art 258 #3

mihrab

(Islam) a niche in the wall of a mosque that indicates the direction of Mecca

Virgin (Theotokos) and Child enthroned, apse mosaic, Hagia Sophia,

Byzantium Middle Byzantine Art: 867 -Giotto di Bondone. Church of the Ognissanti, Florence. Tempera and gold on wood, 1310. -The virgin is represented very closely with roman art, there is the circular shape around her head showing that she is divine. You can compare it to the way Theodora was reproduced to image the mother.

Gothic

Gothic Europe: France: developed by scholar who don't understand the history of art, associateted with God) Europe period: = style = pointed arches, ripped vault and flying buttress Groipn vault over rectanle= work= >>>pointed arche= as high as you want= beter engineering= lighter weight= more stable >>>ripped vaults= thinner=light=skeleton> skin over that

Book of Kells, St. John; Chi-rho-iota

Early Medieval Europe late 8th to early 9th C. - Chi, Rho and Iota are the first letters of Christ's Greek name (Christos, or XRISTOΣ) - First three letters take up nearly the entire page - "Autem" and "Generatio" in bottom right corner - In full, reads "Now this is how the birth of Christ came about" - Biblical text transformed into intricate and beautiful pattern, literally making the word of God beautiful - Related to and inspired by metal work - Animal interlace and geometric patterns

Katholikon, Hosios Loukas.

Byzantium Middle Byzantine art: 11th c -The largest church in a given area. Loosely translated as "cathedral." -Site of a Middle Byzantine Monastery of St. Luke in central Greece. -Monastic Churches: Two churches with domes placed on Greek cross-shaped plans. -St. Luke, Not the Evanglist. Monastic in the mid 10th century. Mt. Helenik in Greece. St. Luke was a Miracle worker. Buried in a crypt between the Katholican (St, Lukes) and Pagahia church (Church of the Theotokos). Pilgrimage Church. Patron was an emperor and St. Luke predicted an attack and was right. -St. Loukas supposedly buried in an area attached to the church (his tomb?).

Christ as Pantokrator

Byzantium Middle Byzantine art: Daphne, Greece, ca. 1090-1100 -Jesus is no longer depicted with the youth or vitality of the Good Shepard. Powerful, authoritative, strong, wise, judgmental. This image is a mosaic in a dome, which makes the viewer look up and connect with heaven through Christ. -Daphni church mosaic; Christ as last/greatest judge of humanity

Aristotle

A Greek Philosopher, taught Alexander the Great, started a famous school, studied with Plato

Iconoclasm

A belief that the practice of worshiping and honoring objects such as icons was sinful.

cloister

A covered walk along the inside walls of a building, usually looking out on a courtyard

Black Death

A deadly plague that swept through Europe between 1347 and 1351

minaret

A distinctive feature of mosque architecture, a tower from which the faithful are called to worship.

calligraphy

A distinctive of Islamic art of fine handwriting, which became a central part of Islamic art. Calligraphy appears on the walls of mosques and is on many household objects.

hypostyle mosque

A mosque whose hall is characterized by many closely spaced columns that support its roof.

encaustic

A painting technique in which pigment is mixed with wax and applied to the surface while hot.

scriptorium

A room in a monastery for writing or copying manuscripts

clerestory

A row of windows in the upper part of a wall

pointed arches

This feature of Gothic cathedrals allowed them to be built much taller and wider than their Romanesque predecessors.

cloisonne

An enameling technique in which thin wire partitions-cloisons-are filled with enamel. It is an art form practiced in ancient Byzantium

pisa tower

Bottom= Horse shoes arch 2nd floor Big deal? It is more than baptistery, also record of bith,dealth for the town Round? estruscan tomb round,roamn round tomb Recall idea of tomb Chritian= before baptized , pure, water= die> reborn= illustion to death Leaning tower= campanile= practical > Local pride (pisa won) want to be as tall as possible, beautiful and looks lke other building Same format, decoration Problem= marble rubble,.. marble= not solid More up=more weights Unstable foundation>>> started to lean> original= opposite Tried to straighten> lean other direction Time went by> got worst= people tried to fix it= Musilini, facist>dig out the ground, pine> pumb concrete> lean more> Solution= stack up tons of sand= looks ugly= they don't like it= Ended up with reinforce, through the pine, take the dust out, remove soil from beneath of the tower >>>expresion their pride= independent

