ART 211 Roman Art Final Study Guide

tomb two story knife grinder, dogs head on his chest, pride of place given to tools used, assistant, unusual subject matter not common.

Barrel-vaulted tomb with 2 stories Niches for cremation urns and Rectangular spaces for sarcophagi (for inhumation), Relief style: plebeian? Tools dominate figures Flat, simplified forms preference for the inorganic and displays similar to shop signs

Rome's second to last example of a grand bathing block. (Baths in Pompeii and Ostia) Stabian baths at Pompeii had bathing structures on one side large courtyard for exercise. Here imperially built for populous by emperor larger symmetrical forms. Sauna, spa, poetry recitations, university campus like. Early 3rd century CE 212-216 on the edge of Roman country side. Before the Roman empire emperors under domain of military, put up emperors, change over of imperial elite baths of Caracalla, over 50 acres purely monumental. Pre-covid staged out door operas. Evocative big space, like? markets of Trajan Hadrian: brick with concrete underneath marble covered brick. The height some ceilings is over 100 feet. Ceiling vaults were impressive. In the plan there is a massive outdoor court yard, symmetrical through the main gate. Rectangular courtyard is symmetrical and there is a bi lateral frigidarium. Swimming pool caldarium, as big and round as Hadrian's pantheon. Only one part of structure tepidarium and firgidarium has X huge cross vaults or groin vaults immensive rooms. One file or access to swimming pool, cold bath, hot bath, saunas, to peristyles palestra. Open courts, kick ball, 10 holes for wrestings, philosophers, cross axis plan, enormous structure. Spa, soak, meet friends. Not quite public library, meeting place, entertainment, literary reverences. X of groin or cross vaults like Pantheon, corinthian column, inlays of stucco, and column marble revetments paneling underground show more vaulting aqueduct water flowing. Sculpture of Fernese bull, punishment of a women (wicked step mother) being tied and dragged by bull her two step sons who she punished are punishing her. Way over life size, sensational sculpture around baths like art museum. See little Heracles at table (poets marshall and statius). Alexander over burdened over muscles copy after licintus, has artist's name. Fragments of sculpture Fernese family brought this to palaces in Rome and Naples. If one lived above shop in fire trap in urban area of Rome would've been nice to swim soak could see wealthy romans, magnificent works of art light marble flowing. Mosaic of athletes at Vatican museum, vitality mosaics from baths, flattened faces hulking figures not fully rounded distorted, reliefs of standard bearer, gymnastic sports events wrestlers, entertaining working out. Fountain tub from baths near great market place building. In front of Farnese family palace, huge tubs in middle of piazza baths taken reuse creative, heritage decor of baths decorates modern Rome tubs in piazza.

Baths of Caracalla, 212-216 CE, Farnese Bull (the Punishment of Dirce). Weary Hercules, Greek mythological themes

grotto platforms Sculpture monumental - grotto uncovered found in pieces and chunks mythological sculpture groups - homer the odyssey Some greek myth Scene of cyclops polyphemus and odysseus in virgil's aeneid both in greek and roman stories - in the grotto would you need more effects? Platforms with sculptural groups Sculpture dining painting Large over lifesize - even more sculptures What went on at a roman dinner party - home away from home - state gustes diplomats posh exclusive World of escape otium less talk of business higher world greek culture of the minds greek manners What it tells of odysseus - topics assigned Odysseys romans didactic politicizing - tells us about odysseus as a greek hero - intelligent calculating heros not like the hunk like hercules clever uses his mind - small diminutive gets him drunk when falling asleep is clever intriguing roman plots intelligent keep wits about you - thematic connection Cleverness of the figures hero odysseus virtues entertainment discussions - mime artists

Cyclops, Polyphemus, and Odysseus, from Homer, Odyssey, Bk. 9

Molding flat wall symbols trident decorative motif - column ionic floating panther molding in the wall architectural molding winged dragon figures architectural cages villa of the mysteries - blue sky scape porticos temples - here white bird frames - architectural pframe but everything is white - 4th style painting - here greek myths sperlonga vaulted corridor yellow and red - tapestry fringe elements walls and ceilings all decorative - labyrinth corridor after corridor bold rich colors like pompeii striking Not much of 4th style of pompeii after earthquake of 62 - incorporates features of the previous faux stone panels some architectural scenes - mythological paintings more wallpaper

4th style Painting at Nero's Domus Aurea (Golden House) 64 CE, by Severus and Celer, 300 acres Suetonius, Nero 31

4 & 1/2 feet mummy for a young girl. Not linen but Cartridge (paper mache). Has semi precious gems and gold leaf, elaborate and expensively done, shimmering of light pigment in wax, dark eyes painted as if wearing make up. Family wealth earrings jewelry, head hairband, isis crown, clothing off the shoulder,fringe shaul. Aphrodite, isis Egyptian goddess, cross current of various cultural symbols. Painted faux jewels

Golden Girl, 125- 150 C.E., Adornment plus mythological motifs: Isis lock, fringed shawl and Isis crown; bare shoulder of Aphrodite.

Hadrian's villa country home Nero golden house Tiberius villa lavish residence Hadrian built the most in Rome building then sculpture and move on Hadrians villa then pantheon Hadrian was bearded of high culture - traditionally trained of administration came uo through army not completely drenched in sophistication and culture Capable on all fronts - during hadrians reign 117-138 CE has house that domitian built in rome Concrete domes interesting curved spaces water works view through rooms - Hadrian loved in Rome in palatine palace however Flavain preferred his country villa - villa in Tivoli Hadrian's Villa in Tivoli 118-125, 1250133 CE (two building campaigns) Tight clusters Places look more hap hazard Artificial water works with portico enclosures Axial plan is gone haphazard - summer estate of Hadrian 300 acres rightly size of Pompeii Clusters knighted Looks haphazard but linked by water displays confusion order to it - missing today connective tissue - Tiberius villa - passages corridors colonaides landscaping - all gone now today - some marble had been taken by amateur excavators - under ground tunnels or corridors - staff slaves servers would go underground Closed garden Peaceful time - traveled incessantly Restless emperor not on military campaign was peaceful taking in cultural sights taking in the tradition - collection or recreation of famous sights Villa of the mysteries Villas with shrines grottos famous greek places show of education erudition affectation - sight evokes famous sight of classical Rome - how exceptional - Hadrian ambitions talent spent time here more so than in Rome traveled to Spain Rome France - ran the empire from this estate - had security courts - how special it is in pavilions luxurious names Model of Hardian's Villa and bath complex 118 CE begun Hadrian as architect but his attempts were mocked - then hadrian had the mocker put to death rumor - lots of domes water works buildings with screens elements open to natural world - dining suit

Hadrian's villa in Tivoli,118-125, 125-133 C.E.

portraiture advanced middle age more like veristic republican senatorial aging aspect maybe reflected reality and political statement Vespasian was traditional not like nero or calligula didnt want to live like a king - last flavian assassinated Hadrian follows trajan - families not from rome or italy but spain seville - non italians assuming highest office of empire - western europe later eastern europe share same education - under domitian more equestrians families around empire came to rome - more international - bases of power military want to extend and invite the elite from around the mediterranean - calligula would put up noses at small dusty towns but this has purpose more unified world 117-138 CE Hadrian - flowering of ancient rome peace and prosperity affluence - golden age - hadrian - bearded - bit of a full face - hadnt seen beards before - in mourning men werent to shave beard or care for appearance - shows acceptance of greek intellectual culture hadrian called a greekling interested in greek culture and the arts - biased done later - he was an amature architecture - fondness for the mind - hadrian sea change mid 2nd century - refinements sophistication of hellenic greek culture becomes more acceptable - way of governance - hadrian epitomizes Sources tell us beard worn to cover blemishes on face - greek sculptures under roman rule Bearded men - those who are scholars of genausia greek private colleges indoctoring young men - greek intellectual activity less covering bad skin Use of running drill sharp metal point no electricity one person hold drill other rotate oit with a leather band - carve holes in ringlets hair looks more lively drilling of pupils and eyes - period from trajan to hadrian marble portrait bust - not only emperor but people of standing and wealth show monumental statutory like eumachia people endowing cities priests and priestesses - marble portraiture roman empire knit and consolidated - people felt motivated proud of cities gave money to build buildings road bridges

Hadrian, 117-138 C.E.

here architects arch built single arch in the 80s by Domitian - reliefs of conquest of Jerusalem see the ruling elite more cosmopolitan - learned latin at school - capitoline hill

Heart of Roman Forum, A.D. 203 (early 3rd century)

Architectural revolution - octagonal room To right maybe had a rotating ceiling - interlocking rooms look out red stuff building of trajan - greenery courtyard fountain through it novel ceilings concrete lighting through center light well center fountains cross shaped interlocking Doors open like puzzle pieces - to left courtyards octagonal rooms interlocking mauve with light wells space is central with revolving rooms around it oculus large round opening, like in pantheon, spotlight from above concrete faced with brick - marble paneling rivetment mother of pearl covered brick - hinged into octagonal entereings rooms from other spaces revolving around it - rotating banquet central space light wells interlocking use of place Centralized spot axis or interlocking rooms - opens up to another room where there would've been a fountain water pool dining expense maintenence cleanliness - dome interior dramatic lighting - covered by stucco Semiprecious

Nero's Domus Aurea (Golden House) 64 CE, by Severus and Celer, 300 acres Suetonius, Nero 31 -- Oculus, Central plan, Radiating chambers, Brick-faced, Concrete --rotating banquet hall?

Molding flat wall symbols trident decorative motif - column ionic floating panther molding in the wall architectural molding winged dragon figures architectural cages villa of the mysteries - blue sky scape porticos temples - here white bird frames - architectural pframe but everything is white - 4th style painting - here Painting - late 60s 64-68 after fire of rome 4th style of pompeian painting - wall is white architectural painting flattened effect of wall paper

Nero's Domus Aurea (Golden House) 64 CE, by Severus and Celer, 300 acres Suetonius, Nero 31, 4th style Painting

vaulted ceiling Concrete revolution took place under Nero 54-68 CE/AD - concrete wanst only used for baths but to create curving ceilings Occasionally closed Domus audius Underground because Nero was so hated in 68 forced out of power and to commit suicide - it was destroyed by later rulers who opposed him - lake drained his colossal statue taken down trajan buried all of this and built his baths over it - overly ambitions austentatious Cool in summers wear hard hats

Nero's Domus Aurea (Golden House) 64 CE, by Severus and Celer, 300 acres Suetonius, Nero 31, vaulted ceiling

Nero bust

Nero, 54-68 CE, last of the Julio-Claudian dynasty

Arch of Titus, after 81 C.E.

Relief of Spoils from the Temple in Jerusalem

Arch of Titus, after 81 C.E.

Relief of Titus In Triumphal Chariot

Arch of Titus, after 81 C.E.

Relief panel in center of archway: the apotheosis of Titus

blacksmith relief inscriptions. allowed to have means to build a tomb, for elite sorted low class, some took part in politics military career, income from land estates. Terra cotta mold made, sharpening knives, for sale objects as large as human features highly detailed, stock and trade emphasized. beards, mid second century, small figure, space work shop cluttered for sale, up stairs or down stairs, abstract depiction of space. Battles of Persian and Iran map like see from above wouldn't see later in empire with indebtedness to greek art Reliefs from Italy northern and easter Europe (more military). See professions and careers, expanse of empire think of Hadrian think Rome ruled. Western Europe, spain, france, italy, switzerland, germany, Dacians defeat on trajans column. In south medditerranian basin, north africa, egypt, augustus, cleopatra, trajan died frighting in mesopotamia, large expanse - looking at roman imperial administration, amount of beurocrats and administrators on ground mid second century CE, height of roman empire. Fewer bureaucrats throughout the expanse than in NYC today. Were revolts late second/3rd century many more revolts harder to hold empire, barbarians non romans try to get in, administrative support structures, how hold on? get taxes, peaceful trade, civilization urban, east kept own gods, assimilation of sorts great diversity, military brute power helps continue to rule. Romans create desolation and call it peace, better quality of life great cities, attractive baths, running water, wine, amphitheater, local elites, speak greek in Turkey, in England could worship gods, local elites given title, bought off. Elites may also revolt, elites could be trained in roman army, learn tactics, and use it against them. Privilege pomp and circumstance, Made life easier, position. Funerary steles, up right stone slabs in front of tomb or ashes with slot in back for body, after mid second century no longer cremated but place for a body. One from Ravenna, important city with churches, ship on the port like Ostia, not only ship but reminds of augustan funerary relief, arch setting with figural reliefs, looks like a toga, hoods, above two tiered, inscriptions arches, architecture wreath, late first century CE, profile portraits, cartoonish figures, portrait busts, togas tunics, head covered, trades people status, puglius longindunus, fabernavalice, maker of ships, long line of names similar to his name, have the L. liberated freed men or freed women, former slaves he freed listed, good at trade, could work for him quasi independently, maybe he would invest make profit, also in debt would free slaves or when they were alive, mixed motives, slaves could be freed men and free women, not completely free. To the right form Mainz in Germany. defeat of roman troops 6 CE in forest, local german served in roman army, if were a provincial could serve in army in auxilary force, serve fro 25 years if live become roman citizen and paid, at end get stipend and settle on farm, romanized learn latin and roman culture, form of acculturation and romanization. Full figure center wears uniform armlets broaches with heads big pins chest is covered, in US Army, Highly decorated, Shield, holds the standard of the roman eagle, standard bearer like in breastplate of prima porta, standards flag insignia, important who carried eagle, not ship builder, full uniform, neatly lined up. Pannonia Hungary of east, full figure compared to Ostia. Head in pediment like atia umphilia. Most auxiliaries local join to make salary, shown lower on horseback, calvary on horse back mounted officers, romans crafty, if romans thought battle was tight sent in auxiliaries first, if retired it was impressive, auxiliaries exploited. Far right, calvary and daughter, scene from greek myth, scene of oedipus sons killed each other, peculiar portrait busts late 1st century equestrian, office small shallow reliefs. Static flat local carvers some sandstone, heads gone battered figures round stocky, scene from greek myth, from all over form north Africa - wouldn't be posted in your area - sent to England or France. Standard roman portraiture style, flattened hands simplified face, bangs stand out some faces look flattened or simplified.

