Art 112 Midterm 2

This painting (Leonardo da Vinci, Mona Lisa, 1503, oil on panel) defies fifteenth-century standards of appropriate female decorum because:

1. The woman faces the viewer 2. The woman smiles at the viewer 3. The woman is not shown with symbols of female virtue

The Basilica of Old St. Peter's was demolished, and then rebuilt, around the year:

1500 A.D.

The basilica of "Old Saint Peter's," built in the time of Constantine, was torn down to be rebuilt in the Renaissance classical style in the year:

1506 A.D

When we speak of a "problem" and a "solution" at the center of Christian doctrine, what does the "problem" refer to?

2. The moral stain of Original Sin and consequent misery in the afterlife

Botticelli's Birth of Venus was most likely owned by Lorenzo di Pier Francesco de' Medici. Lorenzo's private tutor was a scholar named Marsilio Ficino, who focused on the study of the ancient Greek philosopher Plato. This means that Ficino was:

A humanist

Who was the patron of this painting (Leonardo da Vinci, The Last Supper, 1498)?

Ludovico Sforza, the Duke of Milan

In Giotto's scene of Hell, what sin are the people hanging from their genitals probably being punished for?

Lust (sexual desire)

Who are the two figures standing on either side of the cross, closest to Jesus?

Mary and Saint John the Evangelist

Donatello lived in Florence at the same time of:

Masaccio and Brunelleschi

An altarpiece is a work of art that is most closely related to which of the following aspects of Christian worship and ritual?

Mass

The lion head doorknocker on this door shares stylistic traits with:

Medieval art, like the Book of Kells

The complex, interwoven patterns that decorate this façade are most reminiscent of:

Medieval manuscript illumination

In what respects is the style of this painting (Titian, Bacchanal on the Island of Andros, c. 1523) typical of High Renaissance art, and in what respects does it show the particular influence of Leonardo da Vinci?

Michelangelo - There is a gracefulness, poise to the figures, foreshortening poses Leonardo - use of light and shade to create pools of darker areas. Fuzzy, blurriness giving it a dreamy look

What fault did Giovanni Andrea Gilio find with Michelangelo's Last Judgment?

Michelangelo was guilty of idolatry

Which of the following does Giorgio Vasari say about Michelangelo in his Lives of the Artists?

Michelangelo was wrong to depict angels without wings

Compare Michelangelo's High Renaissance David to the Early Renaissance bronze David by Donatello. Iconographically and stylistically, how do they differ?

Michelangelo's is much taller (colossal), David is depicted facing off against Goliath, not yet defeated. Naturalist, glorious depiction of the male nude body. Power facial expression Donatello's is already victories, already having defeated Goliath. Has a dreamy facial expression.

This painting (Leonardo da Vinci, The Last Supper, 1498) is located which city?

Milan

In relation to the Roman Traveling Musicians mosaic, this work (The Crucifixion) is:

More abstract

In comparison to a Flemish painting of the Last Supper that we looked at, the figures in Leonardo's painting are:

More expressive

The style of Christ's physiognomy in this painting (Masaccio, The Holy Trinity with the Virgin, St. John and Two Donors) represents a general trend in 15th-century Italian art toward increased:

Naturalism

The story of Jesus appears in the:

New Testament

A reliquary is:

An object used to contain and display a relic

This scene ((Raphael Sanzio, School of Athens, 1511)) depicts:

Ancient Greco-Roman philosophers and scientists

At the center of this composition are two figures—what is the identity of the one on the right, who holds out his hand with palm facing down?

Aristotle

Around when was the duomo, or Cathedral, of Florence begun?

Around 1300

An inscription on the base of the marble statue (David, 1409, Marble):

Asks God for help in protecting the Florentine Republic from its enemies

The monastery of Daphni is very close to:

Athens

The perspectival technique used here to create an effect of depth and distance by making part of the landscape lighter and more blue in color is called:

Atmospheric perspective

Why are the arches and vaults in Alberti's Sant' Andrea rounded rather than pointed?

Because Alberti was a Renaissance architect, and preferred the Classical to the Gothic style

Which of the authors from your readings would be most likely to object to this statue? 1. Gregory the Great 2. Bernard of Clairvaux 3. Quintilian 4. Dante Alighieri

Bernard

In Giotto's scene of Hell, what sin is the person hanging from his tongue probably being punished for?

Blasphemy (swearing against God)

In what respects is the nude reclining female in the lower right corner of this painting comparable to the figure of Princess Leia in this Star Wars poster?

Both are nude/close to nude. They are erotizied. They can be considered soft porn.

In what sense is the façade of San Miniato al Monte comparable to the Portrait of A Roman General statue that we studied several lectures ago?

Both blend together stylistic characteristics from separate artistic traditions

What characteristic did Florence and Flanders have in common, which helps explain the burst of artistic innovation in both places in the 1400s?

Both were home to cultures that adhered to the Christian religion, and used images to teach illiterate people the path to salvation

Which of the following is true about the relationship between Campin's Annunciation and Sandro Botticelli's Annunciation?