Hall of the Cloth Guild

Bruges, begun 1230 -It was one of the largest commercial buildings of the Middle Ages -it served as the main market and warehouse for the Flemish city's prosperous cloth industry

Virgin (Theotokos) and Child between St. Theodore and St. George,

Byzantium Early Byzantine Art: -Christ is in arms of Mary with two saints( George and Theodore) and then two angels in back looking up at the hand of god. Icons are used. -painted in encaustic, this wood panel painting displays Virgin Mary in center with young Christ on her lap; heads are disproportionally larger than bodies; captures spirituality rather than naturalism; figures appear flat and floating (Iconoclasm, Byzantine) * part of a group of work called _________________ *painted on _______________pannels called ________________ *they were ________________ and portable * they _________________directly out at the viewer

Apse mosaics: Christ between two Angels, St. Vitalis and Bishop Ecclesius: Justinian and attendants; Theodora and attendants

Byzantium Early Byzantine Art: -right wall -people who died for the christian belief -On the right is a mosaic depicting the East Roman Emperor Justinian I, clad in Tyrian purple with a golden halo, standing next to court officials, Bishop Maximian, palatinae guards and deacons. The halo around his head gives him the same aspect as Christ in the dome of the apse. Justinian himself stands in the middle, with soldiers on his right and clergy on his left, emphasizing that Justinian is the leader of both church and state of his empire

San Vitale, Ravenna

Byzantium Early Byzantine Art: 526-547 -The Basilica of San Vitale is a church in Ravenna, Italy, and one of the most important examples of early Christian Byzantine art and architecture in western Europe. -The church has an octagonal plan. The building combines Roman elements: the dome, shape of doorways, and stepped towers; with Byzantine elements: polygonal apse, capitals, and narrow brick

Hagia Sophia by Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus

Byzantium Early Byzantine Art: 532-537 -The church was dedicated to the Wisdom of God, the Logos, the second person of the Holy Trinity -

Christ Pantocrator

Byzantium Early Byzantine Art: 6th c. -means "lord of everything", combining father and son, judge and saviour -Portrays Christ as the Righteous Judge and the Lover of Mankind at the same time - No story or message, just a portrait - Large eyes, as if to stare at viewer - Encaustic panel (mix of melted wax with paint, applied to the surface while the mixture is still hot) - Transportable art, carried in precessions - An icon, used as a part of prayer - Gesture of blessing, carrying jeweled New Testament -an image of Jesus enthroned in heaven; "ruler of all" depicted in half form but full faced; dynamic, powerful/not weak -gold halo surrounds his head, attesting his divine nature

Gospel books

a common religious book used in the Middle Ages that is made up of the four Gospels from the New Testament of the Bible

Lindisfarne Gospels: Saint Matthew

Early Medieval Europe 698-721 - Manuscript made in a scriptorium by Hiberno-Saxon (post Roman, British Isles) monks - Celtic Irish Christian Book - Image of scripture authors are depicted - Made from animal skin - Matthew is depicted seated in his study recounting the life of Christ, accompanied by an angel, while another man (unknown) peers out from behind a curtain - Weird perspective at Matthew's feet

Plan for monastery at Saint Gall

Early Medieval Europe The Carolingians: ca. 819 - One of the few surviving blueprints from the middle ages - Made from calfskin - Drawn to scale - Two big towers at entrance to attract visitors - Looks like a Trajan basilica church - Nave shaped like a cross - Cloister: enclosed open space/garden - Dormitory, dining hall, kitchen, bakery, brewery (Water was not safe to drink at the time), farm, school, kiln, infirmary, graveyard - Monastery had to be self-sufficient - Central to the revival of learning