Roman Funerary Reliefs: Italy and the Provinces on the Rhine and Danube, Ostia, blacksmith's relief and tomb, Ravenna, shipbuilder's relief, Mainz, Germany: Tombstone of Gnaeus Musius, standard-bearer, 1st c. C.E., Pannonia (Hungary): funerary stelai of veterans at the frontier, Center right with daughter

next reign trajian and hadrianmilitary somber bangs left is trajians wife - right hadrians wife hadrian architect political ambitions Greek classical infleunced Faces are plain sculptors had more fun with hair more detail and creativity band of tight locks Pin curls Band of curls pin curled tightly compressed wound Haid gathered and poofed out - height up do Hadrian sports a beard greek men Hadrian beard Shows acceptance of greek intellectual culture Right her hair 110-120 BC - Sabina wife of Hadrian - like greek hairstyles -parted in the middle swept aside ring or band there lose chignion - loose natural not constructed simple wound more goddess like hadrian interested in greek culture 1st quarter of second century images of private women

Sabina, wife of Hadrian, Plotina, wife of Trajan

italian people saltines came from mountain interior Modern doors put to keep people out - atrium court looks like colimsn on second story but are embeded only half columns - only in releif fictive fake - giving allusion of grand upper gallery - viewing point from above - hole in roof light well

Samnite House, Herculaneum, First Style Wall Painting, 200- 80 BC

painting at doorway - first style of pompeian painting - fake stone paneling - pompeian painting - ancient roman painting - abundance - prevalent evidence of pompeian paintings comes from pompeii - often part of walls part of art architectural fabric - late 18th cent pompeii discovered by italian and german scholars - catalog classified by large bodied material - herculaneum on waterfront - painting first style - though to be earlier for style - wall painted to give allusion for stone panels - marble alabaster - wall divided framed slightly in relief - lime and plaster - granive speckled and painted to look like foamy stone paneling - believed in greece arbiter of style post alex the great thought to be elaborate palaces with stone of this kind - chic stylish colorful sections off - paneling in bright light - 3 part elevation - central panels - frieze like stone paneling style coming from greece or eastern - different painting

Samnite House, Herculaneum, First Style Wall Painting, 200- 80 BC pt 2

Dining in grotto like Sderlonga and Tiberius - more controlled all artificial - Columbia has project Close to Rome beautiful estates In the dining room semicircular bench U shaped not a typical shape - room for 16-18 diners Vault ribs Pumpkin domes? Series of rooms water flowed all around it not where diners sat - green streaked from Greece colored striped stone - like water channel in villa in miniature floated food to the diners very elaborate landscaping and natural effects canal framed by colonnade arches sculpture dining benches water from exterior port aqueduct behind it - up the hill is a water fountain - water gurgles down the diners Concrete covered in shells Name - dining alfresco - called canopus late antiques canopus refers to canal in Alexandria in Egypt - seripus is a Egyptian god - Seraphim - in Egypt place of licentious entertaining and activity - name Hadrian collecting pieces of travels - young lover young boy - Hadrian has legacy - slave boy who was his favorite has sculptures Antinuous traveled with Hadrian beloved boy drowned in canal of nile many cities commemorated Hadrians loss by putting up statues - anecdotes of Hadrian in slave holding culture head of household male could do what he wanted with slaves wasn't considered abuse - many Tiberius had interest in young boys thats why in capri - hate mongering political invective Hadrian may have had more slaves or lovers Statues of a particular boy - inscriptions in empire - supportive Sight called the canopus recalls place in Egypt part of biography and loss

Serapeum and Canopus dining suite and canal at Hardian's Villa 118-125, 125-133 C.E.

creativity - interior paining gaul southern France melting pot of Ostia - streets of tombs pediments doorways look like city block - social life, economic role, marble inscriptions, real reliefs, plaster casts, midwife delivering baby surgeon bleeding cutting a patient's leg next to scalpels in antiquity slaves/ midwifes come to your house help women in labor, show a woman in chair, siting down hang on push down, terra cotta painted woman in tunic holds shoulders helping. Reveals hierarchic scale, midwife on stool she looks out at us, color flat simplified style, Hadrianic sculpture made to commemorate what they did. Crude features, eyes loops hooks for nose, proportions sense of what allowed them to build the tomb, traces of paint, broken mold made surgeon leg in bucket cutting or bleeding it, Next to him is his medical kit tools scalpels out of proportions should be a small box. Figures missing shown in action, midwife mid labor helping the woman, most important simplified style, important person lower down, Large tools smaller people, befitting a certain class or patron, using greek classical style.

Terracotta Reliefs representing trades (surgeon and midwife in center)

Hadrian built widely in central part of Rome like Augustus - following emperors After Hadrian - he had no son or from marriage - no dynasty - he put adoptive emperors Antonius Pius and Marcus Aurelius - period of Pius mid second CE Marcus aurelius 161-180 - bearded - signs of middle age around eyes lines from mouth beard - hadrians beard cultural allegiance - bearded emperor remains - in the head of markus aurelius cut shadow and light - iris of eye - details - pupils Antonius pius good care taker nothing extreme period of prosperity and peace less violent warfare and campaigns - under marcus aurelliys emoeror left work of stoic philosophy - thinking man intellectual - monuments reflect back - column of trajan Marcus Aruelis also constructed a commemorative structure 180-192 CE

The Antonines: Antoninus Pius, left Marcus Aurelius, right

titus domitian Vespatian - lined veristic looking wide head - titus thick heavy domitian elongated - women of flavian Their hair new hairstyle big hair major change - parted waving simply pulled back agropina the younger simple long hairdo - peculiar In 70s dated to AD CD Hair brought up to tight rignlets fan shaped crest hair in tight briads wound in a bun or clasp Tightly curled rignets gives hight Julia Titi left Rounder more stout idealization big eyes smooth Wife of Domitian right Face longer More matronly

The Flavian Women: Domitia, wife of Domitian (right) and Julia Titi (left), daughter of Titus and niece of Domitian

mit suicide - countries where army is powerful not stable rule why you need army Move away from pompeii homes and villas Evidence of villas and palaces Here summer home imperial villa on the coast at Sperlonga (half way between rome and Nalpes) quiet spot stuccoed buildings may look like greek island beautiful beaches Imperial palace of tiberius at sperlonga have ruins overlooking the cliffs - temples and sanctuaries nature incorporating nature in buildings dining room domas winter and summer dining rooms - in a grotto in the sea in a harbor what they took is a natural cave or grotto with water for the floor set up dining platforms and would sail into it - dining at dusk lanterns candles lights - servants on rafts boats brining dishes Like villa in miniature terrace canal could float dishes in the water - exaggerated version Water pumped it Rough craggy rock Artificial grottos built - great affects light shade water - complex slaves servants Light the effect the sea grotto smoothed out little walls basins

Tiberius' villa at Sperlonga: Dining grotto, c 25 CE

Facade tools black smith metal worker. Marble inscription epitaph, Terracotta reliefs saw reliefs long apron figure working in shop to right. Big blade, figure cleavers hooks sharp inanimate object, what man makes as a metal worker, tools hold up platform in an abstract way. Tools and symbols of what they did as a living are bigger. 2nd century Ostia different from imperial art column of Trajan. If not made for tomb would see imagery shop signs, archeologists mistook them and put at tombs, perhaps tavern keepers owners imperial monuments arch of septimus serverus style used to show figures of troops.

Tomb of Blacksmith

commemorated the day people would die, some would have outdoor elevated slabs for dining little pipes to put a libation to dead as if spirits of dead would join living people. Interesting about this tomb well deserving tombs say they are freed men and women welcome at tombs. humble working class boat with oarsmen, no portraits of heads unlike augustan in togas, here working class, craftsman occupation, say open tomb to freemen and women, humble trades shipping unloading boats, slaves you freed want if you has freed slave and they had no where to go - could be sympathetic so maybe they were someone who was enslaved open your tomb so previously enslaved people could stay in your tomb - brick concrete Shades of the dead regular carvings Not dates ages or names - in cemitary strata - large investments annula income if not more - people saved up fot tombs -

Tomb of tradesman

Ancient cultures as costume? Collecting the past? The world contained within Rome? egyptian sculpture - wrists clenched Kilt head dress Same face broad features fleshy - ideal type see in metropolitan museum - built to commemorate where young lover boy died too long - incessant traveler - learning of roman empire and features before him - his wife Sabina simple au natural hair she was a bitter wife no children may have tried to kill him - point of marriage to leave an heir - fell in love with young boy and spurred his wife

Antinous in Egyptian mode The Seraphim of Hadrian's Villa

women of julio-claudian dynasty Nero, caligula, portraits, looked like augustus generically fringed bangs smooth features, nero fatter fleshier different hair, claudio older, not all tiberius had no dna from augustus Livia's son from first marriage villa at sperlonga looks like augustus no blood relation friction political propagation Julias augustus' daughter Younger agrippina sister of calligula - wife of old daughtering claudius mother of Nero Agrippina younger and elder women who over reached Roman poets and officers Women in power Agrippina traveled with prominent husbands troops public policy - women who wnat to be like men not nice wife stays at home weaves and knits some sources see them as trouble Agrippina how dies - was political opperator married claudius gets him to adopt nero - he becomes emperor she advises nero but he also has his own ideas - nero had enough of his mother tries to kill her has villa south of rome - go out sailing she doent drown - alledgedy has guards stab her to death - overly melodramatic - had mother doen away with too dominering over his policies - written with senatorial point of view Highly colored Agrippina younger well depicted many portraits not much different from livia Looks more masculine strong nose - idealized ageless smooth skin large almond shaped eyes lips and chinSerial marriages Oval face full chin rounded lips - hair different julio claudian parted in middle swept to the side Profiles on coins useful for dating - virago aggressive domineering woman Not absolutely smooth bumps in it Bland placid - no ferocious stories - portraits meant to commemorate and honor - idea loosely idealized looks like all others

Agrippina the Younger, sister of Caligula, wife of Claudius, and mother of Nero

Antinuous - one of images and others of Hadrian With beard Oval face capped with curls strong nose signs of middle aged not as dower as trajan busts much of shoulder Images of antinuos Some inscribed like greek god Thick cords ropes of strands style looks back to greek Hellenistic - large inset eyes lips oval shaped face youthful adolescence face exemplifies perfection Other worldliness - did Antinuous look anything like this

Antinous and Hadrian

same time quarter of 1st century - elaborate hair pieces are of those not highest elitist class - pincurls hive on head - comma shaped spray of locks hat or military 1940s

Capitoline Museums, From Columbarium of the gens Valeria Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek

Constantine moves capital to the West Rome survives in the East but is more power centralized 316 CE Soldiers become emperors and past through power turn overs quickly. Army raises them and tosses them new emperors form north Africa middle east. Emperors have no refined latin education Constantine's father ruled father so poorly, instated co rule with tetrarchs (two top rulers two sub rulers). Empire was divided in 4 parts geographic diversity hard to maintain. Warfare made it harder to defend. Constantine marched on Rome, fought off another generals to control Rome. Constantine saw an image of cross and converted to Christianity (was formerly a mystery cult from near east Romans tolerated most religions but didn't tolerate Christians because they didn't tolerate Roman cults, only recognized one god). Constantine arch is at one end of roman forum at edge of forum and colosseum. Covered with relief sculpture, not really a gate way. Arch of Septimius was made with different marble, this is all building blocks anything not concrete was stripped form earlier monuments recycled. Constantine didn't have enough good sculptors or marble, uses reliefs of Marcus Aurelius, Dacian prisoners from forum of Trajan, round reliefs are medallions form the lost monument of Hadrian of hunting and war. Has smaller reliefs of Constantine Took down reliefs from Trajan Hadrian and marcus auralius - (good enlightened emperors ruling over prosperous time). Propaganda? Wanted to be like them? All reassembled building material. Rome impoverished. Hadrian of all his habits king like hunting, sacrificing to Diana. Constantinian relief, flat schematic stubby shortened, medieval flat linear schematic. Battle allowed Constantine to take over Rome. Original relief two original Constantine- gives largess coins to gifts speaking lines up class picture flat relief - Constantine in Rome higher in center, figures next to him similar heads small stocky large heads simple schematic box like linear arrangement compared to ara pacis, Trajan column completely different. Symbolically wanted to bring up memories of the past great historical moments achieved prosperity peace. Constantine very difficult style monuments larger historical forces religion, world changing quickly army not holding well .Movements of people wanting a better life medieval world complete change in picture not end of Rome but transformations to finer relief forms. -is a triumphal arch in Rome, situated between the Colosseum and the Palatine Hill. It was erected by the Roman Senate to commemorate Constantine I's victory over Maxentius at the Battle of Milvian Bridge in 312.[a] Dedicated in 315, it is the largest Roman triumphal arch.[1] The arch spans the Via triumphalis, the way taken by the emperors when they entered the city in triumph.

Arch of Constantine, Rome, 312-315 CE

Arch of Titus after 81 CE Special way path for processions - enslaved prisoners - booty of war carted in come through sacred way - all we have that is original is center part - two outer stands reconstructed arch was built into a medieval structure - napoleon rediscovered roman elements had to rediscover pristine edges inscriptional plaque - are original 80-90 BC did titus begin it? Domitian publicly acclaimed built too many arches - important for religoius processions - deified by 81 Post augustus simple passage reconstructed Pedestal engaged columns corinthian order fluted frieze band procession inscriptional tablet people of rome DivoTito - at the top would be a bronze group of Titus and Vespasian in triumphal chariot art is a monument billboard inscription to people in rome who it is addressed to and patron names - gleaming over life size bronze on road way people would pass by - free structure - one of the relief passages Relief of spoils from the temple in jerusalem Historic scene - triumphal procession in place where the truimphal procession wouldve passed - vespatian titus sacked looted took silver seven branch candlestick on tabernacle base mehnora Sack of jerusalem Signs that would be protest or parade signs victory over jerusalem - soldiers still outdoors - biult into medieval buidling head of solders - holding base of mehnora on structure scaffolding bending shoulders high releif in tunics shadows between get a sense parade lone is snarling out - at edge on arch in relief on arch in low relief two little horses - shallow relief walking through an arch does it depict this arch? Self referential? Historic moment sacking of jerusalem temple - historical scene political propaganda honoring brother titus as god and father - domitius Imperial forum Building vespatian put up temple of pacius - imperial forum of augustus - in templepacius garden fountain museums art as loot from war menora displayed there - grand panopple precession On opposite side on another shoulder Another part of procession and victory procession Relief of Titus in triumphal chariot Winged victory personification cloth draped over shoulder laurel crown puts on titus' head titus honored in parade transcend victory alighted from heaven - in chariot celebrated in parade Figures personification of rome or roma honoring him in - youthful personification not virtue but to military valor - bundles of sticks - carried by imperial guard - a leader in rome rods some times axes - roman emperor has right to execute those who thwart his authority welcomed in rome full honor and occord - patriotic message - immortalized - style not in a museum no climate control - lower legs of horsesgine but still layering high relief and mlow relieve variation in relief very different from ara pacius of augustus like the figural processions that was static this is lively dynamic overlapped as if popping out at us - joined in kinetic movement - style of relief carving - over your head Different style experessionistic - ccomplecity of roman art cant define style by emperor or time - many styles used at the same time diefictation of emperor Relief panel in center of arch way the apotheosis of Titus Rosettes titus like portrayed head he is flying on the back of an eagle literally being wafted up to heaven to become a god - here ru;ers were cremated in north of rome - large bonfire wood incense to make it smell good effigies of wax could be set afire - cremated - dramatic effect funerals an eagle would be released from a cage symbolic of the ascent of soul to heaven

Arch of Titus, after 81 C.E.