Botticelli's painting is more idealized, while this one displays touches of realism

The perspectival technique that was used for the first time in this painting (Masaccio, The Holy Trinity with the Virgin, St. John and Two Donors) was invented by:

Brunelleschi

When Botticelli became a follower of Girolamo Savonarola, he:

Burned nude paintings that he had made, out of fear that they were sinful

Which of the following aspects of Greco-Roman classical art seem to have influenced the style of the figures in the Book of Kells? 1. Contrapposto 2. Ideal, naturalistic beauty 3. The appeal of the nude body 4. None of the above aspects of Greco-Roman classical art are present in the Book of Kells

None

The intertwining forms in these image derive from:

Nordic art

What aspects of the style of this painting (Michelangelo Buonarroti, Last Judgment, 1534-41) are typical of Michelangelo's art?

Nude figures, ideal/athletic bodies, smoothness of the forms

Thinking now about the significance (The third "S") of Botticelli's Birth of Venus, briefly describe the way in which Lorenzo di Pier Francesco de' Medici's understanding of the painting could have been shaped by the excerpt from the sermon by Girolamo Savonarola that I gave you to read.

Nudity ⇒ lust ⇒ sin

The story of Adam and Eve appears in the:

Old Testament

The four figures at the bottom of the throne in Cimabue's Madonna Enthroned are:

Old Testament prophets

In representations of the Last Judgment, the damned are placed:

On Christ's left

In representations of the Last Judgment, the blessed are placed:

On Christ's right

Where would altarpieces like these, by Cimabue and Giotto, originally have be located?

On altars in churches

Where was this painting (Sandro Botticelli, Annunciation, c. 1490) originally located?

On the altar of a private side chapel in a Florentine church

What does the iconography of the scenes on these doors have to do with the "problem" and "solution" at the center of Christian doctrine?

One door describes the creation and the destruction of Adam and Eve aka the problem, and the other door describes the passion of Christ where he is being crusified to pay the price aka the solution.

The mosaic depicting Christ, the Virgin Mary, and Saint Miniato which appears in the center of the upper portion of this façade is in which style?

Byzantine

These images were created for a monastery church in:

Germany

This church (Facade of St. Pantaleon) is located in:

Germany

The iconography of this painting (Michelangelo Buonarroti, Last Judgment, 1534-41) is similar to the iconography of a work we have studied by

Giotto

In what way does Giotto's Last Judgment appear to contradict Jesus's words in the Bible?

Giotto shows poor people entering heaven last, after the wealthy ones

In lecture, we compare Giotto's Last Supper with a painting of the same scene in done in the Byzantine style. Jot down some comments on the stylistic differences between the two.

Giotto's is more naturalistic, figures are overlapping. He used silver for the halo of the apostles which tarnished so they look black. Apostles are showing emotion, while those in the Byzantine are not.

The interiors of Byzantine churches are typically ornamented by:

Gold mosaics

Given that this church (Cathedral of Notre Dame, Chartres, France, ) has pointed arches, finials, and tracery, you know that its style is:

Gothic

In Giotto's version, the throne in which the Virgin Mary's sits is closest in style to which of the following?

Gothic architecture

A "rose window", circular in shape, with lots of tracery and stained glass, is a common feature of:

Gothic churches

What is the point of Dante's reference in his Divine Comedy to the painters Giotto and Cimabue?

Great artists are in danger of being proud of their art, and since pride is a sin, it can result in the artist having to spend time in Purgatory after death

What aspects of the style of Botticelli's painting are characteristic of Vasari's second age of art, also known as the Early Renaissance?

Greater naturalism, use of light and shape, use of linear perspective. The frame of the painting is classical - has corinthian capitals, and an entablature.

The style of the frame of this painting (Sandro Botticelli, Annunciation, c. 1490) corresponds most closely to which style of architecture?

Greco-Roman

Christ the Pantocrator, is located in

Greece

When this painting (Robert Campin, Annunciation, Merodé Triptych, c. 1425) was made, the Italian invention of linear perspective:

Had not yet arrived in Flanders, and was not being used by Flemish artists

Why did Michelangelo never return to his native city of Florence during the last 45 years of his life?

He resented the Medici family for overthrowing the republican government and set themselves up as autocratic rulers of Florence

What was Michelangelo's opinion of Flemish painters?

He thought that they were inferior to Italian artists, because their work lacked symmetry and proportion

What formal aspects of Michelangelo's Creation of Adam display the aesthetic ideal of grazia?

High Renaissance Italian characteristics: - idealism of the figures --- powerful, muscular, naturalistic, and in the nude. - contrapposto pose of adam - pattern (rhyming) between the position of adam's leg and God's leg

Briefly describe what we learn about Michelangelo's thoughts on art from the poem that he wrote to Vasari in 1554.

His old way of looking at art he now sees is sinful. He is renouncing the earlier conception he had of the godliness of his art (neo-platonic).

The style of the human figures on these doors expresses

Human frailty and vulnerability

What term is used to refer to a painting in a medieval manuscript?

Illumination

Where are you most likely to find 'realism' in 15th-century European art?

In Flemish art

When did Giorgio Vasari live?

In the 1500s

Why is Saint Peter important for the history of Christianity?

In the Bible, Jesus gives him the keys to heaven and grants him authority as leader of the Christians on earth

Where was this painting (Robert Campin, Annunciation, Merodé Triptych, c. 1425) originally located?