Palatine Chapel of Charlemagne

Early Medieval Europe The Carolingians: 792-805 - Charlemagne tried to make a new Rome in Aachen (he failed miserably) - Based on the San Vitale, but simpler and is more geometric - The original had a forum and two stories - Striped arches show an Islamic Art influence - Consists entirely of spolia from Ravenna - Corinthian columns - Congregation was in center - Emperor throne would be on second floor - Based on the "throne of Solomon" from the Bible - Two altars

Equestrian portrait of Charlemagne

Early Medieval Europe The Carolingians: early 9th c. -bringing bronze sculptures back - Made out of bronze (hadn't been used since Roman empire) - Depicts Charlemagne holding orb, symbol of ruling the world - Horse and rider cast seperately - Small (9"), not enough resources to make good/large statues, poor economy during dark ages - Inspired by statue of Marcus Aurelius

Gospel Book of Otto III

Early Medieval Europe The Ottonians: ca. 1000 -scepter and cross-inscribed orb, signifying universal authority -On one side is the emperor, on the other side are 4 females wearing crowns and carrying gifts. -There is an inscription above the head of the figures, meaning these women are personification of cities in the empire. -This means every year the emperor receives tribute from his provinces. -There is an obvious hierarchy of scale, he is holding a scepter with a bird. -The artist is showing us the emperor and the other guys inside the palace by symbolically showing them. -The men with the spear are the armies and the men with the books are the church people. -->This shows the two roles of the emperor. The image is pretty flat, the feet are kind of elevated, the art is rather abstract

Crown of Otto I

Early Medieval Europe The Ottonians: first used in 962 -A Muslim empire based in Turkey that lasted from the 1300's to 1922.

Purse cover, from the Sutton Hoo ship burial, Suffolk England

Early Medieval Europe ca. 625 -purse buckle -only thing left was coins and the buckle -Jeweled fibulae were a status symbol among warlords - Found in a woman's grave, showing people of the time believed in the afterlife, taking possessions with them - No written records of the time, artifacts suggest belief in afterlife

Lindisfarne Gospels, Cross-inscribed carpet page; Saint Matthew

Early Medieval Europe ca. 698-721 - Cross with bell-shaped extensions - Irish Catholic version of cross - Animal interlace covering page - Made to look like metalwork

Pair of Merovingian looped fibula

Early Medieval Europe mid 6th c. -always travelling - so no statues -no written language - jewellery was common cause they can travel with it -has images of a fish and an eagle beak - Basically a giant safety pin to hold cloaks together - Animal decorations/interlace, may represent eagle - Cloisonné: Soldered gold used for decorations, glass and jewels added - Jewels and gems not perfect or polished, scratched underneath to add shine and texture

St. Bernard of Clairvaux

Emphasized role of faith in preference to logic; stressed importance of mystical union with God; successfully challenged Abelard and had him driven from the universities.

animal interlace

a decorative technique using abstracted animal forms in an (often elaborate) interwoven pattern (Chi-rho-iota Page)

INSIDE THE GOTHIC CATHEDRAL

Gothic Europe: France: -Transcept in the middle -Aisle go all the way aounf (x2) like romaneques -flying buttresses (2) transfer the nave vaults across the roofs of the side aisles and ambulatory to a tall pier rising above the church's exterior wall. Flying butress (for holding up the wall) +rib vaults with pointed arches= solution of constructing lofty naces with huge windows Ussualy gorund plan= thick wall but here, big suport church, no wall>> flying buttresst= try to get rid of the wall as much as oissible= this buikding is really tall Nave= big compound piers + pointed arches Big windows= 2nd floor= triphore (not made for people, but not gallery (have space up there) New= clestory= glass , huge Fill with glass Compound is support by the flying buttress= built against the wallrun the butress uo in the airs, hold uo the inside, big arches(the flyer) Originally with wood frame