130-140 end of Hadrian beautiful bust drapery slipping up her freed men put it up scallop shelled curls Altar lower class - middle class development Julia Synegoris know how old she lived 19 years Was she married, her father Julius agathopus father dedicated his most pious daughter - little face lines there looks older than 19 maybe hairstyle Tears round ringlet - bands crest hole in center metal or jewelry - this business people professionals little portrait sumptuous complex portrait name dates not diana Those out of historical record How they adorn themselves Did she have get up on in life Effort Of doing hair columns of curls would it be a wig - craziness Augustan women - parted - straight hair funerary modest working status - interesting Trajan and Hadrian - period women had modest straight hair - before had complex architectonic hair - way women looked was governed wanted homogeneity not to stand out - satirists wealthy women wanting to get lovers spending money on hair makeup jewelry - women rich and not tightly controlled was a concern for roman governing powers - wanted women to be veiled if a woman of standing - portrait does the art reflect reality or aspiration - guess work on hair

British Museum, Bust of Claudia Olympias Capitoline Museums, Funerary Altar of Julia Synegoris

Some have curly or straight hair naturally maybe Empire is global - bronze head from spain by barcelona - curls like wreath crest - rest of hair in braids or bun - chignon 3 piece hair style complicated On right - bronze statue expensive tin and copper - wife official of emperor official in spain? Right mummy portrait from egypt egypt fell from mark antony to cleopatra to augustus Egyptians mumify dead Mummy wrapped would have thin wooden board over face would paint a likeness Did testing and imaging with bone structure ask forensic artist to draw face - artist drawing from facial remains would match portraits Sometimes artist made face thinner decrease jawline Mummy portraits quasi realistic Ringlets Small bun with bone ivory pin ringlets Flavian style Dates from late 1st century CE Roman painted portraits fayum portraits Actually from all over Painted brightly colored marble sculptures pigment put in wax glowing jewelry have color - highly colorful jewelry status did they wear wsh to have Fleshy young woman show prosperity comfort - eyes liquid have a name inscription in greed Deemo remembered forever elite even in roman period descended like cleopatras family from Hellenistic society multicultural - language could be greek live under roman laws hairstyles look roman also Hairstyle of wreath of ringlets went around empire Was it initiated by daughter of Titus and wife of Domitian Came late in reign had no children Was this a popular style came from matrons or senatorial

Bronze head from Emporiae, Spain, Fayum Portrait of Roman Egypt

Cancelleria relief advantus of vespasian 93-96 CE Return from war domitius would fight in germany - other places Same style elongated figures dominate relief plane - eyes catch toga drapery folds rhythms Found in same place Still man with cornucopia Vespatian is old man and domitian in center before bald man Domitian and the domitian and his father Scholarly argument about If altared to cancel the memory they still didn't put it up anywhere Marble workshop Sense building of augustus Don't have enough How would emperor commission works of art were there workshops bureaucracy - we have no records or inscriptions of how it was organized - marbles from greece turkey africa - building trades artwork employ to people natural resources training marvel carvers Training years months

Cancelleria Relief, Adventus of Vespasian, 93-96 C.E.

Cancelleria reliefs profectio scene, domitian, 93-96 CE head recarved after domitian's damnatio memoriae (found in renaissance piazza in rome - thought to be artists workshop - huge reliefs from monumental building found face down tucked in sculptor's workshop ) Shows military departure of emperor to rome - enhanced adams apple - may orrigianlkky have been domitian but then recarved? Chiseled face Also domitian suffered damnatio memorie - memory damned or meant to be forgotten cancelled Large releifs beautifully crafted never put inplace on a building - in terms of style Figures arch of titus - style Dated later to the 90s - later part of domitians reign - in terms of style look different Much Lower relief - sense of compression and movement Shallow relief if there is overlap its much lighter - flat background shallow relief figures head to toe - frontal and profile view much more static Middle man curly with beard personification of the senate people looking at domitian Woman personification of roman pushing him out And minerva infront then mars and winged victory leading the way hasnt won yet but foreshadowed will win Nude boy with cornucopia is the genius - spirit of the personification of roman people - population of rome Old man with beard and walking stick is senate Thin elongated heads aligned portrait features - not portrait all look classical full lips youthful eyes rounded cheeks Uniforms personification abstraction crisp drapery lines much more classicising Long augustus processions 10 years earlier see also commissioned by domitian Dont knwi what it wouldve adorned more stately looks back to augustus Domitian's pretentious implement marriage - looked back on augustus Fragmented another pair - Re-carved head is a little smaller - has a different facial structure than

Cancelleria Reliefs, Profectio scene, Domitian, 93-96 C.E., head recarved after Domitian's damnatio memoriae

another villa of tiberius on capri Place for vacationers seaside hotels rocky beaches Tiberius had the longest run of julio claudian - thought to be moody introverted liked to be out of rome and political hot seat - has summer seaside villas - could run rome from various villas - high cliffs Think about technology of building on cliff sides of 1,000 feet from sea - local rock some limestone but had to bring up all building materials AD 25 - view vista - like fortuna palestry Elevates spot sight strategy Heights steep precipice Center courtyard underneath was a cistern for collecting rainwater - squarish like villas of the mysteries - cisterns - wouldn't see water held - irregularities of the sights South side to the right - had a private bathing facility use light warmth of sun climate controlled semi circular niches - aula grand hall along one on east side approaches cliffside for views imperial apartments at north end - fuccina - staircase kitchen imperial reception hall - logia walkway partially covered colonnade 100 ft down - triclinium garden room - suetonius lives of the caesars scandals of the reign - tiberius mabe over enjoyed himself had young boys threw off the cliffs when he no longer pleased him - could be made up since he neglected his responsibilities in rome who knows - another series of rooms detached different pavilions or structured - dispersed on rocky area to give variety of views Pliny the younger tells us of villas sighting breeses climate nature

Capri: Villa of Tiberius, Villa Iovis, platform and portico type villa, baths and water cisterns

stele of soldier who served as an auxiliary in the cavalry, then as administrative assistant to officers, and, finally, a captain of a legion; he lived 58 years, 32 days; his brother erected this monument. Quality of inscription would've been expensive, steadiness of hand. Titus Calidius Severus, 3 names good latin, served in calvary decorio captain of legion. No portrait of him, just uniform armor not breastplate, but chain mail, abstract inorganic equipment with no body. Black smith emphasized, simple figure made out in tunic, groom and horse. Auxiliary in calvary, probably old, not Roman who gained status. Uniform stands for status and achievement rougher sandstone evenness, substantial expensive monument.

Carnuntum (Vienna) Funerary Stele of Titus Calidius Severus, 114 C.E.

house of diana insular blocks, grid plans one multi family insola urban block or apartment dwelling - markets of trajan? Extends to the roof line higher buildings ground floor street level large windows doors - at ground level - shops like pompeii house of the faun - shops taverns - people enter go upstairs rooms longer rooms Hard to find which apartment is which series of apartments enter go upstairs open on a courtyard appears as if there is a common latrine and a hearth - no running water pumped upstairs at all - kitchen facilities danger of fir e

Casa di Diana, insula block or apartment house, with shops along the facade

Colossal basalt statues of Hercules and Bacchus (dionysus) from Domitian's Throne room, Palatine palace Fragments of them they were looted - popping musculature Male female ambiguous - god doesnt have massive male musculature - domitian with all teh gods beautifully craved monumental figures - pay court as if these were his equals Domitian was assassinated - glittering marble

Colossal basalt statues of Hercules and Bacchus (Dionysus) from Domitian's throne room, Palatine Palace

Colosseum = Flavian Amphitheater, dedicated in 80 CE Named from Nero's colossal bronze statue 120 ft on the site - 40-55,000 people it seated Larger constrcuted in nivel way uses more concrete - dimensions - 615 ft x 510ft Took ten years to build Exterior travertine local roman stone Interior tufa vulcanic stone but mainly inside concrete - flat grounds remains of the lake - facade design was conservative - interor what allows it to stand and what gives passage tp 50,000 people exeecdingly important how people pass through it concrete allows for network of honeycomb ramps - part of interest in technology and building for huge crowds Model Awning over stands network of tunne;s and stairs for circulation of crowd No concrete on outer walls - facade conservative arcaids hemmed in by half columns order - concrete extended barrel vaulting on interior Wood as you go higher up people of less important Why would they have poles around the edge - for the awning - image of painting on a wall riot of pompeii 60s fans from suburbs - people in awnings - tend to have poles with canvas awning over a part manipulates by ropes on the ground manipulated to keep some seats out of direct sun Vaults teirs Imperial box one side on center Senators Noble important women would sit in a different section - if wife of a senator you would sit with staff servants and slaves - couldnt want to be near lower class men Wives of officials wouldn't be sent by themselves - women of freed people and ordinary citizens All of roman People audience looked out sense of all of roman society whole city identify with mob mass unity - emperor sits down - boo'd hissed could hide in the crowd - even if sent guards wouldnt likely find you - amphitheater place ordinary person would be in same venue even if huge of the same event of the emperor - anonymity of crowd could express political opinions Usually - 1st century pompeii rome - back biting figyting in theater - here authoritarianism won and emperor was respected - vespatian was love returned city to the people - prosperous time - titian had to deal with pompeii but there was less protest as was feared of theaters in the earlier centuries Arena floor with substructures below for gladiators, animals, and props Below floor substructure dark clamped smelly - tight corridors Gladiator - cages boxes for lions and tigers - systems of pulleys and devices to bring the animals from the cage so they'd spring out lift pulleys and gears - gladiators staged fight not to the death could be interventions animals very theatrical Have tours going into substructures Help of arches Subterranean city mock battles - money from spoils of Jerusalem - recreations of historic battles like the battle of jerusalem would make replicas of temple of solomon - victory sportsmanship war Spectacularized Others say most amphitheaters Could be flooded for naval battles - naumachia - how woud you do it - seal and flood the floor not underneath - but floor itself flooded for mock shifts - recent sources say not - smaller venues in rome Sound water proof Curving corridors vaulted passages and ramps staircases and substructures; radial walls connected by concrete barrel vaults support the upper tiers Everyone enters through arch have to find way to seat 50,000 people in and out - also separation of the classes Had to seperate managed to do that so there was no theft social discords barrel vaults support upper tiers allows space to separate - crowd control security Facade - conservative Ascending engaged orders: Doric Iconic Corninthian And pilasters on top story Oval corridor Arched opening arcade series - order tuscan doric plain capital above second story arched opening statues in each engaged order is ionic Longer elongated above Non functional decorative semi circle bordered by verticality 3rd story sculpture corinthian series of leaves plant campus - mediterranean plant - used and exploited by romans Highest engaged order flattened to strip pilaster disembodied - columns functional supporting moclding horizontal rood models - meant to frame no practical effect Top is holders for poles and shields on top Decoration common with other budildings Security and access - light air ways to get in and out - here Barrel vaults lead out from radiating walls - for ring walls on bottom would have barrel vault Ground floor annular corridor with barrel vault Second floor annular corridor with groin vaults - helps to brace concrete vaulting - better lighting springing arches warren of ramps corridors concrete sculptural ceilings - concrete neros colden house new space Vespatian Drains lake Builds a building of mass entertainment - one at pompeii this is far larger and more developed False name - statue allegedly 120 ft tall of son god Sol with features of nero - at sight of the colossus - got name colosseum - more known as flavian amphitheater - amphi double oval bowl shape - ancients would have called it an arena (latin for sand tractions for animals if fell wouldnt hurt also absorbed the blood - some wounded and died) - not all gladiators could die payed for up keep Important on reverses of coins One side of coin building monument - oval Arch in interior - emperors box - theater at pompeii half of it - stratification in seating - important audience sat ring side - woman and salves sat up - loud noisy - often all of rome was there - like a boiling cauldren city vibrating - race tract circus maximus - emperor would put on games 81 younger son domitian took over Facade has series of arched openings upper level had horses - at bottom openings are where you would enter - emerpror paid for it - get a token and it would be like a ticket and give you a leter or nuer for which arch to enter - statuary sculpture adorns buikdings - sheilds vespatian paid for building for booty - literary sheilds

Colosseum = Flavian Amphitheatre, Dedicated in 80 C.E. Named from Nero's colossal bronze statue (120 ft tall) on the site Awning over stands, Network of tunnels and stairs for circulation of crowd Curving corridors, vaulted passages and ramps, staircases, and substructures; radial walls connected by concrete barrel vaults support the upper tiers Ascending engaged orders: Doric Ionic Corinthian and pilasters on top story

Antonius pious good care taker nothing extreme period of prosperity and peace less violent warfare and campaigns - under Marcus Aurellius Emperor left work of stoic philosophy - thinking man intellectual - monuments reflect back - column of Trajan downtown Rome near pantheon not where forum commemorative column victorious war monument german campaigns against other people - sarmertian from eastern Europe near Germany - bronze statue on tom base - spiral relief band curls around figures show war - little band Reliefs celebrate wars against the Marcomanni And Sarmatians, Germanic tribes. Storm god - like personifies Danube river - storm god interrupts to win battle in favor of romans - scenes of vilemce beheading of enemy prisoners - hands bound - wanton destruction of romans in Germany Rhineland - women and children carted away compare contrast - columns with relief spiral bands - higher relief deeper shadow - designers of second column trying to make more visible and legible - less individual figures higher relief starker repetitive character - more landscape setting - more room - more visible - repetitive scenes - more of an emphasis on human suffering and effects of war - facial expression Fewer figures in higher relief - more throughout - fewer figures higher relief - villages what we seem to see Marcus Aurelius as philosopher left meditations on greeks in charge of empire expressed in private doubts of ability of romans to hang onto vast land and military cost life training holding onto this first including end of 3rd century - century where emperors thrown up by army then taken down military dictator ship - Antonines dynasties Flavian's Julio Claudian power is military based 3rd century boarders of empire become zones of conflict - Trajans war in Romania was offensive - these wars were more defenses - from roman Success romans such great city builders - could supply markets breads bath houses circuses other people outside wanted in - attractive - breaking into boarders because metropolitan life was attractive part of the problem Rome wanted to dominate feared letting people in boarders economic cost - bearing down Marcus Aurelius thinking on it - people of Rome wars - see somewhat heightened emotion more despair and suffering Don't see Aurelius all over as you see Trajan Marcus Aurelius managed war even generals and commanders over extending - success others wanted in Cultural perspectives shift in Rome