In the home of a member of a wealthy Flemish family

Michelangelo's ceiling frescos in the Sistine chapel were commissioned by:

Pope Julius II

The ornamental carving around the side entrance to this church derives from:

Pre-Christian Nordic (Viking) art

Compared to the figure of Adam in Jan van Eyck's Ghent Altarpiece, Michelangelo's figure of Adam on the Sistine ceiling:

Is more idealized

What is it about the iconography of this painting that makes it Classical?

It depicts a figure in the contrapposto pose, which is a characteristic of the Classical style

Who first applied the term "Gothic" to the architecture of the High Middle Ages?

Renaissance Italians

Which of the following best characterizes the use of Classical architectural forms and ornaments in the work of Renaissance architects like Alberti?

Renaissance artists created new buildings that use Greco-Roman forms, but often in ways that the ancient Greeks and Romans never thought of

In the Introduction to his Treatise on Painting (which you have read) Leon Battista Alberti praised the city of Florence for:

Reviving the arts, which Alberti believed had been lost since antiquity

The Christian symbol of the cross derives from:

Roman method of execution

Raphael's School of Athens is part of a series of Frescos located in:

The papal apartments in the Vatican

This original location of this statue (Michelangelo, David, 1504. Marble) was:

The piazza in front of the government headquarters of Florence

"Byzantine art" is a term used to refer to the art of:

The political state that, during the Early Middle Ages, occupied the Eastern part of what had once been the Roman empire

What stylistic aspects of this statue are characteristic of Gothic figural art?

The pose of the body, Gothic figural art gave bodies a curvy shape called the Gothic sway. Made bodies look naturalistic. The bottom of the statue also featured finials and spires.

This statue (Virgin and Child, c. 1339, France) was a gift to a cathedral from:

The queen of France

What does the relic housed in this church have to do with the financing of the church's construction?

The relic was sent on a tour of the area surrounding Chartres, and people were charged money to view it

The Medici family were:

The richest and most powerful banking family in the city of Florence during the 1400s

According to Giorgio Vasari's Lives of the Artists, the Italian painter Masaccio was the hero of which "age" of Italian art?

The second age (the 1400s)

What is it that makes the 15th-century Italian architect Filarete feel "reborn"?

The sight of Classical-style architecture

To which of Giorgio Vasari's three 'ages' of Italian art does Sandro Botticelli belong?

The third age

Briefly explain how the Norse animal head carving compares to the Byzantine Pantocrator mosaic in their relation to the fear/reassurance spectrum:

They are both two kinds of fear where the Norse animal provokes physical fear and the Byzantine Pantocrator provokes anagogical harm in the next life.

What opinion did the people who first applied the term "Gothic" to High Medieval architecture hold regarding that architecture?

They regarded it as barbaric, because it was not done in the ancient Greco-Roman style

Which of the following is a deity traditionally worshiped by the Vikings?

Thor

What was the main function of an altarpiece?

To provide people who are taking the eucharist at Mass with an image to help them focus on the eucharist's significance for human salvation

The severe expression on the face Christ the Pantocrator was meant to instill fear. What was the primary function of this fear?

To remind the viewer that they would be judged by Christ after death

In a basilica that has a cruciform (cross-shaped) plan, the part of the building that forms the 'arms' of the cross, running perpendicular to the nave, is called a

Transept

The miraculous process by which the bread and wine is transformed into the flesh and blood of Jesus during the Christian mass is called:

Transubstantiation

Flemish art tends to contain more complex iconography and symbolism by comparison to Italian art:

True

What figures once appeared in the upper part of this mosaic, which is now missing?

Two angels

Many churches from the Romanesque period, like this one, have a split-level nave—what was the function of the two levels?

Upper level: altar for saying Mass; lower level: crypt containing relics of a saint

In the 'Inferno' section of Dante's Divine Comedy, what sin is Enrico Scrovegni's father being punished for?

Usury (lending money at interest)

The artist who made this painting (Titian, Bacchanal on the Island of Andros, c. 1523) was from:

Venice

This animal head carving originally decorated a:

Viking ship

Around the year 600 A.D., the Early Medieval pope Gregory the Great wrote an influential defense of the use of images in Christian religious life. Briefly describe the reason that such a defense was necessary, and the argument that Gregory makes in favor of permitting images in churches.

Visual art is needed for some people to access, understand, and follow Chirst. Can be used to help illiterate people achieve salvation.

Jot down some notes on some of the interesting things that we find in Leonardo da Vinci's notebooks.

Vitruvian Man Data visualization Anatomical studies (skeletal system & muscular system drawings)

The side chapels found on either side of the nave of churches like Sant'Andrea were usually owned by:

Wealthy private families

The person who designed this building, Leon Battista Alberti, also:

Wrote a treatise on painting

Briefly explain the relationship between the style of early Christian art, like this sarcophagus, and the Classical style of pre-Christian, pagan Greco-Roman culture:

You can observe contrapposto in both. Different attitudes to nudity and sexuality. Early Christian art typically depicted the problem, i.e. shame, and the style of pre-Christian depicted the solution, Jesus.

Early Modern 'republics' were governed by

a rotating committee of citizens, who must meet certain property or professional requirements in order to serve in the government

Early Modern 'principalities' were governed by

a single hereditary ruler, belonging to an aristocratic family

What is a crocket?

a small carved ornament, typically a bud or curled leaf, on the inclined side of a pinnacle or gable.