Chartres Cathedral - side entrance

Gothic Europe: France: -from left to right, Christ's Ascension, the Second Coming, and Jesus in the lap of the Virgin Mary. Slight point all the arches= Similar to tymanun= cover with scuplture= wait and look at it, about christianity Christ in throne with halo= making a blessing = more natual, human looking? Figure more natural, 3dimentional, figure that u can relate to it= during meddle age, all matter are soul, body is evil, grk philosopher asrotle= observe the world around, theres a link between sould and body= study his creation= art willl look at how people appear, more realistic , holding bible= animals arounds him= the end of time Similar to the last judgement= bottole disiple no sinner= left out threatening aspect= blessing sence

Jamb statues: Annunciation, and Visitation

Gothic Europe: France: They look more independent even tho they part of the church These are paird, talking to each oter Telling story First 2= Anunciation= anouncement for Mary that she will be pregnant A sense of weight Charming faces> relate to each other Visitation= Virgin Mary and her cousin, Elizabeth, old, Aangel told that Elizabeth (St. Joan) is pregnant as well E call her the Mother of our Lord= realized how important she is = a sense of weight shift Faces= Eli look old, cranky Mary= smooth, beautiful, calm, weight at her hairs= similar to Aphrodite (look like classical grk statue) Close to contraposto E's= look at roman Reims was Roman teritory, artisrt would have access to Ro sculptures Ground plan= trranscept hard to see Every bishop want their church to be taller Sharper pointed arch Triforium ussually the side but here fill up with stain glass Trying to eliminate as much as the wall as possible This church still stand after the

Chartres Cathedral - windows

Gothic Europe: France: They want to get rid of window to fill with window in the aisle= this church is dedivated to virin mary Stain glass? ( glass= melted sand, chemical to make color, hand made: ended up with lots of flaw, not even, smooth= but make the color of glass is more beautiful Iron frame to hold up = spiritual with beautiful color Rose window in front of the church= Transcept= less black, more surfixticated Symbol of King France Reason they there because thye pay for the window ( signature)

Royal portal, jamb statues of Old Testament kings and queens

Gothic Europe: France: 1145-55 Theyre from Old testtament Small collum= jamp figure (gem +longfigure)= most of men have crown= king and ween ( old test) ancestor of Christ= royal ...= individualize figure so they don't loook the same Soul and body, to study them More realistic looking figure

Carcassonne, France

Gothic Europe: France: 12- 13th c. -after the walls were built no one bothered to attack it -to the people that lived here they were very safe -the problem is that the space is no enclosed so it is had to expand and better to build up - con. 1 : fire and no running water. (if one house catches fire so do others) 2: No running water so it isn't clean. use water from wells. And no place for sewage --> epidemics are common - lords, counts, nights - City enclosed by a set of walls - Walls paid for and built by king - Symbol of Louis IX's authority - Has a church

Blanche of Castille, Louis IX, and two monks, dedication page of a moralized Bible

Gothic Europe: France: 1226-1234 Good King= tons $ on churches= we called Louis, St L L with his mother , Castile? 12 yrs old when came to throne, his mother ruled france The image on gold leaf on animal skin, and paint over that, morallize bible and show the owner Lan and Lois Below= producing the book, they are not member of the church Monk and artirst

Sainte-Chapelle, Paris

Gothic Europe: France: 1243-1248 The <3 of Paris= Private chapel for St louis not a public church 2 stories= Louis has direct acces from his palace No aisle Butress but no flyingbutress Upper chapel just made for Louis Compound piers Doesn't look like stone, paint bu gold, look like a meal Unsual, why bui this? Louis was collector of relics Crown of throne out in Constainople Louis spent more than ½ to get this crown Carry symbol of Christ carry around the street of Paris Sent monk to get = 2 crosses , purple cloth of christ , sponge cary,,,, of Christ= they got everything relics This chappel hold those relics Up there originally have reliquary Most story from Old Testament= clockwise All king somehow Fance King Past= present Big deal? Symbol of Kingship= Louis is now own his crown= connect to Christ and Old Testament kings >>Middle age relic used different ways = To attract = To consolce power ( God ruled thru him) --> Looks like a choir - Originally part of Louis IX's palace (he dies on a crusade and becomes a saint) - Build chapel to store relics (Crown of Thorns amongst others) - Private stairs up to chapel for King - Reliquary built for his collection of relics (he had a lot and liked to rearrange them) - Stained glass with Biblical stories - Glass panes behind relics is story of Jesus's death - Old Testament kings holding scepter with symbol of France - Panes showing how Louis got the relics - Shows King accepting crown, showing he was chosen by God to be king