Column of Marcus Aurelius, left, 180 C.E

Column of trajan - grey granite columns below whats left of basilica columns - 16th century churches around it centerpiece id the column - column shows huge column 100 ft tall not architectural Top of column would've had trajan statue gone now has st peter Has a spiral band of friezes 200 meters long like wound scroll scenes of trajan's major military victory - dacian campaigns - Romania eastern Europe - 101-102 campaigns spanned - column one huge with relief sculpture of two campaigns who could see it going up 100 ft - librairies multiple stories windows and balconies could get closer view of upper area of relief scroll Frieze tells story in detail of campaigns - some evidence trajan wrote history of camden wants to control history no better way then to write about it - assumed the text and commentaries on war in romania or Dacia - housed in latin library - greek lib had source materials - could read trajan account of war and image and columns - libraries - before in augustus' palace Romans slow to collect latin literature but wanted it toi be on par with greek literature part of a temple to a god before - trajan puts in forum that has propaganda for military campaign no higher god or mythology augustus used it selectively Base of column shows citizens of rome in city - life of troops in mundane detail - brutal scenes of battle beheadings - news documentary propaganda in heart of rome - on frontier strength of trajan at the base - long inscription arch of titus - caesar in Pretoria - emperors take title of augustus Dacians list of titles honors of trajan - in oder to build forum cut out esquiline hill - room at the bottom stair case can go up inside - originally urns found remains of trajan Remains placed Plotina - idea emperor becomes a god At base shields captured enemy arms - javalins spears - flying victories - enemy booty of dacia - like enemy booty of jerusalem built colosseum As we go up magnified releif carving paint added - would still be hard to see - at bottom long haired beaded personification of the river (center image) boats with wooden slats - building forts - besides fighting we see lots of scenes of romans much detail added and is visible Impossible structure - was flanked with architecture Emperors from Spain wealthy well educated - global empire more expansive and inclusive - how to get up to high ranks? Army elite culture expands to Spain - huge column 23 bands spiral carved - commemorates wars in Romania/ Dacia - impossible to take it all in - library balconies maybe would reflect texts trajan wrote commentaries on the war Low relief packed with campaign - human figure classical form - like professional scenes of ara pacis - naturalistic - architecture small tipped forward - trees rivers and boats - human action very difficult - standard repetitive scenes - start romans setting out cross danube river - repepative scenes of organization marching in line building forts sacrificing to god's - engineering destroying forests - fighting submission of the enemy - bloodletting heads rolling - boring day to day activities of an army advancing - artificial bridge that they take away - building camp architecture miniature - work in pairs team work -contrasts how they show barbarians fighting for themselves individualized not organized - most important in column with repetitive genre scene - narrative goes forward - moving through camps - see emperor trajan as fatherly caretaker man of the people not like nero or caligula more like vespasian - the more closely you look hes all over the column - marched out with med but maybe didnt fight dangerous to have emperor in the fields- - has long face and nose and augustan fringed bangs - artistic conventions wears a metal breast plate like augustus of prima porta - he is repeated any where on battle fireld trajan is there making a speech imploring them to go fight - may appear many times with in a single band Trajan all over watching over staying not secluded in place in rome Pontoon bridge soldiers equipment and kits Trajan Column Danger of building a bridge during battle bc enemy could use it - so made boats with weights to anchor then put planks across boats to transfer men and equipment then have boats with them but can disassemble easily only they can use ingenuity Carrying kits on a bindle tied basket strainers mess kits Little fringe banner Eagles Mess kits Lots of archologically correct veristic detail of military life Submission of Dacians to Trajan Repetition Inside of a camp architecture shrinks - set up camp trajan taller longer wears tunic breastplate - long jaw and nose Dacian Carts animals dacians some not killed but enslaved or moves out of the way into different territories not on borders Dacian woman torturing Roman captives (left) Dacians being resettles moved off (below) Fronettic battle - horses cavalry - close thrusting warfare - bloody Hand to hand combat - detailed scenes - Dacian woman with hair pulled back long tunic - striped naked roman captive burns tortures with a torch Dacians women and children - citizens of rome got idea of warfare and history if they could see the reliefs trajan in absolute control all seeing all knowing roman forces excellently controlled many architectural projects lots of details but impossible to see Background carved across individual units - artisans sculptures Detailed figures figures dominate - background and movement Few trees - figures building a fort taming the river by linking boats with slats Cut down trees work in teams to build temporary forts - romans organized efficient Third register from up from bottom center is trajan legions troops talking to him then to right larger in foreground shows long haired dacians in tunics and leggings then above sailing ships and vessels - interesting romans better organized tight fighting force building bring civilization of cities where they go - trajan is with them leading men on edge of battle field shown speaking active and engaged military commander responsible for his men Evidence of trajan sacrificing to god - orderly movements organizing sacrificing being at the forefront - bloody scenes were dacians lodging burned men killed women put on carts - wealth of detail difficult for anyone to see - climactic seen where Dacian commander killed head brought to Trajan accounts for war repetitive scenes - sacrifice to gods makes them successful marbles and columns 30 ft below street level - markets - basilica of trajan for administrative purposes law courts imperial ceremonies military returning libraries regular public libraries a part of an institution of higher learning ceremonial purposes - time lavished on relief sculptures

Column of Trajan, Base, 113 C.E.

Column of Trajan, scenes of the aftermath of warfare in Dacia (Romania) as distinct from those on the Column of Marcus Aurelius compare contrast - columns with relief spiral bands - higher relief deeper shadow - designers of second column trying to make more visible and legible - less individual figures higher relief starker repetitive character - more landscape setting - more room - more visible - repetitive scenes - more of an emphasis on human suffering and effects of war - facial expression Fewer figures in higher relief - more throughout - fewer figures higher relief - villages what we seem to see Marcus Aurelius as philosopher left meditations on greeks in charge of empire expressed in private doubts of ability of romans to hang onto vast land and military cost life training holding onto this first including end of 3rd century - century where emperors thrown up by army then taken down military dictator ship - Antonines dynasties Flavian's Julio Claudian power is military based 3rd century boarders of empire become zones of conflict - Trajans war in Romania was offensive - these wars were more defenses - from roman Success romans such great city builders - could supply markets breads bath houses circuses other people outside wanted in - attractive - breaking into boarders because metropolitan life was attractive part of the problem Rome wanted to dominate feared letting people in boarders economic cost - bearing down Marcus Aurelius thinking on it - people of Rome wars - see somewhat heightened emotion more despair and suffering Don't see Aurelius all over as you see Trajan Marcus Aurelius managed war even generals and commanders over extending - success others wanted in

Column of Trajan, right, 113 C.E.

Domitian 81-96 CE - younger brother of Titus long reign controlled senate laws on morality marriage conservative allowed more foreign born equestrians and romans to come into the servus Dominus et Deus Suetonius says after a bit domitian demanded people to call him dominus et deus - and god kinda like nero - built a great palace on top of neros - over weining dominant - was assasinated - always alone worried Nasty sadistic brutish creature enjoyed killing flies ripping wings off - tormented little creatures killed off competition was assassinated don't get to control your story - youngest son Built more more art work - vespasian hyper realistic veristic shot through with republican values tradition old rome - titus fuller face Domitius compare with nero fuller face more hair - domitius different younger - not emperor like - short little hair long nose high forehead face has different structure than brother and father - liong narrow long neck - little hairs not really curls of titus - doenst look like an adult not a sense of power - twisted comma shaped hair - suetonius when older in 30s he was bald receding hairline - wigs hair care wrote treaty on hairloss - obsessed - truth or image not shown bald - youthful young but of maturity - pale color on irises of eyes different image of power good emperors - different image based on physiognomy

Domitian, 81-96 C.E. Dominus et Deus

Domus Augustina Private apts. Garden with fountains Shield shape - pelta shield amazons had shields like that - distinctly interesting - not a common design - done by domitian early second century - green courtyard with a pool open or closed Walled in shadowy No view of circus maximus Striking rooms on both levels - above rooms of different shapes interlocking

Domus Augustana: Private apts., garden with fountains

Triclinium with fountain courts

Domus Flavia:

Tricillium with fountain courts Climate control - dining inside open doors windows water fountains breezes coming through with water flowing and fountains One dining couch or multiple dining couches Receiving rooms for government Domus Flavia" Near nymphaeum

Domus Flavia: Peristyle near Triclinium

Domus Flavia: state rooms Domus Augustana: private rooms Vespatian and sons until domitian wanted to not be like nero - fronted with chains of rooms long narrow corridors separate pavilions rooms off of a colonnaded frame Here compact rectilinear like a house or mansion like villa of mysteries platform villa square rectilinear - place for staff slaves Place emperor rendered jugdement Basicilica meeting hall throne room - grand rooms Walls bracketed out with niches for statues - lararium private shrine or chapel Civic meeting haul apse here - rectangle colonaids - vaulted - room so large too large to be vaulted over Huge corners straight blocked or baffled Poets of the period write aboyt emperor - poet marshial wrote on opening of colosseum Another one wrote on emperors throne room Cosmos revolves around you Archeologists looked at it questioned if throne room could support a dome - marbles covered in concrete panneling red purple expensive glittery showy interior P1- peristyle greenery - octagonal fountain thing Wanted walkways and able to see people all around him paranoid thought hed be cut down Ovals - fountains screen walls views Private small central rooms 35 ft below private apartments small complicated shapes Octagon shaped room would be domed Could look through rooms - odd geometric shapes like puzzle private places for meetings Grows from Nero's golden house Aula regia - hallways - niches with statues

Domus Flavia: state rooms Domus Augustana: private apts.

other houses idea of pretentious villas so significant would develop small garden spaces - down the road from villa of miniature close to amphitheater - two large plots comprising city block - sign painted on facade estate of woman Julia Felix - Happy Julia - woman as owner like Eumachia - research paper Was a house baths Large street was via del abbaganza - abundant street goes to amphitheteer - late fase 1st century ce 62-79 had small bathing hot cold and tepid - had bar commercial establishment Had baths dining rooms shops and apartments for all the best people - colonaid or peristyle courtyard - had canal water pumped through Beautiful dining room Scenes of the nile Scenes of the miniature Old domus In back to the left on the image - grand dining room and courtyard for rent catering - most people ate at home - upper story - eumachia woman as owner - real estate julia felix painting shows no husband father or nobility - interesting Other half living above shops or bar but someone who established themselves Paintings show commercial life of pompeii - key house shows us of middle class commercial owner people trying to move up in society Look at paintings see

Estate of Julia Felix, with baths, dining establishment, shops, apartments

Vespasian 69-79 CE Bring generals to Rome install emperors to power - even more important to make sure you have a sucessor - son is even better - last general incharge after demise of nero was Vespasian military flavain dyansty from countryside and rome not of most elite senatorial blood but he had adult sons served in military and survived dynasty has 3 generations to first century BC Receeding hairline kinda like ceasar - portrait political statement some portraits hes older exagerates fot political purpose - making augustus like caesar for political sources relating them - like brutus republican veristic - purposeful looked back to nero - recalls old republican virtues - Domitian was assasimated - often the end of the line is assasinated certain narratives means types Vespatian older purposely crafting image away from augustus and julio claudian - not youthful beautiful - more experience dedication to state not out to rule like a god - romans dignitas actoritas gravitas wedded to moment and reality working for something larger than yourself - peaceful and prosperous - takes nero's palace destroys it and opens it up too excessive - claim to modesty reality of rome's citizens empire is a servant of the state looks after peoples needs - titus tough time

Flavian Dynasty: Vespasian, 69-79 C.E

Titus 79-81 CE Son of Vespaisian served after his father Difficult time has to oversee pompeii another fire in rome he had to handle - fires in rome because not too many building regulations realestate principals wooden roofs not fire resistant hard to get water in hard for a water pregade after fire 64 nero tried to make regulatuins wider streets concrete construction but not very enforced in 80 CE another fire not as bad as earlier but destroyed some monuments titus had to rebuild - younger but middle aged - died of fever

Flavian Dynasty: Titus, 79-81 C.E.

most high flying excessive sumptuous Not worn by imperial women but private portraits Would think in this society women were civizens but restricted high degree of homogeneity and conformity female extravagance fortune on extravagance - immporak to draw attention to self Item is interesting fousecca bust Capitaline museums in rome In text books often well reproduced Flavian hairstyle Higher taller locks springier and looser Large ringlets large sausage curls - large crest of curls the rest tightly curled - like brim of a bonnet - tall - gell wig partial hair piece - front piece of curls heavy band of leather - woman does recreations in baltimore If you have hair that is resilient with some curl Tendrils that escape Bust Neck broken placed into later bust beautiful nose broken but distinct heart shaped face This figure beauty apex of fashion late 1st century 90s Drill leather band someone hold drill bit complicated technique - who does the figure represent Fonseca - architect comic loose springing curls - someone in flavian court important Doesn't look like Domitia or julia titi Complex adornment high fashion avant guard Not form those of highest social level Broken off reminds of hair different not the same Fonseca head

Fonseca Bust

4th style end of pompeii predates earthquake 50-79 CE Walls become much busier - recycle adapts motifs from all previous style has faux stone panels architecture collections of paintings on walls - floating figures nymphs red and gold mythological center piece - white zones - acrhictecyreue makes no sense white cages - textile patterns mythological metal work garlands upper moldings of a colonnade 4th style wall paper textiles flattened non allusionistic - Bottom zone base flat white zone - central mythological painting side scenes with flying cupid Ribbons or borders

Fourth Style Painting, House of the Vettii, Pompeii 4th Style: 50- 79 CE

little candelabra cage - beautiful background mythological figures jewels stags makes no sense If visit pompeii pompeii painting of 4th style white and black used makes no sense Functional object or beautiful design floating figures Why? Fixing walls after earthquake Forum baths closed - last burst of activity Incorporates various architectural scenes panels - more complex has lots of stuff in it - flattened less allusionistic filigree jeweled designed pattern - villa of mystery Garden room villa of livia - pastiche effect - overall busy wall system 7 BC late 1st century CE Augustus end of 1st century CE