This object (Virgin and Child, c. 1339, France) serves as a reliquary for:

a strand of the Virgin Mary's hair

What is reflected in the jewel worn by one of the angels in this painting?

a window

The opposite of 'naturalism' is:

abstraction

The term "Pantocrator" means

all-powerful

This painting (Jan van Eyck, Ghent Altarpiece (closed and open), 1432) served as:

an altarpiece in a church

This painting (Robert Campin, Annunciation, Merodé Triptych, c. 1425) served as:

an image for private devotion

The psychological characteristic conveyed by David's facial expression seems to be one of:

anxious concern

The person who commissioned these frescos was a

banker

Describe the main iconographical features of the panel of the Ghent Altarpiece known as The Adoration of the Lamb. Who appears in the scene? What symbolic meanings are conveyed?

lamb - symbolizing christ (jesus as a sacrificial offering) angels around the lamb - are holding weapons the fountain - symbolizes christ as the source of eternal life figures from the old testament and the 12 apostles other people martyr saints holding palms

Compared to Cimabue's Madonna Enthroned, Giotto's version is:

later in date and more naturalistic

Compared to the dome on the ancient Roman Pantheon, Brunelleschi's dome on the duomo of Florence is:

later in date and taller

Why is "insular art" called "insular"?

latin word nsula means island and Ireland and England and Scotland are islands.

The film clip that you watched from The Name of the Rose takes place in a:

monastery

A 'refectory' is a place where:

monks eat their meals

This medium of this painting (Robert Campin, Annunciation, Merodé Triptych, c. 1425) is:

oil paint

This medium of this work is:

oil paint

Spoglia are

parts of preexisting buildings reused in new ones

This wall fresco c was commissioned by:

pope Julius II

This figure's (Eutropios) face is best described as expressing:

severity

The medium of these two paintings is:

tempera on panel

Which of the following is a quality that can be perceived by touch, as well as by sight?

texture

Which image displays the most emphatic use of foreshortening?

the Roman Traveling Musicians

What event took place around the time this portrait (Eutropios) was made?

the abolition of pagan religion in the Roman empire

The bronze statue has the distinction of being:

the first freestanding nude statue since ancient times

The original story of the Creation of Adam is told in:

the old testament

The subject matter of Michelangelo's frescos on the Sistine Chapel ceiling derives from:

the old testament

This painting (Ludovico Sforza, the Duke of Milan) is located in:

the refectory of a monastery

What is a tracery?

the stonework elements that support the glass in a Gothic window

In the introduction of his Treatise on Painting, Leon Battista Alberti praises Brunelleschi for constructing the dome of Florence's duomo without:

the use of 'centering' to support the dome as it was constructed

What is biblical "typology", and what would a "typological" interpretation of Abraham, Sarah, and the Three Strangers yield?

three visitors = Trinity; Sarah's miraculous birth = incarnation

The Divine Comedy is a long poem describing Dante's voyage:

through Hell, Purgatory and Paradise

The world "monastery" comes from the Latin word meaning:

to live alone

This painting (Michelangelo Buonarroti, Last Judgment, 1534-41) was begun approximately how long after the completion of the ceiling frescos in this building?

twenty years

The stave church at Urnes incorporates structural forms derived from:

unique to Early Medieval

The style of ornamental carving on the sides of this animal head carving derives from:

unique to Vikings in Early Pre-Christian Art

The Vikings, or Norsemen, were a culture based in:

Denmark and Scandinavia

Both of these statues (David, 1409, Marble & David, c. 1440, Bronze) were made by:

Donatello

In Italian, the word duomo means:

'Cathedral'

What does the Latin term memento mori mean?

"Reminder of death"

Which characteristics of the 'High Renaissance' style, in Vasari's 'third age' of Italian art, does Leonardo's Last Supper exhibit? How does the style of Leonardo's painting differ from the style of 15th-century Flemish art?

'High Renaissance' characteristics - fuzzy, energy in the figure arms and face. grazia Differ: the flemish art has a high degree of naturalism/realism. High level of detail in flemish art. Lacking energetic dynamic.

The word 'sarcophagus' means:

'flesh-eater'

Both of these statues (David, 1409, Marble & David, c. 1440, Bronze) depict:

An Old Testament hero

"Norse art" is a term used to refer to the art of:

. An area of Northern Europe that, during the Early Middle Ages, was inhabited by a population that had never been conquered by the Roman Empire.

Which of these were considered benefits to be derived from visiting and venerating relics?

1. Divine assistance with problems in the present life 2. Reduction of years the soul will spend in Purgatory

The moment from the Gospel narrative of the Last Supper depicted in this image is:

1. Jesus's announcement that one of the apostles would betray him 2. Jesus's offering of bread and wine as his body and blood

Leonardo da Vinci's notebooks contain writings and drawings that reflect his interest in:

1. Mechanical devices 2. Human anatomy 3. Ideal proportions

The artistic tradition and religious mythology of Medieval Norse culture has had a direct influence on:

1. The Lord of the Rings novels 2. The Avengers comics and films

The figure of a bearded man holding billowing drapery over his head that appears here beneath Jesus' feet also appears in:

1. The breastplate of the Augustus of Prima Porta

What features of this work could be described as "anagogical"?