Chartres Cathedral

Gothic Europe: France: begun 1134, rebuilt after 1194 First gothic cathedral Chartre= wealth of water Had lots of fire= detroyed the front = rebuilt it with gothic style Important? Sacred wealth+ relic Tunic of the virgin= Mari ascend to heaven Earliest par= visah Right tower= original Circle rose window( esp in francE) Sount transcept portal= more natural looking = St theordor Tall so the pilgrim can see from the distance above In stead of the wall, pointing arch (lighter) new lighter vault (ripping vaults

Reims Cathedral

Gothic Europe: France: ca. 1225-1290 Most of the churches at this period dedicated to a Virgin Mary ( Notre Dame= Our Lady) It was a Romaneque church , burn out, and rebuit Competitive= they want their church to be taller, more ornate, more stain glass Different=ran out of money but still have tall tower Rose window You can see the floating buttress Central door way, no tyminym just stain glases move the sculptures up to the vault

Saint Theodore, jamb statue

Gothic Europe: France: ca. 1230 Roman sodierl, during this period artirst don't carve their name, we don't know who made this Realistic= chain mail= a little bit of controposto= Chain mail = hot= and heavy= cloth to block the sun He looks independent= creating real human looking -swings out one hip in a contrapposto liek greek statues, clothed in cloak and armor of gothic crusaders

Hours of Jeanne d'Evreux

Gothic Europe: France: ca. 1325-28 -more trade, more prosperous -people started businesses for themselves, middle class began to grow -books - everything had written but people start reading (book of hours) -prayers that you read at set hours - recession into space

The Castle of Love and knights jousting, ivory jewelry casket

Gothic Europe: France: ca. 1330-1350 -songs that told stories -courtly love -songs about romance -popular item for the very rich -ivory -woman fighting back using flowers and night fighting (mock battle with flowers) -jousting (nights with symbols) -> it helps train nights and also gives them a chance to make money, gives them a change to get out aggression -Aristotle was alexander the greats tutor (he is studying) Alexander had a mistress (Fillus) and Aristotle fell in love with her too (she rode him on all 4) --> when you fall in love you become an idiot

Equestrian Portrait (Bamberg Rider), Bamberg Cathedral

Gothic Europe: Germany: ca. 1235-1240 sister married to the king of france -high poet bishop fiends with the holy roman emperor -built into the wall -7'9" -crown... roman emperor ->might be the holy roman emperor -house is not convincing -face seems like a portrait

Ekkehard and Uta, choir of Naumburg Cathedral

Gothic Europe: Germany: ca. 1249-55 -built in the Romanesque period -add new choir and amps although not built in a Romanesque style (gothic style) -6 pairs of figures looking toward the alter (6'2") -local rulers and original founder of the church (200 yrs in the past) --> bishop who built this came form this family -look like the jam figures -realism and persona's

Effects of Good Government in the City and the Country, by Ambrogio Lorenzetti

Gothic Europe: Italy: 1338-1339 -painted the walls in fresco -subject matter chosen by the city council -figures representing justice -wings and whsipsy clothing represent security - she's holing up a picture of someone hanging -first landscape since the fall of the roman empire -expensive work of art about the secular world -black plague = 25,000 000 people died painting by Lorenzetti that provides realistic picture of Siena; benefits of peace and prosperity are displayed (precursor of Renaissance)