Fourth Style Painting, House of the Prince of Naples, Pompeii

two women of scandal and new hairstyle funerary reliefs Heads and shoulders framed mugshot - freed men owned by same master - late 1st - 2nd century not really reliefs of tombs but funerary altars square block of stone ashes of deceased Cornelia put up by husband or son to his mother Docisima - most sweet mother Son put this up backward freed woman of a woman - son free born Most sweet Name has greek origin Date palms on either side Play on her name most sweet mother Born in slavery freed woman of a woman - dont see husbands name Hairstyle Ex slave social mobility success story free born son has sculpture inscribed - big chunk of income - still know her name - wears hairstyle of the moment - if she was at colosseum would be in cheap seats Woman of a certain age damage on altar eyes look like bugging in head flesh bulging in skin Sagging of age marks not idealized youthful Interesting imperial women lead the way in hairstyles Simple hairstyles - here adapting the hairstyle of the elite would she have it in real life or is it a projection - how would you get curls to stay? Beeswax - something sticky - slaves would help even ex slaves freed women may have had household help wigs maybe Hairpiece or wig Could be fiction son may have known it was fashionable shown in best light maybe Costly upkeep of hair - labor cheap Middle class could have a slave or two Shes shown as augustain funerary reliefs Extensions of arms but shown as a bust as a work of art Bust of the period shows the chest arm pits allusion own works of art Interesting not shown as full woman but as a work of art Works of art to commemorate the deal

Funerary Altar of Cornelia Glyce

Out of pompeii willas and grand houses of Augustus' family - grandeur and style - leave pompeii Villa of livia - wife of Augustus - would have been to east of rome country place - garden room nicer today in museum in Rome Took fresco upper surface of walls three walls 4 In livia was from room partially underground - cool for hot summer moths - room like grotto and barrel vaulted room - dined Considered second style - but no architecture or large scale firgures - forest garden foliage imagery - couldve seen garden outside but this kept them out of the sun Each section of the room one tree is highlighted in a niche Romans think of wiles of nature - domesticated way through - density of forest but path through - seasons dont make sense - variety of things in bloom pomegranates persimmons - but would bloom at different times not same season - caged birds doves white doves - foreground detailed flora and fauna more dense blue sky and thicket - state of restoration - oak - tree on each side - center piece Jupiter Plants symbolic of deities Ivy to bacchus Everything in blossom shimmery and glimmery all at once Imagery of ara pacis - vine scroll everything in bloom woman and children with fruits Beautiful scene of natrue organized with paths of entry easy to explore - symbolism of gods and godessed - pleasent surrounding nature not left wild - poet - Varro - his descriptions wild over the top - dining room fantasy of dining different multipel many ways - one dining room for entertainment had huge bird house diners could look at while eating - large structure not small cage - larger than room itself just for delectation of visitors Feels like dining outdoors but cool in hot months 20 BC or so second style

Garden Room of the villa of Livia, Primaporta

Linen wrappings folded delicately, expensive wrappings contain mummified remains inside. From all over Egypt into one place called the name Fayum, body is mummified, old Egyptian practice. Portrait painted on linen wrapping, painted portrait adheres to roman habits realism. Name is in greek syncretic, multicultural, different instances of Egyptian motifs, name in greek. Augustus conquered but before Cleopatra was from elite greek heritage speaking form Alexandria. Greek culture ruled over Egyptian population. Here elite greek culture, boys attended gymnasium public school to learn reading writing. She was a school mistress elementary school teacher of greek. Remains of a woman between 18-early 20s, linen tightly wound, teachers of greek were well paid. Occupations of women before marriage: midwife, play lute in low class bar, this was more refined occupation. Dropped pearl earrings, less showy, large liquid eyes paint suspended in waxy pigment. Hermione hair parted simple style like Livia, Eumachia, conservative style. Occupation ancient Egyptian mummification - roman portrait realistic greek language and culture.

Hermione Grammatike, first half of 1st c. CE, Linen wrappings, role of teacher of Greek in Egyptian towns

Hippodrome - sunken garden shape of stadium (facing Circus Maximus) Miniature garden makes miniature race track Colonnade walkway private recollection exercise scope complications niches and vaulting - rabirius creative technically able - different architecture - ceremonial and private life of emperor - tangible rhetoric of power in state rooms - domitian disease of building fire in 80 took power 81 built 30 or so major buildings Novel shapes Women images of court Livia wife of augustus Copenhagen (from Bay of Naples) and Madrid statues How women represented in art - some pompeian painting - titus arch not so much no women none in army - reliefs of domitian no women - backtrack - women were citizens in rome as opposed to in greece had restricted rights - couldn't vote or hold public offices political power and participation - had citizenship Restricted participation courts access to courts - could hold property with some restrictions Hampered in private life public life couldnt vote or hold office - private life legal concept of romans - traditional patriarchy patria potestas - absolute right of the father the patricarch - the father - a woman coud contract marrage with father permission - rather to accept and raise a child of his own - father decided a child was or wasnt his own - if it was defective or ill fathers could abandon children - in rubishies babies would be abandonded - some adopted some taken by others with good or bad intentions - human life was expendable some would pick uo for enslaving or human trafficking - father had absolute rights over young women - adult male has fathers authority In terms of legal authority a father could leave property equally to men or women - demographics - up to who lived long average life expectancy was 28 - woman married early died childbirth diseases rampant no medicine or vaccines - many 28 - some lived longer - not to numbers we see today -

Hippodrome - Sunken garden in shape of a stadium (facing Circus Maximus)

Sometimes go up tp Rome by cart - brick face concrete stylized better produced has cylindrical brinks ornamental moldings name marble elegant facade - brick face for proletariate- more proletariate Elevated refined structure - functional building smaller rooms around courtyard containers of grain and olive oil - one with and elaborate face painting not as plentiful as in pompeii - looks smaller because it's not compact by 5th century population moved north and east Tiber became swampy infected with malaria, intense summers attacks of malaria - medieval - got worse disease inhabited in some houses - no painting in apartment building In the plan 6 skewed grid plan major street intersects - 6 has large ish dwellings - ancient garden or apartments Style of wall paintings in Ostia - not much - fourth style - has mythological figures wall borders seem thin - red and gold thru fresco - architectural vistas paintings - second style fake wall covering stone paneling - like Jewel like textiles - cage like settings ghost like - wall paper setting - last style intersects styles - not much left houses left un inhabited

Horrea Epagathiana, 140-150 C.E., warehouse, Second-century brickwork on façade, central courtyard, stores grain before being shipped to Rome & Wall painting in Ostian houses

House of the mosaic atrium herculaneum Sea level rising thick volcanic mud - most of herculaneum also unexcavated Nucleus of house - a entry way, b court yard, c hall courtyard i reception rooms More is given to open air - medditeraneian - core shrinks c - dining room ' Greenery enclosed in city dwelling is very luxurious framed room over looking cliff to the sea Roofs modern

House of the Mosaic Atrium, Herculaneum

areas near garden apartments - not large with a range or rooms and patterns - Pompeiian stood out - dining rooms of pompeiian houses - had multiple larger grander to see these in Ostian houses - Ostian apartments - didn't dine in mostly ate out - in the ancient world tavern eating wasn't chic - instead luxurious - marble stand next maybe was a fountain house or nymphaium - 3th style paintings Elaborate imported marble from power - elite luxurious drawings Not villas - no gardens or grounds - villa in miniature red canal have less here - Ostia is much more urban and compact - working class - not as grand or luxurious or painted Later on late antiquity 62-64

House, with marble paneling and Inlaid floors

contribution of hadrian to imperial Fora - roman forum is south to the right - palatine hill to east by tiber Auhustus romulus history museum Forum of Peace by vespatian Plan - imitates augustan hemicycles - temple of mars ultor semicircular niches with statuary - hemicycles large colonaided court basilica - column of trajan - libraries greek and latin - unexcavated temple possibly the divine trajan built to commemorate him after his death - larger lan individual forums - its huge - was a monumental building project part of a hill had to be carved away - neighborhoods and shops taken over - trajan reshaping the space of down town rome Temples market place eumachias building - basilicas for law courts commercial legal - imperial forum places where emperor showed his power and authority shrines of propaganda - forum of augustus no divine god and goddess - mythology gone only focused on trajan not his ancestors no deities dynasties or mythological deities - flags and banners of troops - flags of captives wars in Romania - north east of rome - basilica opia - opia family name - but decorated with military spoils and names of legions and commanders ideology wasn't profound or deep larger and more complex - model - enter center - banners prisoners of war - covered basilica to the left at the cone shape at front greek and latin libraries to the left attached to long building to the right of little temple sticking out

Imperial Fora In Rome, Trajan's Forum and Basilica dedicated in A.D.112 Column in A.D.113

Ties to augustus land owning agropena Claudius wears large crown - he looks older not idealized youth reflects reality older mature middle aged man when he became emperor caligula assasinated - he was too harsh curel and tempestuous irregular - cant believe all rumors but stil Claudius hid out quiet soul studied the etruscands read histories and palace guards found him hiding behind tapestries made him the emperor - reluctant didnt campaign Looks of portraits was more matured - nose cacked has been replaced - sagging eyes, same hairstyle more plastically brushed differently same julio-claudian hairstyle - followed julius caesar's policies had rome go up to france and britain Nero (right) - last of this dynasty - head looks different fuller wider jaw fatter fuller fleshy young man lots of hair long sideburns - heavier cheeks youthful - fullness of face shows affluence health well being Augustus previous rulers were not fleshier poofier puffed up - nero looks more like greek helenistic ruler form alexander the great - break with nero - some of his behaviors - building in rome excessive grand celebrated himself and his ties to the gods - romans for a while thought didnt tie with gods werent gods until maybe after they died after death of augustus 14 CE- 68 CE - Nero forced to co

Imperial Portraits: Claudius and Nero

Head apart of a statue then removed not so much a bust but a socket for a full figure - fall break art museums want to acquire - willfully maimed decapitated Tiberius (14-37 CE) and Caligula (37-41 CE) Same hairdo Hair is everything style fashion, idea see a break - for first two successors idea image to look like augustus - succession stability in these times Tiberius adopted but from livia's first marriage Less so Realistic individualized - broad forehead bangs curved to one side - early hollywood toga and sandals - roman youthful portraiture of many stayed youthful - face of power energetic dynamic - devotion to the state - augustus' message Caligula is the second one to the right - caligula was erratic strange megalomaniac unstable put a horse in the senate rewrote history executing people marriages - what we know in sources - lives of the caesars - senators did they hate the elites and leave histories to taint the truth of those who pinched the senate - unclear Caligula looks more or less like tiberius chin same lips parted almond shaped eyes ears out - some of original color on the eyes - hair eyes would have been painted Caligula wears same attitude highly colorful accounts of his exploits as an emperor reign shorter - have army rising up against excessive emperors

Imperial Portraits: Tiberius and Caligula Julio-Claudian Dynasty Tiberius, 14-37 CE Caligula, 37-41 CE Claudius, 41-54 CE Nero, 54-68 CE

open today as a museum - covered with brick then marble sills - marble used - theres and order street sidewalk brick relieving arches larger jagged street starts and stops at right angles - shopping mall or complex 3-4 levels Reconstruction cartoon like of taverna tavern thermapolium - offices - here see how complex and honey combed - level of trajan marble sills regularity major market hall - adapting this commercial complex to the site - grand imperial forum - rectangular space with more tavernai - shops offices X shape of groin vaults

Individual Tabernae (the complex constructed of brick-faced concrete, and separated from the Forum by a fire wall of volcanic stone, tufa

Island villa Island enclosure Hardian's Villa Perfectly round Fountain library court Walled in high wall - a circular canal like a moat little round island island villa/ island enclosure Island villa Closed off in view walk way - though there were drawbridges What was the island villa - has moats water around to - artificial water hydraulic systems Early german archeologists - sights evocative of past civilizations - private apartment excelled in arts - brooding melancholy - put drawbridges up - dining elaborate dining pavilion - brick concrete don't see traditional columns - traditional Unusual plan scholarly debates on how much of it was roofed Domes vaults - complex fine masonry thing concrete less aggregate to be held up like columns - not so much a dining pavilion - famous historic sights book scrolls a library - Hadrian spent time official visiting ambassadors - wide empire - place for quiet conversations for ambassadors High wall with moat Book scrolls - thought to be a private apartment? Place to have confidential high level discussions Fanciful ceilings tricky the walls are transparent they're screens interesting geometric shape walls curving views through vistas - outer walls keep people out - expensive luxurious architecture beautifully shaped half circles - last building

Island Villa, at Hardian's Villa 118-125, 125-133 C.E.