1. The gold background 2. The mandorla surrounding Christ 3. The halo 4. The abstract style of the figure

This statue ((Michelangelo, David, 1504. Marble)) depicts:

An Old Testament hero

The Book of Kells was created in a monastery in:

3. Ireland

When we speak of a "problem" and a "solution" at the center of Christian doctrine, what is the "solution"?

3. The salvation of the human soul from the consequences of Original Sin by the sacrifice of Jesus of Nazareth

Which of the following is NOT a textual (i.e. written) source for the iconography of Christian art? 1. The Old Testament of the Bible 2. The New Testament of the Bible 3. Accounts of the lives of the Christian Saints 4. The writings of pagan philosophers like Plato and Aristotle

4. The writings of pagan philosophers like Plato and Aristotle

Viking raiders began to attack the British Isles and Northern Europe around:

800 A.D.

The dates for the Romanesque style are approximately:

900 - 1100 A.D.

Around what year did the Viking chieftain Rolf adopt Christianity and assume the name and title of Rollo, Duke of Normandy (in Northern France)?

911 A.D.

This church (Facade of San Miniato al Monte) is dedicated to

A Christian martyr

Who was Saint Pantaleon?

A Christian martyr

This (Eutropios) is a portrait of:

A byzantine imperial official

The plan of this church is primarily:

A combination of axial and central

Which of the following did NOT occur during the age of the Gothic Cathedrals?

A downturn in commercial activity weakened the European economy, making the construction of large-scale architecture impossible

In Christian theology, what is the "Last Judgment"?

A future event prophesized in the Bible, when the earth will be destroyed, and all human souls will be definitively assigned a place in either paradise or hell

What does the phrase "Gothic sway" refer to?

A graceful curvature characteristic of Gothic depictions of the human body

What is a "manuscript"?

A hand-written document

What is Palazzo della Signoria?

A large building in the city of Florence, which served as the headquarters of the Florentine government

The two creatures represented within the intertwining lines of this ornamentation may be:

A lion and a snake

Briefly describe what a "martyrium" is, and how the concepts of pilgrimage, relics and Purgatory relate to the function of a martyrium.

A martyrium is a church that holds the relics of a martyr. Relics are bodily parts of a saint. People would go on pilgrimage to adore and praise the relics.

Comparing Michelangelo's David to the bronze David by Donatello, we can see that Michelangelo chose to depict:

A moment earlier in the story than the moment Donatello depicted

The subject of this painting (Titian, Bacchanal on the Island of Andros, c. 1523) is:

A mythological drinking party in honor of the god Bacchus

It may be said that the style of the figures in the Doors of Bishop Bernward is appropriate to the subject matter depicted on the doors. The Beatitudes can help us see that. What are the "Beatitudes"?

A passage from the Gospels, in which Christ reassures his listeners that there is hope for poor and humble people

In the context of Renaissance culture what is a 'humanist'?

A person who studies the literature and history of ancient Greece and Rome

What relic is housed in this church (Cathedral of Notre Dame, Chartres, France)?

A piece of the Virgin Mary's clothing

Girolamo Savonarola was:

A preacher

What is a predella, and what does the predella on Botticelli's Annunciation display?

A predella is a horizontal base that displays symbols, inscriptions, images, etc. On Botticelli's you see a fully grown crusified Christ and Latin inscriptions of the last words that the angel and mary speak and the family symbol that commissioned the painting.

In the 1400s, the city of Mantua was ruled by:

A prince, who held full political sovereignty by hereditary right

In the early fourteenth century (i.e. early 1300s), when these two paintings were made, the city of Florence was

A republic

In the context of Renaissance-era culture, a 'humanist' is:

A scholar of literature, history, languages and philosophy whose studies focus on ancient Greco-Roman culture

What is Piazza della Signoria?

A town square in the city of Siena, where the headquarters of the Sienese government is located

Where was this painting (Jan van Eyck, Ghent Altarpiece (closed and open), 1432) originally located?

Above an altar in the cathedral of the city of Ghent

The style of the figures (Christ Enthroned and The Virgin and Child) in these images is best described as:

Abstract

Which story is narrated in the bottom register of this sarcophagus (Junius Bassu), in the second compartment from the left

Adam and Eve

The scenes on these doors represent stories from the lives of:

Adam and Eve, and Christ

Which of the following qualities make Leon Battista Alberti a 'humanist'?

Alberti studied and imitated the written works of ancient Greco-Roman authors like Aristotle, Pliny, and Quintilian

In common with many Christian churches of the basilica type, the plan of the Cathedral of Chartres shows that the building has 1. A nave 2. A transept 3. An apse 4. All of the above

All of the above

Who is Dante Alighieri?

An Italian poet of who wrote the Divine Comedy

Art historians suggest that the two creatures represented within the intertwining lines of this ornamentation may symbolize:

Christ and the Devil

The scenes that decorate this sarcophagus (of Junius Bassus) depict:

Christian stories

The muscular build or body type of the figure of Christ in Masaccio's painting is a stylistic feature that shows the influence of:

Classical, Greco-Roman art

The Basilica of Old St. Peter's was constructed under the reign of which emperor?