Birth of the Virgin, Pietro Lorenzettiterm-34

Gothic Europe: Italy: 1342 Italy breaking free of the holy roman emperor -Sienna founded by the etruscans. -romulous and remous - ramous had twins and they founded Sienna -republic with a significant middle class -ruled by the nine (city council of 9 members) -->included a constitution written in italian not in latin -2 months members in office and had to live in city hall --> power moved around -somewhat related to pizza -3 panels (triptychs) -wooden frame -looks like it is taking place in the here and now time -religious subject but making it sen like it is taking place in Sienna

tympanum

Half-round panel that fills the space between the lintle and arch over the doorway of the church.

stained glass

In Gothic architecture, the colored glass used for windows

triforium

In a Gothic cathedral, the blind arcade gallery below the clerestory; occasionally, the arcades are filled with stained glass

Great Mosque, Cordoba, Spain, 8th-10th c.

Islamic Art: - 36 piers, 514 columns support unique series of double-tiered horseshoe-shaped arches - Spolia: Corinthian columns don't all match because they were taken from other locations and recycled here - Ceiling is raised with the arches (like a horseshoe) - Horseshoe shape is purely decorative, not structural -decoration - wall designs - arch -columns and arches in lines that form rows

Quran page

Islamic Art: 9th-10th c. -Islamic Art. Page from the Quran, the holy book of Islam. Images of Allah were seen as against Islam, so decoration was done through embellishing on the writing and using geometric figures. -The Quran is always read in Arabic, because it seen as being meant to be read in Arabic -- doing otherwise would diminish its meaning. Written in early kufic script.

Maqsud of Kashan, carpet from funerary mosque

Islamic Art: Iran, 1540 - Made for a funerary mosque - Possibly a depiction of paradise - Incredible labor and craftsmanship - Over 25 million knots hand-made - Blue background represents water, floating lotus blossoms - Middle represents a dome - Oil lamps, one is bigger than the other so when one stands at one end, the other lamp seems to be the same size

The Dome of the Rock

Islamic Art: Jerusalem, 687-692 - Earliest known Islamic Art, first great Islamic building - Dome erected to symbolise triumph of Islam in Jerusalem - Site is sacred to three religions: Islam, Judaism, and Christianity - Christians believe it is the site of Adam burial, Jews believe it is the site where Abraham prepared to sacrifice his son Isaac, Muslims believe it is where Mohammed miraculously journeyed to heaven. - Golden dome exterior, glass mosaic interior with images of paradise in heaven for Muslims - Exterior is done in blue, green, and gold tiles - NO figural imagery - Passages from Qur'an used as decoration (calligraphy) - Geometric style and Corinthian columns

Alhambra Palace

Islamic Art: Spain, 1354-91 One of the best preserved islamic palaces Largest Islamic religious structure, found in Spain. The palace was in Granada, Spain and it reflects Islamic-Spanish civilization notable example of moorish architecture in spain

Cistercians

Monastic movement, established a strict system of control over their houses through a hierarchy of abbeys. Built monasteries in the wilderness and discouraged close ties with secular society, Cïteaux

Reliquary Statue of Sainte-Foy

Romanesque Europe: France 10th-11th c -Anglo Saxon. - Gold and gemstones over wood. roman helmet and head. shrine of child martyr. miracles of st foy. -material possessions and vengence are major themes. keeps church and state separete, anti secular authority!! Western Christians wanted to be close to saints' earthly remains, monks encased skull of Sainte Foy in gold/jewel statue

Last Judgment, by Gislebertus, tympanum Saint-Lazare,

Romanesque Europe: France Autun, ca. 1120 -35 -predicted in the book of revelations -end of time -christ is going to call the dead out of the graves and is going to judge - good go to heaven bad - hell -hierarchy scale -christ is the ruler of the universe -halo around his whole body -angles blowing horns are calling out the dead -no sense of space, christ sitting down but can't tell -his right side = favourite side --> st. marry -s. peter and the keys to heaven -staff with a curl at the end = bishops (on the side of the saved) - on the left is disciples and sinners (the dammed) -snakes around them, claws for feet, grouse looking -judgment represented by a scale