Titi - large eyes not super distinguished smooth face rounded lips Domitia - higher wearing crown lines heavily shadowed under eyes - domitia older other portraits more matronly shaped - in coins look the same in what dominates hairstyle - more detail carving hair curl style Faces not carved features Marking of face - appropriate for a new dynasty rough rude contified not sleep metropoitan We dont see vespatians wifes Only two women at the end of reign - both end ins candles Titi dies young forced to marry political protoge of uncle domitian man is executed lives there then her uncle seduces her impregnated her and she dies of having an abortion Domitia has child dies young then she has affair with actor low - divorced by domitian then takes her back prominent family domitian dies in palace she may have been involved in that - faces dont show scandals they look more alike - one may be older - new hair style

Julia Titi, Zurich head and coin, Stockholm head: Julia Titi or Domitia?

men didn't have grandfathers had adult fathers Women could have guardianship - elite women with money could get arround that - augustus marriage chastity - keep elite women in their place - at least 3 women or freed woman needed 4 to sell or buy property without male guardian - ways of getting around guardianship Many women would have freedom Marriage isn't and option for all women except poor - marriage form with manus or without - when married could transfer to authority of husband or husbands father or stay with own father Meant many women did not transfer manus or hands Kept hand in marriage - children would take legal status of fathers - state ceremony both parties agreed or fathers agreed and they got married - divorice if fathers agreed could separate and property would be divided - head political leaders would finegal to have daughters divorce and make more advantageous marriages - birth rate low why would they abandoned babies - fertility was a problem many children died in first 5 years - had to have at least 5 children to make sure 3 could get to adulthood - some elite marriages ended in divorce - or if married younger wife Slavery - status diagrams in theater - you are where you sat - absolute free and enslaved - in greek world romans freed slaves into freed men and women - funerary releifs - some men had relationships with their slaves female or male slaves had no control of their bodies seen as a human tool - saw they were human couldnt admit - slaves could be abused raped - middling classes trades and buisiness had relationships with slaves and freed slaves then married - free people and slaves not absolute division but allowed for social mobility - liberti freed people - male couldnt hold office but their children after freed could move up Biology child bearing marriage then social class and rank Livia wife of augustus statue in Madrid early 1st Century CE Like eumachia in pompeii - large open courtlike building inscriptions with son - emulates augustine building in rome - livia second wife - took away from current husband - one son tieruous pregnant with drusius - augustus left behind woman - livia's husband was opposite political side enemy of augustus and julius caesar - germanic values of portrait head - compared to augustus Here holds cornucopia like fortuna Right enthroned heavily clothed veil over head shows her as a priestess - well endowed family funds roman women could be priestesses of cults - like being a donor use family money for dinners banques public not political notice - priestess - face more or less the same - women more complicated not face of power no political office could've been called first lady - couldn't command things the art of education accompany husband former advisor could give money to groups food for orphans or poor may help and support - not political portraiture - public and private face Highly idealistic not veristic smooth skin perfect proportions - generic face no sign of age youthful radiant Always shown insync with augustus never aging as a fertile mother

Livia, wife of Augustus, Copenhagen (from Bay of Naples) and Madrid statues

Lower level of Domus Augustus, private apartments X means groin vault - domitian priavet room could have security and guards - he was paranoid Little square rooms Buffering space for servants staff and guards Access in control Puzzle piece repetitive rooms octagonal rooms - revolving vault - here massive rooms upstairs tiny jewel like strung together Beads on a chain - F rooms multi sided - octagonal have niche semi circle - two sides of F rectangular niche with awning Side chambers E square box cross vault strange niches - side chambers square alternating rectangular semi circular 6 or 8 sided rooms - cloth paneled stucco paint - no numbers rectangular rooms on top of F E F Onfilad Emperor moving in apartments could look through in other rooms were they cleared security - who would assassinate only those who could get close family members - notice interconnection likely these were private rooms where he slept read lived his life rabirius Curious geometric shape each wall split wall Walls expand breathe Interesting spaces Hard to get a sense Plans give info pool rooms screening lining up like enfilad - repetition variation of space breathe vibrate further rooms niches Create a lively sense of engagement Rabirus had some relationship moved forward

Lower level of Domus Augustus, private apartments

Egypt under Roman rule, irrigation flooding of nile rich with crops, food stuff to roman ports Cleopatra, Marc Antony, Augustus conquered them. Took Egypt as imperial colony province special rule, roman citizens in Egypt were commemorated - England Spain in Egypt painted portraits covering a mummy. Fayum portraits Oasis south of Alexandria, summer homes of elite in the roman period, painted portraits placed on mummies mixed heritage multiculturalism, painted on thin linen or wood plaques.

Provincial Portraits: Fayum, Egypt

private portrait - not of elite or political classes About same time 50s-60s as agrippina Ostia port of rome working class ware houses taverns take out shops - international vibrant culture funerary reliefs artisans traders This is from funerary relief one of a woman Young woman no inscription maybe from a well to do family not elite or political Shown as diana goddess of the hunt at her feet little dog - pose reaching to retreive arrows Of the wild Kills preserves Warrior goddess that is female but exempt from female duties - virginal never marries in woods and wildness - but also escorts men and woman into adultness Must obey ruls and regulations Young woman commemorated - portrait face features Head - individual portrait not completely idealized or generic like goddess - nose broken higher bridge stronger nose - eyes larger - higher cheeks brow - not like bland image Why would little girl want to be honored - goddess is immortal this young lady is dead shows as goddess adds solace to grieving parents - dying before time - immortal - died before shes wed - stil has promise of wildness and freedom maybe agressive all doors open for her - once married contained in marriage and child bearing - saw women as wild animals had to be tamed by the yold of marriage Hybrid not a statue of diana - made of piece romans creative of greek myth - houses of pompeii used statues of loved ones - active alive dynamic ferocious

Maiden as Diana, from a tomb in Ostia, Rome's port Mythological portrait statue

stable way for concrete stucco - two barrel vaults at concrete angles wight forced down then can open sides and allow light in - key to two vaults meeting - for flexible plan and lighting Note in markets of trajan dorus of damascus - flavians reveries severius keller - of markets of trajan an entire commercial city district modeled into a hill different design and plan - groin vaults tunneling into a hillside - light through transepts and doors - early etrustcan what makes it revolutionary - columns with capitals ornate no applied - cross vaulting -canopy - none of that ornament applied decoration

Market Hall Ceiling

Markets of Trajan here - markets of Trajan - forum portico part of the hill reshaped hillside - honey comb of shops and offices - what it looks like today red brick concrete underneath - Palestrina sanctuary of fortune to east of Rome fertility shrine hillside covered in concrete re organized - passages stair cases allows pilgrims to ascend - architecture professional manipulated view - theater like structure - not quite the same here - roman architects and technology here in heart of Rome dense neighborhood - similarities differences forum of Trajan tied to the markets - forum of Julius caesar luxury shops - Pompeiian houses similar with shops in front of residences mixing commerce with spaces of spiritual ritual settings - Damascus - emperors families from Spain architects pompadours from middle east an architecture - cosmopolitan world architecture as an engineering project decimated dense urban neighborhood built shops structures like Pallastrina renaissance complex - here have early modern ecclesiastical church complex now shops and offices stacked - lower slopes of hill see quirinal hill - see here a market hall indoor market hall smaller spaces lead directly to streets dense small spots offices imperial administration like grain dome - keep peace at Rome keeps content fed lower orders - like baker Euristicies place he would be - warehouses in the back maybe a distribution and business center? Large market hall but also small rooms of corridors packed - one room single shops - taberna - irregular part of regular open air street like indoor and outdoor not a shopping mall - sky line is jagged - regular plan as opposed to axial plan of forum Look at some shops at exedra (hemicycles) major market space hall

Markets of Trajan: hemicycle courtyard, shops on several stories, aligned along streets and in the complex's passages, central vaulted hall, On Quirinal hill overlooking his forum, c. 110 C.E., architect - Apollodorus

Lutatia died at 16 years old, another woman put it up with same name and dedicated it to her foster daughter. A brother put up Vienna monument (another funerary releif), husband or wife. here two women, one who commemorated was older and the foster mother, they have a similar names. Don't know if slave or free, slave came under control of another woman strictly mother or daughter, early first century hair simply done, complex - parted in center, goddesses greek hair styles. Plays an instrument. Stringed instrument (lute). Curious two names foster daughter plays instrument, elite women read and wrote (didn't paint), maybe played music sang in taverns bars thermopile. Women would entertain, serve wine or beer in ostia or merida (common women). Elites would see them as little better than prostitutes. One could buy wine and favors of woman who serves it. Professional scene was she an entertainer, is the woman who commissions someone who found her adopted her put her in service. Foster mother daughter lower social levels, died at 16, affectionate or loss of income, marble shows some expense. Carving eyes and nose slightly asymmetrical face like what we saw in lobe not highest quality. Irregular not nuclear families, maybe a foundling casted out child. Non traditional families careers for children.

Merida, Spain: Funerary Altar of Lutatia Lupata, 16 year-old foster daughter (alumna) of Lutatia Severa, who dedicated this; lute- playing as affectation or work? Relationship between the pair?

aging full faces - turban of hair crest hair like pancake tightly wound braids relief long sausage curls turban of tight braids Consunctrict rings Unknown women not elite

Metropolitan Museum of Art Getty Museum (Villa)

natural setting climate control using sun to your advantage Big palace in rome of Neros not country villa - those we saw in pompeii - nero blood thirsty started buidling before 64 CE between esquiline hill and palatinbe hill by capital theater of pompey - period where eciline and palatine augustus' house on the palatine Augustus' house more modest didnt want to lord it over Nero builds uses concrete foundations baths to create carbolinear forms dome spaces oddly shaped rooms allows for lighting needs fewer supports lighting from above dramatic spotlighting Rooms with this taking advantage of the concrete rooms with water channels water fountains grandly dramatic - in year 64 CE in circus maximus where chariot races held in rome Huge fire started in 64 3 regions destroyed out of 14 regions or districts only 4 were untouched - Nero many of center was in shambles but nero in next properties made it into private estates took public buildings that had been in shambles capitalizing - colosseum before it was build he made a artificial lake made his own country side villa in the city Tivoli heart of downtown rome across the forum audacity romans fled - other evidence because much wasn't entirely built romans allowed into parts of the estate - Nero took over more space for his villa in the city even private property - Nero fiddling while rome burned - also flaunted his interest in greek culture exploited it in the heart of rome accused of not saving people not getting army out exploiting major real estate the shambles of rome - like mayor of new york taking much of central part and making an estate Here we have architect manes Severus and Celer Banqueting hall with a revolving ceiling semi circular rotates - pearls jewels as dined flowers and perfumes would shower down - allegedly a statue of gilt bronze - features of nero as flabby face - colossal statue statue was taken down then colosseum was built - there was a colossal statue of the sun god there Sense of the buildings Like a compound - like a campus corporate academic campus - so many little separate buildings common courtyard - domed structure - enormous courtyard - individual forums themselves - different units core modules Compound campus

Nero's Domus Aurea (Golden House) 64 CE, by Severus and Celer, 300 acres Suetonius, Nero 31

View outside but now dark and humid - one room virtual reality - open to the light on either side - today closed in like a wine cellar Think of the architectural revolution of concrete - emenisty of thai compound after 68 it was destroyed waste or resources but turned over and opened to the public later emperors opened conscious of public needs colosseum bath houses - more imaginative spaces chain of enfilad of rooms can look from one to another water flowing through spaces - golden house - next flavians and colosseums Nero forced to commit suicide he was accessive had more associations with greek empire - incest with sister horse in senate as concil? Attribute to excessive appetites, sexual habits Anti social tendencies excessive love for poetry greek shows - history written by the winners 100 years later but for romans Suitonius was a scribe under Hadrian wrote lives of the caesars used some primary sources some heavily influenced by senatorial elite Fragments of art and archeology when we have a text like that of suetonius have so little else want to believe it but read it with a grain of salt Calligula thought to have affairs with sisters comes from mistranslation with latin - reclining he loved his dinner parties maybe drank too much way back someone translated he was lying on top of his sister L shaped sofa - on order of rank sitting next to her not on top of her Romans thought of themselves hard working disciplined some times anti greek even if they apprecuated their culture - greeks too overtly sexual in love with arts untrust worthy - nero had that had to commit suicide - too brutal to senators and military

Oculus Central plan Radiating chambers Brick-faced Concrete --rotating banquet hall? view to outside

Palace on the Palatine, Domitian, 92 CE, architect - Rabirius 92 end of flavian dynasty at end of domitian - titus dies young - rabirus is architect Nero golden house domus various had architects there too no architect names on colosseum Complex intertwining spaces All other emperors lived here (Nero's house destroyed) Foyer climb roman forum Two parts

