art appreciation chapters 15,16,17

icons

Small paintings created to inspire devotion. are painted in conformity to a precise formula.

New Stone Age or Neolithic age

neo= new. seems to have arisen first around 9000- 6000 BCE in the area that is now Iraq.The transition from Old Stone Age (Paleolithic) to New Stone Age (Neolithic) involved the gradual shift from nomadic hunters and gatherers to the more stable life of agricultural communities.

Iconoclastic Controversy

occurred between the mid-8th-9th century in the Byzantine Christian Church. The destruction of all Christian images was ordered and those worshiping were punished for having graven images. The iconoclasts (those in favor of destroying images) also favored the Emperor's power.

Fall of Rome

occurred in 476 after repeated attacks from nomadic German tribes.Political unity weakened and the Western Roman empire decayed. The Byzantine Empire continued well into the 15th century.

paleolithic period

old stone age. paleo= ancient. litho= stone. The predominance of stone pieces among surviving artifacts of the Paleolithic and Neolithic has led us to call this period the Stone Age. So far only female figures have been found.

MESOPOTAMIA

one of the first civilizations. The first civilizations were developed along fertile river valleys. The broad plain between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers was called Mesopotamia.first Mesopotamian civilization were the Sumerians from the Southern most part of Mesopotamia

Oculus

opening in the center is 30'wide.

Kouros

ord for male youth

early Italian Renaissance

transition from the Byzantine to beginning of the Renaissance. -Giotto -Masaccio

Akkadia

was a region north of Sumer in Mesopotamia and they came to take over.

Pantheon

was built as a Roman temple dedicated to all the Gods of pagan Rome. the design of the Pantheon is a globe of space, with the dome being the vault of the heavens.

Southern Renaissance

was first, more human centered in subject matter, and influenced by Classical Mediterranean culture and ideals.

Leonardo da Vinci

was motivated by curiosity and belief that art and science are two means to the same end: knowledge. His notebooks put him at the forefront of the scientific development of his time. one-point linear perspective - the last supper -mona lisa

Jan van Eyck

was one of the first to use oil as a painting medium.

hatshepsut

was the first and one of the longest ruling women Pharaoh's She was known for increasing trade and a peaceful reign.

Raphael

was the most expressive of clarity and balance. - the school of athens

Pyramids

were constructed as BURIAL VAULTS for the pharaohs because of the Egyptian belief in the after world. The pyramids are made of stone, dry masonry and mostly solid with narrow passageways leading to small burial chambers.

Northern Renaissance

which developed a little a later evolved out of nature centered religions. It's subjects were often of everyday life rather than ideals.

METOPES

just above the colonnade the designers installed evenly spaced square panels

nomadic groups

(referred to by the Romans as barbarians) moved traded and battled throughout Central Asia and Europe. Little is known about Nomads because they were not literate, but from their art we know that were skilled metalworkers. They lived a horse based culture which centered on trading.The style is varied but the motif of man confronting animal with repeated curvilinear patterns had a big influence on Christian and Medieval art. because of their lifestyle, their art consisted of small, easily portable objects like jewelry

Pieter Bruegel

- Hunters in the Snow

Michelangelo

- statue of David - sistine chapel - the last judgement

RENAISSANCE

1350-1600 The name of this era "Renaissance" literally means "Rebirth." This refers to a revived interest in the ideas and art of ancient Greece. Many works regarded as masterpieces were created during this time period.

3 time periods in Greek history

Archaic period Classical period Hellenistic period 800-480 B.C.E. 480-323 B.C.E. 323-30 B.C.E

southern renaissance

Christian and Classical Mythology, human terms, accuracy and feeling, in service of the divine.

middle ages

Christianity and spiritual concerns

Northern renaissance

Flanders (now Belgium, France and the Netherlands) there was a parallel interest in a type of realism. included many private commissions focused on landscapes as opposed to religious topics, as a result of the Protestant movement led by Martin Luther which discouraged elaborate church interiors. - Jan van Eyck - Pieter Bruegel

latter part of Greek Classical period

Greek sculpture turned away from the serious toward the sensual. Nude Goddesses were unknown in previous periods

Archaic period

Greeks assimilated influences from Egypt and the near east.Greek potters pioneered ceramic painting technique during the Archaic period, first with black figure painting then with red. Artists incised images with a metal tool into the pot before glazing. The greatest black figure painter was Exekias. honored individual achievement by creating many life sized nude male and clothed female figures.

gothic style

POINTED ARCH which meant higher ceilings and wider aisles. gothic cathedrals were the center of community life... they could hold large numbers of people, town meetings, concerts, religious plays. In the case of this cathedral, many of the community helped to build it. extensive use of STAINED GLASS. Notre dame

HIERARCHIC scale

The sizing of figures as determined by social rank

sfumato

The softening of edges is achieved by subtle value gradations. made possible by oil paint

Sumerians

They worshiped nature gods in temples set on huge platforms called ZIGGURATS. In the city/states of Sumer religion and government were one. Authority rests with the priest who claimed divine sanction.

SAN VITALE

This is an important 6th century Byzantine church and rare in that it is still intact and built in Italy by Byzantine Emperor Justinian

Middle Ages

To further divorce himself from ROME he moved the capital of the Roman Empire to Byzantium which he renamed Constantinople (now this is Istanbul, Turkey.) This move marks the beginning of the Middle Ages It effectively split the empire in two with one Emperor in Rome as well.The Western Roman empire fell but the Easter Byzantine Empire thrived well into the 15th century.Their distinctive style of mosaic painting and architecture is associated with the Orthodox churches of Easter Europe.