Saint-Sernin, Toulouse

Romanesque Europe: France ca. 1070-1120 -Local saint was buried there - Basilica church - Tower with nave cross in the middle - Buttressing of brick and stone - Two towers at front never completed - Small choir - Spacious aisle for pilgrimage, increased travel called for bigger churches - Radiating chapel, each would have a relic - Multiple places for donations - Stone vaulting (wood roof is dangerous) - Barrel vault roof (first since fall of Rome) - Compound piers support arches - Nave arcades, arches, and second floor gallery

Abbey Church Notre-Dame, Fontenay

Romanesque Europe: France: "Notre Dame" means "Our Lady" (The Virgin Mary) - Completely isolated, no towers, didn't want to attract visitors - Small, square apse - No sculptures, figural art not permitted - Ground is pounded earth - No second story - Pointed barrel vault (stone) - Altar had no reliquary, jewels, gold, silver, or art, only one candle holding and a wooden cross - Wooden barrel vault dormitory

Initial R with knight fighting dragons, ca.

Romanesque Europe: France: - Comes from the Old Testament Book of Job - The duel between the knight and the dragon symbolises the spiritual struggle of monks - Cover page that has nothing to do with the rest of the book - Knight is standing on his squire, elongated body, very elegant - Forms the letter R, the initial letter of the salutation "Reverentissimo" -commenting on lifestyle and feudalism: knight is standing on servant, who actually pierced dragon, while knight just looks valiant. opinion about stratification in society. conceptual

Cloister of Saint-Pierre, Moissac, France - ca. 1100-1115

Romanesque Europe: France: - Four walkways - Single, double-pattern columns with animal decorations - A place for monks to relax and think - Each column is unique and somewhat Corinthian

capital with Suicide of Judas

Romanesque Europe: France: Autun, ca. 1120 -35 -demons helping hang him -they all look like they're screaming -designed to make people think about christianity

San Miniato al Monte, Florence, 1062-1090

Romanesque Europe: Italy and Germany: 1062-1090 -St. Minias arrived in Florence and took up life as hermit>> became victim of the persecutions of the Emperor Decius was be headed. After his execution -he picked up his head put it back on his shoulders and went to die in the cave on Monte Crozi -where he lived and pray, the cave is now the location of this church. Why? Shows dealth Chose this place for burial site, Christian always belive that burial is sacred place

Cathedral, Baptistery and Campanile in Pisa

Romanesque Europe: Italy and Germany: 1063-1272 Monument to the glory + Bring credit to the city Pisa on the coast= wealthy city,(neighbor: spain, sicili,...) Catheral church 200 yrs to build Run out of money that's why Brick Only pisa cover with rich marble (white+green) Basiilican church Looks like old st peter Most elements comes from Roman architecture Corithian collumns Arches is decorative Aisle ½ nave Use color marble or paint No transcept,step down( crip?, visit tomb of Saint Motania) and step up ( clergy work, coronation) Dedicated to Virgin Mary Shape like basilica Side= 2 ailses Exterior= color marble=> show wealthy, power Stripe, diamond underneath arch= rich looking Arches gallery= Horse shoes >>Spain, Islamic influences >>Elegant, ornate Oval dome shape= Transpcept have little apse Interior= beam ceiling cover with coffer Corinthian collumns with arches 2 gallery= zebra striping

Hildegard receives her visions

Romanesque Europe: Italy and Germany: ca. 1150-1179 Middle Age= church powerful= only man could be priest Bible= 10% earn five to God each year H's father= no money= 10 children= Hildegard is last one=give their kid to monastery She was educated= read everything, nuns elected her abbess She can get messages from God= the vision came to her as fiery light pouring into her brain = no one can hear but her Even when she wide awake Send writing to Saint Monor= he believe that God specking to her= form them to poem= encourage her to keep writing dwn things she experience Monaster for woman god speak to her, other abbess disagree but then agree because they dont want her to die= She then became the head of the monastery for women Wrtie book of theology, Natural history, medicine 12th century, only composer Firt time women get to do these things, church let her? Her vision, god speaking> prohphet not a women anymore> truth? Her writing+ illustration ( in nice building , monastery + dress the way upper class+ flame coming down direct right in her eyes, something she see+ in her lap, curve tablet, prohphet of the past+ vulmore= witness to this experiece, not her alone, hes holding dictation, wirtes down what she said, maybe she sketched what she sees It mostly about feminine,man in cosmo, eveything made out of earth air water and ...