Constantine

The modern city of Istanbul was once called

Constantinople

The Anglo-Saxon inhabitants of Early Medieval Britain used the word "berserk", which derives from the term for "dressed in bear skin", to describe the Viking's:

Crazed, violent character

Where and when was the style of manuscript illumination referred to as the "insular style" produced?

Early Medieval Ireland and Britain

What is the point of the Powerpoint slide on which one of Michelangelo's ignudi appears next to two damned souls in Giotto's Last Judgment?

Early Modern Christian culture in Italy had two ways of understanding the moral status of nudity, one positive and one negative

The peacocks on either side of Christ's head symbolize:

Eternal life

The taking of bread and wine at the Christian mass is called:

Eucharist

Who was the architect who designed the dome on the duomo of Florence?

Filippo Brunelleschi

Jan van Eyck was from

Flanders

Robert Campin was:

Flemish

What does the reflection in that jewel tell us about van Eyck, and Flemish art more generally?

Flemish artists were particularly interested in minute and subtle visual details, especially the effects of light

Which of the following is NOT true about the relationship between 15th-century Italian and Flemish painting?

Flemish painting tends to be more idealized than Italian painting

In what Italian city, toward the end of the High Middle Ages, did the new interest in ancient Greco-Roman antiquity that we call the "Renaissance" first appear?

Florence

An architectural structure used in Gothic churches to permit more wall space to be dedicated to windows is the:

Flying buttress

The Gothic style first appeared in:

France

The medium of this work is:

Fresco

Briefly describe the fresco technique of mural (wall) painting, and define the terms giornata, buon fresco and a secco

Fresco means fear, fresco technique is painting on fresh, wet plaster. Giornata refers to the patch of plaster you lay down each day. Buon fresco (good fresco) is when you are painting on damp plaster. a secco means dry, if painting over a secco plaster the pigments are not absorbed into the wall therefore they could fall off over time.

Why is the Romanesque style called "Romanesque", and what is characteristically Romanesque about the style of the façade of this church, St. Pantaleon?

It is inspired by Roman style and ornaments such as the roman arch front

Which of the following is true about the Sistine Chapel?

It is the building in which church officials meet to elect new popes

Cimabue and Giotto are from

Italy

This church (Facade of San Miniato al Monte) is located in:

Italy

What can we conclude regarding the artistic style of the Book of Kells?

Its style developed separately from Greco-Roman art, but seems to be influenced by pre-Christian Nordic art

Who is depicted in the middle of the central compartment of the upper register of this sarcophagus (of Junius Bassu)?

Jesus of Nazareth

Which of the following does NOT take place at the Last Supper?

Jesus tells his disciples that they will never eat with him again, as he will soon die

Hagia Sophia was constructed under the reign of which emperor?

Justinian

Compared to the David marble statue, the bronze one is:

Later and more Greco-Roman in style

Compared to Polykleitos's Doryphoros, the reliefs on the Doors of Bishop Bernward are:

Later in date and more abstract

Constantine is famous for:

Legalizing Christianity

The main reason for the poor condition of this painting is:

Leonardo experimented with a new mural painting technique which failed to adhere to the wall

Compared to the figures of Adam and Eve on the Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus, the figures of Adam and Eve on the Doors of Bishop Bernward are:

Less close in style to Greco-Roman classical art

The room in which this painting (Raphael Sanzio, School of Athens, 1511) was made served as a:

Library

The perspectival technique that was used for the first time in this painting (Masaccio, The Holy Trinity with the Virgin, St. John and Two Donors) is called:

Linear perspective

The bands of small, decorative arches that appear just below the two strips of horizontal molding on the façade of St. Pantaleon are called

Lombard bands

Which of the follow is NOT a characteristic element in Gothic ornament?

Lombard bands

What is characteristically Romanesque about the style of the façade of San Miniato al Monte?

Looks like it has a greek temple front structure and something that bears resemblance to an entablature. Also a greek temple front structure at the top.

In the early 1300s, when Cimabue and Giotto made their paintings of the Madonna Enthroned, the city of Florence was

One of the top two or three largest and wealthiest cities in Europe, thanks to the city's predominance in banking, as well as the industries of wool and silk manufacturing

The words "Notre Dame" mean:

Our Lady

Briefly explain what is symbolized by the placement beneath Jesus' feet of the bearded man holding billowing drapery:

Pagan god, sky god, Caelus. Jesus is defeating and squashing one of the Gods of the pagan culture that for so long had been opposed to Christianity.

Which of these cities was the European capital of illuminated manuscript production in the later middle ages?

Paris

The spherical, triangular elements which channel the weight of a dome down to the supporting piers are called:

Pendentives

Thinking now about the significance (The third "S") of Botticelli's Birth of Venus, briefly describe the way in which Lorenzo di Pier Francesco de' Medici's understanding of the painting could have been shaped by the letter that his tutor Marsilio Ficino gave him to read.

Physical beauty is a matter that is connected to nonmaterial virtues of a person. Wholesomeness of character vibes, not erotic

At the center of this composition are two figures—what is the identity of the one on the left, who points toward the sky? (Raphael Sanzio, School of Athens, 1511)

Plato

In the High Renaissance, the ancient Greek philosopher Plato had a great impact on the way people thought about beauty, and hence about art. What aspects of the poem that Michelangelo dedicated to his friend, Tommaso dei Cavallieri, express what could be called Platonic thinking?