Palace on the Palatine, Domitian, 92 C.E., architect - Rabirius

Front of pantheon has a temple porch - triangular pediment row of columns from Egypt some placed in - Many think Agrippa general of Augustus built this part but instead Hadrian built it - on sight another building built by Agrippa wooden structure with dome needed supports - Hadrian was so modest paying court to an augustan building? - filled with tourists cafes One or two objects - one aspect of it describe and analyze - conform to its type historic period - what's unusual - what can we say about it - very few artist names - know emperor names - commissioning ordering works of art - Pompeian houses paintings - social orders aspiring upward conventional or different from norms short paper - some details of something singular - what are the conclusions - interesting to raise a question - come up with a resounding conclusion - this may mean this - can come up with questions - ability to describe organize - connect arguments to other works that are known maybe - clear and consistent - tell which sources have been read - ideas and research illustrations a few at least - email by next week due dec 6 Hadrian 125 CE - end of first quarter Hadrian's pantheon in Rome - 126 CE - last half of Hadrians reign 117-138 - center of down town Rome surrounded by renaissance architecture - pantheon dedicated to all the gods - function unclear - by looking facade porch is like a temple great grey columns triangular pediment - m. agrippa - marcus agrippa made this - it was an earlier Augustine building may have been wood - perhaps another by Domitian - Hadrian builds again - subsequent emperors looked up to models of Augustine - more coherent law abiding place under augustus - hadrian paying court and tribute tp first emperor - doesn't show hadrains name - traditional temple facade - how it was seen in antiquity - was raised temples from beginning portunus - Egyptian obelisk - renaissance fountain - ground is higher today - before would've been a rectangular precinct or piazza sunken temple 30 ft above - platform high steps - not what lies behind it - secret of success of pantheon - rectangular porch behind it is brick over concrete - since Nero - round building cylinder and topped by a dome- pantheon not only we have its roof well preserved - also something completely new rectangular temple court most temples were a rectangular box smaller - Juno and minerva - all rectangular boxes - ring of columns colonnade novel idea - ground level cordoned off by walls cant see what you're coming into - porch is deep isles - go through doors open enter space are surprised - breath taking - clarity of view - separation of facade to interior - roman architecture conservative - early on what wasn't conservative tuscan baker tomb pop art bread oven? - consistent conservative art - what was revolutionary of roman architecture years preceding - was the arch and the vault Top of Spanish steps Not traditional is drum with a dome - larger scale - 140 ft up and around Exploration of novel shapes of rooms - seen in Pompeii - round rooms with domes - bathhouses - featured the domes - medium - furnace concrete Pompeii bath houses small - heat hot water with furnace - high roof - concrete round structure in Frigidarium hot room next to furnace - concrete used in bath structures - hydraulic - contain water better - bath houses heated with hollow floors and walls - functional utilitarian - concrete medium - different architecture - see six side octagonal - in emperors houses palaces - Nero golden house octagonal room with revolving vault of mother of pearl - Flavian Domitian palace on palatine - jewel puzzle pieces - Hadrians villa - aspired to be an architect - master of concrete - novelty new shapes bath houses - public utilitarian - private and luxurious palaces and estates - roman architectural revolution concrete construction - Hadrian's dome 131 ft across massive indoor space - like colosseum amphitheater - note dome is rather shallow - looks like a shell of a turtle - rings are buttresses as base - meets top of the cylinder - stress pressure at edges rings reinforced - buttressed Pantheon piece by piece - think why did they need such a massive interior space - previous temples - ground plan - roof off - most temples are rectangular boxes - inside - offerings statues - altar or cult statue temple is box home for statue of god or goddess altar is outside worship takes place outside in processions - officials priests or priestesses politicians elites would go inside - doors open for feast days - offerings gold silver vessels exquisite object not open to public without guard bc people could steal - some served as bank vaults - restricted temple to gods If this is indeed a temple - open space worry about people moving about - flow of people inside - one door in and out - if 140 ft inside big today one way wide door way people controlled - when inside would need light - if short temple only need to see cult statue - this has light lit from above oculus opening large hole in ceiling 30 ft across - one wonders about lighting carved from hillside - Trajan markets series of shops door light well on top - oculus porch steps columns niches big doors central space axis - here look through theres a large niche opposite rectangular fronted by two columns - places for statues of gods - across would be Jupiter high god - niches with statuary - central axis - large round opening - spot light - eyes look up ficus radiate around - circular space dramatic central lighting axis really pulls you up because of the light - see in the plan central plan architecture of space in vault or dome central lighting - not axis straight through - in this building Hadrian and designer followed precepts see 8 large piers larger walls more than 20 ft thick - large piers hold ip the dome above - concrete laid - at bottom - concrete here had heavier aggregate - chunky laid not liquid built upward thicker concrete more airy - light volcanic matter - large piers hold up the building niches have relieving arches - instead of architecture by enclosure walls Hadrians villa - defined by enclosure edges of the domes - views through water work - physical architecture large round space - 140 ft top to bottom negative space from light above - spot lit - something different religious or sacred space - eye goes up - stupendous - dome itself - why was it preserved because it served as a church now its a museum - christian church and chapel - reuse - important for ancient monuments - highly polished floor patterns - look across at main niche - when came in didn't look at main niche eyes go up - altar would have statue - other niches - Corinthian columns in front more religious statues - niches columns - large not weight supporting but piers of concrete in walls - create splendid effect covered with marble revetments thin coats on the walls - marble from all over the empire beautiful deep red purple - evokes riches - shows could command resources under the empire evocative lighting shrines but christian - second level blind windows Blank windows with pediments floor richness of the stone circles within squares - marble revetment gold honey tawny bluish green veins done in a grid squares empty circles in squares - map like ? why interest in pure geometric forms - dome curves over head sheer rounded shape - coffers - rectangular indentations in the dome - floor panel geometric - rectangles in rows grid like round openings in antiquity had bronze rosette - stripped the bronze in porch ceiling - bronze rosettes twinkle like stars - coffers as higher and higher get smaller and deeper indented with a frame - at the top smaller deeper - engineers were fearful of the vault falling down coffers are deeper - read ways dome weighs 5,000 tons - largest masonry structure - how was this created? Pantheon once laid ground plan 8 niches and weight bearing arches massive alternating piers had to lay the concrete wanted to lay it and adhere - filled with scaffolding and layers workers hauling up rubble laying concrete to adhere - wall built up coffers have forms - layer by layer fused to the other - function what went out how did they get it balanced calibrated thickness - porous concrete heaviest down - massive pier - structurally huge hollow space spherical orb - technology of concrete thinner Spot light dramatic central lighting rain - does in the winter rain comes in and marble floor is slightly slanted so rain runs up - light orb and track linear effect order of coffers indentations bronze rosettes would flicker and catch the light - light spot light perfect sphere can be inscribed in pantheon Dome outside was shallow hump back turtle - inside dome springs - beautiful open interior space - archeologists art historians with dramatic light dome of heaven Pattern on floor like service map - sphere as known world cosmos under roman control empire circle is perfect shape in ancient geometry - inscribe sphere in pantheon roman empire having no beginning or end perfect shape governance under unity war at borders - idea of unity one complete world under roman control Perfect shape not so defined in interior not pumpkin - defined by open space charged by light - ideas is it a temple - why need title gives sacred allusions - why need big interior space - people commune there Flavian palace Domus Flavia - large rooms in beginning - suggested rather than strictly a temple - shrines with images of gods temple to roman empire imperial or ruler cult - emperor as deity - maybe an audience hall for Hadrian - he spent more time outside in Tivoli to east in villa in hills suggested maybe this was a large audience hall ambassadors dignitaries maybe place people could meet with him - enclosed interior space - dome allows for no disruption - no walls columns piers - central space is clear and flowing perfect sphere - had preserved - Great dome of pantheon in Rome Hadronic - as developing from bath structures cold baths of Pompeii and puzzle piece concrete architecture Neros golden house Flavian palace on palatine - Domus Augustana - pentagonal shaped rooms experiments on novel shapes swinging walls pumpkin domes What went on imperial cult to divine emperor maybe throne room coffers indents up until 16th century was largest dome only ronderny has been outdone - scaffolding interior

Pantheon, after 126 C.E.

Piazza D'Oro Scalloped or pumpkin domes source of friction (allegedly) between Hadrian and Apollodorus (architect he inherited from Trajan?) B peristyle court open Peristyle courts portico like in pompeiian courts - traditional D evidence of planters T - H - G Repetition of a colonated courtyard dome structure with 4 lobes Play of curves - as walk through axial fronto orientation from A through to E E was a dining room and then water courts where set up dining couches no built in bench - odd shape pinched 4 lobes - screen walls could look through bank of water piped in Interlocking rooms - like flavian palace screen walls water - arguments - domes Little bubble like organic geometric shape Piazza D'Oro Octagonal cupola - Summer Pavillion All of rome gathered in artificial reconstructions of fabulous places around the world

Piazza d'Oro Octagonal cupola - summer pavillion at Hardian's Villa 118-125, 125-133 C.E.

Black and white like portico in Rome Unlike markets of trajan not a series of offices - open here - stations or stalls representing major shipping firms had docs in harbor warehouses bring in marble Navicular ship and name of firm Grain sprigs of wheat Some with elephants - striking emblematic signs symbols representing shipping firms No architecture or columns - one room shop market of trajan concern for lighting representatives office - if town built on trade and commerce shipping indictsury were elite of ostia - place of entertainment shipping firms had a presence there shops offices stands mayble Not mythological signs are empblems or brand names - shakers and movers of ostian society Theater like pompeii social structure of the town not a senatorial aristocracy People important would have ties to trade snobbery against people who worked with their hands Free wheeling more open to new influences born in Italy lots of foreigners Culture was more multi cultural Center of town

Piazzale delle Corporazioni Mosaics advertising shipping firms

Sestertius of titus representing the flavian amphitheater the colosseum 80 CE Statue of nero dragged down taken away lake drained replaced with colosseum coin of titus - emperor titus in shield and arms inscription booty vespasian part of title coin of building of flavian emperor booty loot from jerusalem war to pay for colossuem being build - vespatian began this titius huge process - neros pleasure project amphitheater double a theater not a semicircle but amphitheater is great oval - for mock battles - grandfather of football and soccer stadiums - in miniature on coins but it was an immense building project - others in italy - pompeii amphitheater 4 thousand spectators - little dots show the crows packed - when crowd in amphetheater at height of afternoon - crowds going mad grounds shaking 50 thousand people could hear it all over - life blood - emperors people loved games emperors payed for highly staged very popular see some of boxes tiers of seats below Pompeii theater hierarchical seating marble seats below wooden above - architecture can see arched openings - token see enter at with a number or a letter 50 thousand people going for the games security crown control - above - little sculpture 4 quadrica horse sculpture - enter at bottom above round golden sheilds victory shields - tiny coin explicit brimming with people - - tuesday concrete architecture passages what happened in arena then house on palatine

Sestertius of Titus, representing the Flavian Amphitheater, the Colosseum, 80 C.E.

for poor, put ashes into containers, sometimes used big containers of cleaned out olive oil, if freed didn't have patron, part of vessel put vessel in, leave top sticking out marker to show barrel, potters field no inscriptions, held a barrel or vessel made from roof tiles, urn for deceased. shows craftsmen and artisans bakers tomb in rome, odd shape indents lower social level had creativity. large structure with pediment - half a barrel.

Smaller tombs, including a potter's field

Elites could work for Roman army great. Funerary stele of Regina, freed woman and wife of Barates, wife of solider stationed not far from Hardian's wall in England - soldier form Palmyra in Syria stationed in England. Wife died at age 30, tells where she's from, he acquired her in England. Was an ex slave from catubalonya tribe, local tribe (born and bread north of london). - Aramaic language of Syria, bilingual. Preserves local landscape, marries ex slave probably was enslaved by him in army conquests then he freed her so he could marry her and children could be free born. Not formally married until after completes 25 years of service. Fort in pacified area clean farm land trade, had to maintain a presence, got pay out, had freed her, and married her. Head taken off, stately she has an arch semi half vault, temple like facade pediment seated, in jewelry, large dress matron from palmyra, she holds basket with wool weaving (good women stay at home and weave like livia) made husbands togas, probably didn't but weaving kept women busy roman matron should support her house hold basic weaving. Roman women make clothes of their families, ideology, greek myth of Penelope keeps women chaste. More Roman than syrian, handle store box lock box, old conservative thinking keeps the stores, sense of lock box she is capable of maintaining the house hold, commemorated her in a grand way. Uses native language plus Latin, visual form. Roman shows she maintains controls domain of household, interesting would spend money was former slave both of them moved up in status with relationship.

South Shields, England: Funerary Stele of Regina, freedwoman and wife of Barates, a soldier from Palmyra, Syria; his wife, though, from southern England (her local tribe is mentioned, along with a line of Syrian Aramaic in the inscription)died at age 30, 2nd c. C.E.

Similar to one at Pompeii Jupiter highest god would dominate - tall dominating structure can see streets crossing public restroom near forum Running water from Auqitduct probably closed off - for men? For women? Markets shops two public latrines - would women go in alone - no signs unlike bath houses - more public facilities? Bath houses would have public bathrooms Ostia from above as it appears today - small one room structures Work shops craft shops Bath houses smaller theater but no amphitheater No race track or circus Maximus - maybe would go to Rome to see Population more mixed because it was a port foreigners came to rome and stayed Epistaphs show people from greece africa - much more international People not rooted with ties of family didnt have the land of wealth - from large land holding armies - owned slaves - made living from trading - carpenters, new money working class some ex slaves sons if had freedom had some money new names on local town council - old money wealth Open society influx Sense of street small few meters apart - brick coating port downtown reached highest in 2nd century under trajan and hadrian brick faced architecture multiple family dwellings apartment hosuing Tiber in antiquity was closer to ostia post was closer - major street decumanus - center ancient castro to patrol the coast forum to temple of jupiter and later one to augustus - burst of building theater was built boom of building material secons century bce Architecture astounding in elelgange warehouses - goods bouygt in then exported to rome Different types of dwelling Pompeii lived in domus with atrium courtyard peristyle garden enclosed Different living options Apartment buildings upstairs -called insola - island Ancient garden apartments attached dwelling multiple family dwellings People of different social levels built docs warehouses grain from Egypt Sicily marble from turkey Greece - raft badge ip to Rome from tiber or in cart - tiber and channel cut out acropolis - lives of those who worked at the port - plan of the town smaller than Pompeii - Pompeii hight of development - Ostia founded early 4 century BC - map of tiber Castra military fort there were maurators pirates romans wanted to regularize the coast - two streets right angles east west, close to Rome integral was supply lines provision Rome fed through its ports

Temple of Jupiter in the Forum of Ostia

seating filled in restored Semi circular stage building all gone - high building architectural backdrop Raised tears and seats Chairs could be put in Rebuilt on entry road to the town see outward Attached to the theater was a portico

Theater at Ostia

bar or takeout shop - marble for counter maybe redone in 3rd century Roman in economic decline marbles used in interior for counters - could dine and wine simple food combo of take out shop, apartments look like a few rooms stuck together rudimentary no amenities no bath or kitchen - no slave quarters no staff different clientele with different clientele

Thermopolium with counter at Ostia

villa called under farnesina - under renaissance place House of augustus' daughter - late 1st century CE Daughter Julia married briefly to Agrippa - secretary of state didnt last long marriage Julia flaunted sexuality alledgedly - when propegating Julian laws made a mockery of her father - and was exiled because she was an embarrassment - married off because she didnt have heirs Villa of mysteries large semi circular room Series of small little rooms

Villa under the Farnesina, Rome

Here early 2nd century - Flavian dynasty Trajan more plebeian down to earth Titus and Domitian - consolidate power maintain order change imperial policies and order - portraiture advanced middle age more like veristic republican senatorial aging aspect maybe reflected reality and political statement Vespasian was traditional not like nero or calligula didnt want to live like a king - last flavian assassinated - brief emperor nerva stepped in to keep army peaceful at bay Then Trajan very popular had military background family held imperial offices - beneath senetorial elite Hadrian follows him - families not from rome or italy but spain seville - non italians assuming highest office of empire - western europe later eastern europe share same education - under domitian more equestrians families around empire came to rome - more international - bases of power military want to extend and invite the elite from around the mediterranean - calligula would put up noses at small dusty towns but this has purpose more unified world Trajan was good fair just emperor no sons - error of adoptive emperors adopted hadrian from home town of spain - Trajan portrait - somewhat realistic in age not a young man had military training - ideological political tools - portrait tells us who he is - not on a traditional toga - chest nude - wears sword belt cloak over soldier - bust - type of early 2nd century gives much of shoulders and upper arms Partially nude - demonstrates military status - partially nude more heroic in the greek mode - - early on full fronatl nudity not in statuary more hellenistic power of a god - verility power dynamism - greek affectation - trajan wasnt a man of scholarly aspirations - chest shows robust string like greek god - face hair same as augustus bangs sweep - toga and sandal movies spartacus roman fringe of augustus - did he wear his hair like that? Shown in art like that - jumps past flavian - augustus wars at distant boarders economic prosperity Face shows age Not as old as vespasian - long nose long face and jaw - unsolved problem of roman art and archeology - someone mustve been in charge because he looks similar in them - some control - who saw the emperor most artists wouldnt see emperor - send out models so they could portray similarity - uniformity and recognizability is extreme - people traveling and knew? Trajan primary military honored for campaigns - Hadrian scholarly temperament - Hadrian traveled all over greece Egypt visited wonders of ancient world was initiated in greek cults

Trajan, 98-117 C.E.