Bayeux Tapestry

Romanesque Europe: The Normans: ca. 1070-1080 -originally vikings -log bows and travel great distances (normandy) -settled down in normandy and converted to Christianity - ruled by a duke -Robert the devil didn't have an heir - he had an illegitimate sun (William the bestirred) -conquered England and became the king of England (the battle of hastings) -NOT actually a tapestry but a pice of embroidery - colours out of plant materials -20 inches high and 230 ft long --> made to hang in a cathedral

Campo with Palazzo Pubblico

Siena, 1288-1309 city centre -city hall and where the "9" live -made it just as tall as the church to show the the city is just as important

choir

The area of the church between a transept and main apse. it is the area where the service is sung and clergy may stand, and the main or high altar is located.

Muhammed

The prophet and founder of Islam

rose window

a circular window with stained glass and stone tracery used on the facades and the ends of the transepts in Gothic cathedrals

squinches

a system shaped like an octagon that supports a dome using arches, corbels or lintels to bridge the corners of the supporting wall and form the octagon inscribed in the square

Hiberno-Saxon

an art style that flourished in the monasteries of the British Isles in the early Middle Ages

Bayeux Tapestry part 1

battle of hastings at very end -starts 2 years earlier -William and the kings brother in law were both options to become the king (Harold) -William is giving arms to Harold - he is now his night -Harold takes a holy oath to support William - The old king was buried in West Minister Abby that was build by Edward (the old king) --> it was just finished being made -after the king dies - Harold sieges the throne for himself --> they are pointing at a shooting star (Haley's commit) > William orders that ships be built -mini humans above battle - unknown - probably done for fun by a joke or something to grab their attention -Angelo saxons had battle axes and didn't fight from hours back --> took the high ground -end of Harold - struck in the eye and they flee (missing a section) -end probably shown Williams coronation/ on the throne -roman column or trojan used as a model and idea (a way of flattery - like he's like then roman emperor) -William conquered England with 7,000 men -How accurate is it? William wronged and taking it back is the norman point of view > Angelo sax sons say that Edward picked Harold and he was voted king

William the Conqueror

duke of Normandy who led the Norman invasion of England and became the first Norman to be King of England

ambulatory and radiating chapels

gothic architecture (rib vaults, stained glass ceiling, high ceilings

compound piers

piers with columns or pilasters attached to their rectangular core

flying buttresses

stone support on the outside of a building that allowed builders to construct higher walls and leave space for large stained-glass windows

muqarnas

stucco decorations of Islamic buildings in which stalactite-like forms break a structure's solidity

rib vaulting

supports the ceiling and helps hold the walls together

Four Evangelists

the authors of the four gospels, Saints John, Luke, Matthew and Mark

pendentives

the concave triangular section of a vault that forms the transition between a square or polygonal space and the circular base of a dome

Battle of Hastings

the decisive battle in which William the Conqueror (duke of Normandy) defeated the Saxons under Harold II (1066) and thus left England open for the Norman Conquest

nave arcade and gallery

the series of arches supported by piers seperating the nave from the side aisles

mosque layout

tower closer to god need to know where Mecca is -supposed to pray 5 times a day -mosques can be used for meeting places not just prayer because you can pray anywhere -5 pillars of islam - you can pray anywhere. -mosque were built to show power from rules - also used as a meeting place not just to pray -3rd holiest site for Muslims -Muslims believe Muhammad ascended to heaven from - not to depict pictures of people -made it pretty so people aren't swayed by elaborate churches

relics

valued holy objects from the past