Platonic - strong relationship that is not sexual/physical Michelangelo's sonnet reveals that he sees a connection between physical beauty with the beauty of God (the connection between divinity and the beauty of the body)

The subject of this painting was inspired by a painting from ancient Greece described in the writings of which author?

Pliny

Which of the following does NOT appear in the interior of Sant' Andrea?

Pointed arches

An altarpiece made up of more than three panels joined together is called a:

Polyptych

The Sistine Chapel is part of the complex of buildings surrounding the church of:

Saint Peter's basilica, in Rome

The style of the architecture in the background of this scene (Raphael Sanzio, School of Athens, 1511) is most similar to the interior of which church?

Sant'Andrea, Mantua

The technique invented by Leonardo which produces slightly blurred contours and eliminates sharply defined lines is called:

Sfumato

The interiors of Gothic churches are typically ornamented by:

Stained glass

The fact that Donatello's bronze David is a 'Renaissance' work is primarily shown by the bronze statue's:

Style

The fact that this is a 'Renaissance' work (Masaccio, The Holy Trinity with the Virgin, St. John and Two Donors) is primarily shown by the work's:

Style, because classical architecture and idealized, athletic human anatomy were not common in Christian art before the Renaissance

The intertwining lines in the borders of this image are stylistically related to:

The Animal head carving, from the Oseberg ship burial

Beginning in the Early Renaissance, it became popular for artists to "quote" famous works of art from antiquity. In the figure of Venus, Masaccio "quotes" a famous ancient Greek statue known as:

The Aphrodite of Knidos

In designing the bodies of the nude male figures called the ignudi (meaning "nudes"), Michelangelo was inspired by which work from Greco-Roman antiquity?

The Belvedere Torso

The intertwined forms on the borders of this image (Abraham, Sarah, and the Three Strangers, from the Psalter of Saint Louis) recall the decorative elements on:

The Book of Kells

The story of the "Last Judgment" is told in which book of the Bible?

The Book of Revelation

Which of the following architectural structures is the architecture in this painting (Masaccio, The Holy Trinity with the Virgin, St. John and Two Donors) based on?

The Classical triumphal arch

Briefly explain how the motif of the blood dripping onto the skull in this image connects to the "problem" and "solution" at the center of Christian doctrine:

The blood on the forehead of the skull symbolizes human's will die and they will be judged and that the salvation comes from Jesus' sacrifice that is why we take part in the consumption of Jesus' body and blood.

In my lecture, I compare a passage from the Book of Revelation to the Gothic rose window in Chartres Cathedral. Briefly describe what that passage from Revelation has in common with Gothic rose windows:

The book of revelation describes Heaven as made of pure gold and adorned with all kinds of precious stones, just as the stained glass in the Chartres Cathedral.

According to Christian tradition, St. Peter's Basilica was constructed on the site of:

The burial place of St. Peter

Which of the following architectural styles is NOT among the three most prominent and influential styles in the history of Western architecture? 1. The Gothic style 2. The classical style 3. The Modern style 4. The Egyptian style

The Egyptian style

Altarpieces are a category of religious image most closely associated with which of the following?

The Eucharist

The biblical figure David was seen as a symbol of liberty and religious piety by the people of:

The Florentine republic

The naturalism, graceful elegance, and balanced forms of the figures in this scene (Michelangelo, Sistine Chapel Ceiling, 1512. Fresco) are particularly characteristic of:

The High Italian Renaissance

The naturalism, graceful elegance, and balanced forms of the figures in this scene (Raphael Sanzio, School of Athens, 1511) are characteristic of:

The High Italian Renaissance

What event took place in 1494, shortly before this statue was created and installed (Michelangelo, David, 1504. Marble)?

The Medici family were expelled from Florence

On the naturalism-abstraction spectrum, this figure (Eutropios) can be said to mark a return to the artistic style that is closest to:

The Metropolitan Kouros

Which part of the Bible recounts the life of Jesus of Nazareth?

The New Testament

The original source for the story of the Annunciation is

The Old Testament

The four narrative images on the base of this statue (Virgin and Child) represent scenes from:

The Passion of Christ

The ignudi on the Sistine Chapel ceiling most likely stand for:

The Platonic relationship between beauty and divinity

Which of the following best defines the Renaissance?

The Renaissance was a period in which, starting in Italy and spreading outward across Europe, artists, writers and other culturally influential people began to take the culture of ancient Greece and Rome as a guide and a standard of excellence

This building was intended to surpass the grandeur and splendor of which of the following buildings?

The Roman Pantheon

In which building is this painting (Michelangelo Buonarroti, Last Judgment, 1534-41) located?

The Sistine Chapel

Today these two paintings (Madonna Enthroned) by Cimabue and Giotto are held in:

The Uffizi Museum, in Florence

The Cathedral of Notre Dame in Reims is dedicated to:

The Virgin Mary

This church (Cathedral of Notre Dame, Chartres, France) is dedicated to:

The Virgin Mary

Images (like The Crucifixion) of the crucified Christ often include two figures on either side of the cross. Who are those figures?

The Virgin Mary and Saint John the Evangelist

The word "Scrovegni" in the name "Scrovegni Chapel" refers to:

The artist who made the fresco cycle inside the chapel

This statue (Virgin and Child, c. 1339, France) seems to mark a return in art to:

The beauty of the human body, naturalistically depicted

Why is it important to the characters in The Name of the Rose to know whether or not Christ laughed?