Roman Basilica

a government building into one of the earliest Christian churches Old St. Peter's Basilica. looks more like a monastery than a church. Inside however, glittering mosaics that cover the interior. Early Christian churches were built with an inward focus... to reflect the Christian ideal.

HUMANISM

a revival of the (Greek and Roman) belief in the greatness of human potential and the belief that people can observe, understand, and to some degree control their world. There is an emphasis on reason as opposed to faith. ew scientific approaches brought a quest for representational accuracy. There remained a strong interest in religion as well, both Christian and Greco-Roman.

bronze

allowed people to make better weapons are other developments that allowed for the growth of civilizations.

ROMANESQUE

architecture started in the 11th -12th c with a revival of Roman principals of stone construction such as rounded arches and barrel vaults. Such figures were the first large sculptures since the Roman times 1000 years earlier. developed in a Western Europe dominated by Feudalism and Monasticism. The pilgrimage to a cathedral with relics was a way for a peasant to have an adventure; a kind of spiritual tourism. Churches grew large to accommodate the masses attending. asted only 100 years before the GOTHIC style replaced it. - round arch

Illuminated manuscripts

are handwritten books with illustrations. The first created by Irish monks were a combination of Celtic, animal art and Christian theology. illuminating because of their use of gold leaf which glows.

Coffers

are the recessed squares inside the dome.

contrapposto

bears most of his weight on one leg, a pose. The Greeks and Romans used this pose to give a life like quality to figures at rest.

Masaccio

became the first major painter of the Italian Renaissance. He led the way in an intense study of anatomy, light and the logical construction of implied space called linear perspective first used in this painting. They portrayed Christian subject in human terms.

PARTHENON

built in Athens on the Acropolis, which is a rocky hill in the city. defined clarity, harmony and vigor that are the basis of Greek tradition. The proportions are based on harmonious ratios of 4 to 9.held a 40 foot statue of Athena.

THE ROMAN ERA: 2nd Century B.C.E-476 C.E.

empire was huge and would include Western Europe, North Africa and the Near East as well as the shores of the Mediterranean.Roman art reflects the need to administer this huge empire. Romans were more practical, less idealistic than the Greeks.romans greatest achievements were in civil engineering, town planning, and architecture.The Romans refined the arch, arcades, barrel vaults and domes.

Earliest Centers of Civilization

caves around the world starting around 28,000 BCE feature artwork. These include South Africa, France, Argentina, Australia,Germany, and Austria

CLASSIC EGYPTIAN elements

compact, strong, geometric. Formal pose with left foot forward, anatomical yet following a prescribed geometry, ceremonial beard and figures that remain attached to the block of stone.

Byzantine style

decorated largely with Mosaic. The elongated abstracted figures provide symbolic rather than naturalistic depictions is Byzantine. had its roots in early Christian/Late Roman art but it also absorbed Eastern influences and non-representational designs of Islam.

Egyptian civilization

deserts on both sides of the Nile diminished outside influences and allowed the Egyptian civilization to last for 2500 year uninterrupted. Longer than from the time of the birth of Christ until today.

early Christian and Byzantine Art

early worship hidden. They had underground burial chambers called CATACOMBS under the streets of Rome. Many martyrs and saints were buried here.Emperor Constantine converted to Christianity in 313 C.E. Even though Rome was in decline it was still very large and this increased Christianity's popularity greatly. It was also easy to convert unlike Judiasm.

Giotto

his figures are shown as individuals within a shallow stage-like space and their faces portray a grief rarely seen in Medieval art. In the Renaissance, artist portrayed Christian subjects in human terms.

greeks

idealized the human and human form

The Colosseum

is a elliptical structure made of concrete, brick, stone and marble. The exterior is a 3 story round arch arcade. It held 50- 75,000 people to watch Gladiator matches and wild game hunts.

PETROGLYPH

is a rock carving made by scratching or pecking the surface of exposed stone. Thousands of carvings exist that depict humans, animals, and mythic beings.

Entasis

is a slight convex curve in the shaft of a column, introduced to correct the visual illusion of concavity produced by a straight shaft as a result of light shining from behind it.

Hellenistic art

is noted for being .more dynamic and less idealized. more expressive!

Mosaic

is the art of creating images with small pieces of glass, stone or other materials.

High Renaissance

reached a peak in the three cities of Florence, Rome, and Venice. had three defining artists: These three developed a style of art that was calm, balanced and idealized combining Christian theology and Greek Philosophy. - Leonardo Da Vinci - Michelangelo - Raphael

Civilization

refers to cultures that have complex social orders and relatively high degrees of technology, agriculture and animal husbandry, occupational specialization, writing and bronze. civilizations developed independently in different parts of the world at similar times.

The Middle Ages or Medieval Europe

refers to the 1000 years after the fall of the Roman Empire and before the Renaissance or 5th to 15th century CE. took shape as a early Christian art absorbed the artistic influence of nomadic invaders. People lived as peasants protected by Lords in smaller communities. Although they could not change their status, worked hard and remained poor, they lived stable lives.

romans

scientific and practical advancement

Classical period

t emphasizes rational simplicity order and restrained emotion.