-Carolingian Period -Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle) -Germany -792-805 -by the turn of the 9th century, the confusion of the Migration period was left behind, when Charlemagne unified a kingdom covering most of today's Germany and France -Charlemagne saw himself as the head (~caesar) of a restored Roman Empire, when in 800 he was crowned by the Pope in Rome ("Holy Roman Empire"); established his court in Aachen, where he built the Palatine Chapel adjacent to his palace -Robust strength, simplicity of this round structure anticipates Romanesque style of 11th/12th century

Palatine Chapel of Charlemagne

_____________ make covering an expansive, open, interior space possible

Pendentives

What type of religion was Pagan Rome during the Early Middle Ages?

Polytheist

-Carolingian Period -from the Utrecht Psalter -Hauntevilliers (near Reims) -ca. 830, manuscript illumination -All through the Middle Ages, monastic life was blossoming (primogeniture helped), and since the printing press had not yet been invented, the scriptoriums (transcription offices) in monasteries across Europe were busy copying texts by hand and illuminating manuscripts -praise in the name of God, illustrated with timbrels, trumpets, and organ; Christ in mandorla (oval shape) in the center; great degree of animation, spontaneity otherwise not typical for medieval art

Psalm 150

-ca. 65 -cloisonné (gold and enamel) -England was not spared from these movements; arrival of Germanic tribes of Anglians and Saxons from the Continent -excavated in 1939, Sutton Hoo became associated with the ship burial of the East Anglian king Anna; excavation site yielded many artifacts with which the king was buried -interlace patterns are typical for migration period -4 heraldic groups (eagles attacking ducks and man-beast figures, center), suggest eastern or Oriental influences

Purse cover from the Sutton Hoo Ship Burial

Proto-Byzantine Art

Ravenna

Western Empire = Rome (mostly) = _________ ____________ faith

Roman Catholic

-Nave and Apse Mosaic -Ravenna -ca. 533-549 -church dedicated to St. Apollinaris, martyred in Classe; dates from the period od Byzantine rule in Ravenna -early Christian 3-aisled basilica; contains of the most spectacular apse mosaics of the Byzantine period -blue medallion with jeweled cross, Hand of God in the clouds, figures of Moses and Elijah; below: patron saint Apollinaris in organs pose flanked by 12 sheep; face of apse: 12 lambs = 12 apostles, issuing from cities of Bethlehem and Jerusalem; medallion with Christ, 2 archangels

Sant' Apollinare in Classe

Romanesque Architecture -Speyer, Germany -1082-1106 -Originally begun as a timber-roofed structure (which then burned out), Speyer Cathedral in the German Rhineland, was among the first of have a very innovative architectural feature, a large groin vault (an octagonal crossing dome), which will become standard of medieval architecture -Medieval master builders were very much afraid their structures would collapse (as they sometimes did); hence they built massive walls without window openings, which made for dark interiors; engineering problem was how to effectively transfer the thrust of the vault to the walls -Balanced group of 4 towers: Ottonian trad.

Speyer Cathedral

-Venice -begun 1063 -models and innovations of Byz. builders radiated back to the west, esp. Venice b/c closeness to Oriental contacts -located on Venice's central square; built and modified over many centuries; Romanesque and Gothic additions hide Byz. core -interior- rich gold-ground mosaics, telling key stories from Old and New Testament

St. Mark's Cathedral

-Romanesque Architecture -Toulouse, France -ca. 1080-1120 -Epoch of Romanesque art and architecture lasted from ca. 1000-1200: feudalism is the dominant political system; monasticism prospered; in the wake of the Crusades, pilgrimage sites with shrines/relics attracted pious travelers (e. g. Western Europe to Holy Land, or places like Rome, Santiago de Compostella in Spain > St. Sernin was a stop on the way to Santiago de C.) -Growing city culture: age of cathedrals; permanent structures of cut stone (fireproof, not made of wood) -Large, simple, massive cathedrals, Latin-Cross plan, vaulted nave, buttresses, ambulatory with radiating chapels are all characteristic of the Romanesque style

St. Sernin

-Islamic architecture -Agra, India -1632-1654 -most famous of all Muslim mausoleums -built during the Mughal Empire that governed most of the Indian subcontinent and Persia (Iran), 1526-19th century, mausoleum built by Muslim ruler Shah Jahan as memorial to his wife, Mumtaz Mahal -massive, cubical structure surmounted by a large balloon shaped dome, surrounded by towers, reflecting pools and gardens, supposed recall paradise os described in Qur-an -prototype for structure believed to come from Iran

Taj Mahal

-from the catacomb of Praetextatus -late 4th century -another example of a Christian adaptation of a pagan theme -appears before Christian times but was appropriated to symbolize Christ (3 x image repeated > allusion Trinity?) -Grapevines heavy with grapes, putti harvesting, pressing wine sacred to Bacchus in pagan times; now symbolizes Eucharist (transubstantiation of Christ's blood; erotic connotation with putti (offspring Venus, goddess of Love)), gives way to asexuality of Christian cherubs

The Good Shepherd Sacrophagus

-Rome -ca. 350 -Mausoleum of Constantia, daughter of the Emperor Constantine -example of building with central plan (round polygonal structure), favored by Byzantine architects (the east) -inspiration Pantheon? Domed rotunda; ambulatory = round, barrel-vaulted corridor encircling central space with sarcophagus -Mosaic decoration: birds (peacock), vegetation, vine harvest scenes; transition between pagan Roman and Christian imagery

Vault of the Ambulatory of Santa Constanza

The fall of the Western half of the Roman Empire was partly triggered by incursions of tribes the romans called __________________, consisting of Goths, Vandals, Huns, etc...

barbarians

small metal strips, usually of gold, are soldered on a metal background, metal rimmed compartments thus attained are filled with precious stones or enamel paste (crushed glass, which is heated)

cloisonné technique

The Byzantine Empire took a period of _________ in its population and level of civilization, culminating in the sack of Rome in 410 by the Goths.

decline

A ________ is a cloth pin

fibula

Prior to the toleration of Christianity under Constantine, Christians were frequently _______________ by Roman authorities.

persecuted