The characters are debating whether or not human laughter, and comedy may be a sin

What underlying idea links Leonardo's Last Supper with his Vitruvian Man drawing?

The concept of a harmonious link between forms in nature and ideal proportions in geometry

What is a finial?

The decorative ornament at the top of a flagstaff

Who are the two figures kneeling on the ledge just above the skeleton?

The donors (those who paid for the painting)

Around the time the Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus was made, the Roman emperor Theodosius I passed new legislation regarding the traditional pagan religion of Greco-Roman culture. What was the essence of that legislation, and how does it relate to Constantine's Edict of Milan at the start of the century?

The emperor made Christianity the official religion of the Roman empire, and outlawed the page religion of pre-Christian, Greco-Roman culture. Therefore, the group that was being persecuted flipped.

Compare Donatello's marble David to his bronze David. What stylistic aspects of the bronze David show it to be a work of Renaissance art, and what stylistic aspects of the marble David show that it belongs to an earlier pre-Renaissance phase of art?

The face and arm of the marble are gothic, as well as the gothic sway. The arm of the bronze is more classical

The sorrowful mood in this image (The Crucifixion) was intended to inspire penitence in the monks who lived in the Daphne monastery. In Christian religious practice, the word "penitence" refers to:

The feeling of sorrow and regret for having sinned

Which of the following aspects of Michelangelo's David is NOT a characteristic that the statue shares with the Classical art of Greco-Roman antiquity?

The figure's identity as an Old Testament hero

What aspect of the bronze statue could have been perceived as a threat to Christian doctrine and values?

The figure's sensuous nude body

Michelangelo's David was:

The first "colossal" nude statue since antiquity

The "Gothic sway" of the angel on the left side of this image (Abraham, Sarah, and the Three Strangers, from the Psalter of Saint Louis) is closest to the pose of:

The gold statue of the Virgin and Child, donated to a French cathedral by the queen of France

The bench the Virgin Mary sits on, and the niche with the kettle at the back of the room, exhibit the characteristic forms of which architectural style? (Robert Campin, Annunciation, Merodé Triptych, c. 1425)

The gothic style

The original location of Donatello's marble David was

The headquarters of the republican government of Florence

Briefly describe the nature of the comments that Justinian's court historian made on the interior of Hagia Sophia, shortly after the building was completed. How do those comments relate to our discussions of the relationship between form and function in architecture thus far?

The historian emphasizes the otherworldly feeling the interior space creates. The space looked unachievable by moral man alone.

The original location of this painting was:

The home of a member of the Medici family

What was the original location of this painting (Titian, Bacchanal on the Island of Andros, c. 1523)?

The home of the duke of Ferrara

Which of the following does this painting (Titian, Bacchanal on the Island of Andros, c. 1523) have in common with Botticelli's Birth of Venus?

The iconography of both derives from descriptions in ancient texts of lost Greco-Roman paintings

Describe how the various objects in Campin's Merodé Triptych symbolize concepts connected to Mary's purity, the Incarnation, and the place of Christ in the doctrine of salvation:

The kettle - symbol of mary as the vessel that made human salvation possible towel - symbol of purity white lilies - mary's purity and christ's purity (the two yet to form lilies is a symbol of the son and the holy spirit) candlestick - reference to christ's arrival (divine light) the baby holding the cross - christ on his way to fulfilling his destiny

This illuminated manuscript (Abraham, Sarah, and the Three Strangers, from the Psalter of Saint Louis) belonged to:

The king of France

Recently discovered documentary evidence suggests that the sitter of this portrait (Leonardo da Vinci, Mona Lisa, 1503, oil on panel) was:

The mistress of a member of the Medici family

According to a law in Early Medieval Viking culture, animal head carving like this one had to be removed from the warships that they ornamented before the ship returned to port. What does that fact tell us about the significance of such carvings within Norse society?

The objects were believed to have a supernatural ability to do harm to the people that they were directed at.

The main theme of the iconography of these scenes is:

The origin of human sin, and redemption through Christ

Based on what you know about Italian and Flemish art in the fifteenth-century, where are you most likely to find art that depicts the light reflecting off, or passing through, translucent materials like water, glass or gem stones?

in Flemish art

Based on what you know about Italian and Flemish art in the fifteenth-century, where are you most likely to find art with an extremely high level of visual detail?

in Flemish art

Based on what you know about Italian and Flemish art in the fifteenth-century, where are you most likely to find art with touches of realism?

in Flemish art

What is the Italian word meaning 'grace' or 'gracefulness' that Italian Renaissance authors used to describe the quality of fluid, balanced figure poses and compositions in art?

grazia

Jot down notes on the style of this fresco (Masaccio, The Holy Trinity with the Virgin, St. John and Two Donors). What aspects of the style are characteristic of art in the Renaissance?

greco-roman architecture, linear perspective, anatomy

The opposite of 'realism' is:

idealism

The person who designed this dome, Brunelleschi, also:

invented linear perspective

What is Enrico Scrovegni shown doing where he appears in Giotto's Last Judgment scene?

donating a building to holy figures

Giotto's paintings in the Scrovegni chapel are executed in what medium?

fresco