Field of mars theater of Pompey capitoline temple of jupiter - palatine hill Augustus house town house and temple of apollo Domus flavius public rooms also had private rooms - oval office View from circus maximus

View from Circus Maximus

return to outside of pompeii Boscotrecase means woods Maybe Julia Augustus' daughter lived here for a time - not too much evidence Spindly framing architecture Fluted - had bud of a plant not really a base how could you paint columns that cant stand not real supporting columns Designs on blakc walls virbant colors - buildings not city scene - arch with a horse maybe a boat trees tower animals - landscapes but loosely defined - sacred landscapes defgined mt temnples rustic types heardsmen - costly black pigment - more conservative writers would say style is too revolutionary architecture isnt stable Heavy and solid spotty discontigued fragmented impressionistic almost Not solid evidence julia lived there - in history she is seen as immoral uprooted fathers virtuous endeavors - suited conservatives who didnt liek theis style to place her here Sprawling jewel like landscape brilliant red - wall revised rectangularly by thin columns - framework changes in illustrations or museums - take off of walls center scene System of decoration Little flowers hanging painting Empty spaces too Sacred island landscape but not on cobalt black its on a white background Island tree walled enclosure Figures with goats water Country scenes emblematic of urns Second style illusionistic like villa of mystery figures in room frightened feet overlap large scale theatrical heavy architecture that shuts out view and gives new space Third style architecture becomes decorative more textile like wall paper with busy smaller motifs overly refined - central panels landscapes white or black 15 BC - 15 CE Augustan time period Return to conservative reality - roman attributed landscapes anonymous religious scenes conservative touch Literature of period city versus country diametrically opposed - country everyone knew l=place - virtues spring forth in city exotic influences money bound by status

Villa at Boscotrecase, near Pompeii, Third Style painting 3rd Style: 15 BCE - 50 CE

200 bc on cusp 2nd century 100 bc 1st century bc Villa in miniature - different lead pipes Villa in miniature Adaptation of villa to a city plot Most are city building sbuilt with neigbors date for this is 1st century or AD 62-79 earthquake to eruption - was being rebuild or because other plots turned to rubble maybe owner purchased new plots Typical domus 2 throat corridor g tiblinum a, b, c cubicula bedrooms work rooms h winter diningroom mosaics of iliad greek myths Owner extended and put in magnificent garden 3 times space of covered house - pipes ect - at least have someone upper middle class funds to develop plot of land didnt have country villa - city house duomas - care given to elaborate backyard Paid to have pipes bring in water to the house On terrace horizontal canal K place to dine outside Fountain very long canal runs length street to street - pergeluh Landscaper - house framing elements of pergola - sense of greater distance and perspective Some of canal closed off in tanks maybe raised fish here All for aesthetics? Of also purpose Mini working farm - profitable hard to preserve fish - had to try it or it was highly perishable wealthy ate it Plantings of trees look at root canals - eviscerated in heat of eruptions Casts of different root systems - ornamental gardens flowers exotic choice - vegetables things to eat - elevation traditional duomas shrunk - plot outdoors canal horizontal to terrace Statue animals woodland creatures - matches rustic setting nymphs and muses sacred grove - owners aspirations intellectual aspect - satyrs and pans floclic place for muses higher arts and muses Fences - slanted slabs would use cushions and reline - look at water could pass floating dishes - shrine like - mythological lovelorn couples - mythological frames this - winter dining rooms Overgrown neater look out to where water jet would supply water - long vertical chanel Frame for columns pediments shrine like - each framing elements give illusion of false perspective - someone with pretensions - fountain some areas of canal closed in - fish

Villa in Miniature (House of Loreius Tiburtinus or D. Octavius Quartio?)

city houses - working villa farm city gates Grand figure scenes stage like setting - in pompeii near amphitheater streets lots regular long and large right angles - house almost all gardens all estate all greenery - built roof house shrinking larger here - two separate names found pipes lead pipes bringing in water that had names on them - most scholars dong know - suburban house duomus Almost all backyard central canal water fountain and spouts planted statuary all gone now Fountain at h long canal - raised fish practical function - center of house at 2 g the tablinum outdoor setting H dining room indoor Out door dining terrace animal statuary Slabs to recline on outside with pillows - dishes could be floated across the river Canal filled with rushing water - pumped in with hydraulics re used - maybe exotic sanctuary supposed to replicate nile? sumptuous owner upper middle class maybe couldn't afford to have villa but managed to pack it into back yard

Villa in Miniature (House of Loreius Tiburtinus or D. Octavius Quartio?)

Villa of the Mysteries Land and estates reap profits Odd peculiar eroticises sensational subject matter Mysterious Mystery cults of greek god dionysus Second style wall painting Power points 1-8 for midterm More dates in Second style wall painting 80-15 BC First style wall painting 200-80 BC fake stone illusion painting Villa of mysteries about 40 BCe Smallish room windows in doorway - wrap around effect creates complete environment Fresco painting redeveloped in italian renaissance Paintings are fabric of the wall Concrete faced with stone Painters would put layers of stucco lye plaster sand - create wet surface and each day paint on wet surface and it would dry - becomes part of upper outer crust of wall Second style - more typical second style

Villa of the Mysteries Second Style wall painting, 80 - 15 BCE

country estates and farms Volcanic soil is rich fertile farmland - villa of the mysteries - outside of gates of pompeii Tombs near herculaneum gate then villa or two - whole area populated - villa often was a working farm - found press for wine or olive - productive maybe country estate owner loved in city would reap profits - land and property farming estates - senatorial Herculaneum gates then bout 10 minute walk canal couple villas Elevation on a platform - platform villa - lower ancient ground - villa built on large platform - arcade Store houses built up on platform Atrium court form roof line - elaborate court shaped villa - shore line more real estate because of sediment brought from court - viewing platform for sea architectural vistas - from solid first style - solid transparent Later 20-30 bc augustan period to 1st century CE - painted on wall columns moldings - capitals architecture between it - behind red panels red and green - is it first tyle - solid red brilliant stone - cut out if blue sky - window to anothe rworld - strange elaborate Room a costly architecturally elaborate First style painted door way rills alabaster elaborate First style blue sky city scene - city scene so important that it was decor just like mythological - wall could be pealed away part of second style - different motif - Flooring isnt original highly illustrated well known painting was heavily restored - second style 30/40 bc - black gold green bases - painting as if ledge or stage - architectural molding greek key motif - painted as if fake stone - 3 part wall system base figures and frieze - figures dominate scene arthistorians and archeologists Women veiled women - respectable in blue gold head covered - figrue with mythological figure pointed ears - young boy with text scroll - what is it we cant hear if hes reading allowed would we know whats happening in the scene if we could hear - women with heads wreathed religious ceremony - servants with trays - red vibrant gold - details around a table - figure lifts cloth back to us - little naked boy cant see what hes reading Firgures intently looking at the table Views blocked by back - peculiar figure - little faun Figure breast suckled by deer - half human half animals - figure on corner looks horrified at scnee manle billowing looking at eachother looking out sense of connectuon - is there a story is it a greek myth Table - poors wine or water - figure snug nose animal ears may be mythological figure from woods follower of dionysus - pan like figure - harp or lyre Pointed ears pan pipes unruliness drunken disorder Cult of greek dyonisis as bacchus in rome Julius ceasar didnt like them with women outlawed them Woman with foot over ledge - gesture of horror eyes as you follow 3 character ofn other wall of followers of dyonysus have masks satyr mask out of control drunken follower of dionyusus - alter reflection 0 half naked drunk dyonsisus or bacchus - female figure damage venus or ariadne To right three figures veiled and trying to unveil figure- worship of stone fallace only unveiled to initiatives - horror - text being read cant hear it - winged figure spinning around in an ecstatic dance Etruscan tombs we see winged figures to left would be demons or erect fallace of dyonisus Women cowerinhg Woman dancing one clicking in greek cult dyonuss comes to maenads drink pure wine undiluted by water - and lose it kill little animald other sexual escapades - ascending Dyonisus bacchus Not a cult head quarter dionysos woman being whipped People had to get you in not public place if cults on going needed to learn - end of room Woman in colden saffron - woman getting her hair done - break in the tone of the theme No whippings or sexual - woman in a brides robe roman brides didnt wear white but gold - cupid erotae son of venus - holding up mirror reflection - - is this a bride - woman veiled heavily draped - thinking with figure against hand Early feminist of freudian Matron looking of fears of wedding night emphasis of secret fallace Wouldnt show womans innitiation into private life - or dionysos Look back spaces on floor door way Matron Not on a womans state of mind or marriage of sexual life - sheltered young roman women Lets not assert our own views Use of room second phase of interpretation as if what when on in dinner parties - deal makings business men agreeing on political negotiations - hosts would have elabroate entertainment lots of wine in between courses hire mime artists ballet artists talk sing of greek myths - do a sampling greek greatest hist myths strung together without much explanation - excerpt of dyoinysis myth - doesnt refer to ritual or fear of marriage snipped cut outs ofvarios greek myths places together mime artist would give synopsis not opera or account just brief Painted architecture and scene reflection of myths Here look at figures while mimes enact - if look figure by figure dont really strung together - no shortage

Villa of the Mysteries Second Style wall painting, 80 - 15 BCE

like this scenes of architecture illusionistic views scenes - wall closed in as built painted solid - cut away view - as if beautiful marble temple - greenish bluish sky - greeting vistas illusionistic perspectives Less natural more of architecture Country villa outside of gates of pompeii Large scale figures connected in a story line Room somewhere in between Wall divided painted low freize like bases Illustoonistic almost like stage - frieze on top - figures hard to see in back young boy reading scroll - figure with back to us Offering or ritual - cant hear recitation of text Women in corner frightened toes overlap more into our space Half human half mythological figures Frolic cause trouble Damaged in the back male figure nude reclines on female figure man coudld be god dyoniuss - who is his consort - Venus Aryadny - we cant see Thing on ground is winowing basket Figures lifting covered - oblong sacred phallis worshiped in dyonysis Cult of baccus has to be initiated someone has to bring you in go through steps of knowledge and learning - Caesar didnt like it over excitement women involved liscentious actificty - lead women astray from wifely virtue - for greeks not romans Augustus rules of julian laws for women and virtue prosperity - cult not for conservative agendas If about secret cult hwy would you tease us with some upright object under veil Female figrue whipping another - naked female figure - naked female figures Little sensational for pompeian house Moving around the room Melodramatic looks at whipping scene Window - scene of matron and saffron dress Mythological eros winged figure Matron veiled heavily as good roman matrons are Seated with elbow supported looks back and ponders this Heavily of scenes Center pieces which show greek myths Myths that repeat - over wall or room devoted to narrative related in sequence adn reacting to one another - how knit them together - first wave feminist interpretations, respectable woman may be looking back on this as awakening coming of age young bride - awakening - freudian not appropriate for romans - room off of a terrace off sea - why give away mysteries if only to be explained to those initiated - note floor repared - see where dining couches would be Would be entertainment between courses - dinner parties involved masked should we read it as greeks greatest hits not related but connected - matron pondering - makes no sense Also dinner parties dancers mime artists poets intellectuals giving reading - more profitable how did romans dine what did they do - loose setting greek mythological world Wrap around effect Think of paintings of pompeii and all of ancient roman paintings create environment that is architectural - in villa even if its a working villa - olive wine press - many villas allowed greek subject matters on walls - because literary sources tell us romans or pompeiians when relaxed at villas on weekends hildiays would take on and reanact greek culture - wear greek clothungs speak greek take walks around gardens thing on greek philosophy Greek world offered sanctuary - romans aspired to escape world of finer greek world of the past

Villa of the Mysteries Second Style wall painting, 80 - 15 BCE

change in style third style 15th BCE to 50 CE What is familiar in this Architecture - frames architecture is slender frames elements of art nit just gates Or walls View to another world - had views vistas temples Madonna child scene Bacchus and nymph at shrine Little child being endorcrinated - blue background center piece mythological panels - greek myth and fantasy - columns pediment thinner more decorative Yellow frames - white with few details Clear mythological scene child of bacchus panel painting as if on white ground - late greek painitng on vases was on white ground like having printing or engraving on wall framed and held up by little statute - thridstyle venus or aphrodite with cupid Fictive museum Pinacoteca - Romans had picture paintings - colum frame bases on main blue painting - open up illusionistic scenes or open up mythological center piece? System is important Third style reduces architecture so looks less solid more framing elements Illusion that home wonder maybe has collections of paintings - cupboards illusion - statues Smaller petite decorative elements throughout Allows for decorative features - images of collectors and colletcing

Villa under the Farnesina, Rome, Third Style Painting 3rd Style: 15 BCE - 50 CE

Ostian Wall Paintings

Wall Paintings

Roman forum arch, victorious arch war monument, arch of Titus - Palantine palace - older temples and fragments after Marcus Aurelius Severan dynasty Beijing of 3rd century - emperor born in north Aftrica - Trajan and Hadrian spoke latin but from Spain not native Italians from provinces - Septiumus adopted by antifine bu Arualius troops hailed him - republic 1st century Sullah armies clashing - what drover Rome created power - military so important became those who decide who should rule arch one way central passageway - side passage ways bronze statuary passage way gate and street Bronze statutory - inscription in latin columns on large pedestals - two large reliefs - interesting reliefs on facade side passageway other decoration in arch of Titus reliefs of triumphal procession menorah in Titus passageway and Titus carried by eagle on top Billboard large reliefs Political messaging in forum - war in Parthia - Iran - ancient breastplate of Augustus Prima Porta general with dog gets the standards back from barbarian - ancient Iran slaughtered roman troops before Augustus - here early 3rd century romans had trouble pacifying area - war scene metropolitan scenes of Rome - informing roman people about foreign wars - propaganda - cohesive organized force Emperor isolated upper right Troops lined up with shields - tiny procession in small figures - ground lines one big scene - shifts in point of view - one we look down into enemy fort architecture small walls tipped down - emperor in pocket troops move forward - now looking down split screen effect figures shown head on Look from above emperor above figures head on lined up - birds eye view - We see an abstract depiction of space reliefs on column of Trajan varying levels of info figures related to us processions lines of flighting here its patch work emperor looks on troops move along look at different view picture into the camp from above naturalism - realistic perspective carving relief - troops battering rams interesting in Parthia middle east - ground shift on style from forms we've seen in ara pacis - greek Helenistic art shift in style emperors from provinces - birds eye unrealistic disposition in space relay more information in a smaller space Relief of arch panel - depiction of space, higher relief, Parthia ancient Iran - emperor up top - looks down into enemy fort - different points of view abstract space - different from earlier relief sculpture Why this change in style? Emperor in pocket like cartoon - often see figures head on small figures looking down like a map, different social classes from emperor from north Africa - change in education - after Hadrian - some trained in the army - different education class - map like depiction comes from placards or signs carried in processions horses personify winged victory crowning Titus - different ground lines, depth perception One file not casts of thousands as we telescope above, propagandistic messages, senate people best and brightest swirl of activity heroism complex message Propaganda public art heart of roman forum walking by visiting temples by 3rd century AD what is roman forum less public participation but monument to roman power - foot of capitoline hill These are bill boards of deployments machinations movements of troops across ancient Iran - power shown in different style - later Rome compared to earlier Rome new motifs

the Arch of Septimius Severus, A.D. 203