Art Appreciation Study Guide

13. The 10th century copper sculpture illustrated in this chapter is the physical form the Hindu god Shiva. Which role of the artist does this sculpture represent?

• Tangible form to the unknown

32. Allen Kaprow claimed that art was most like life itself. He took art in a new direction with happenings. According to your book, what is a happening?

• Staging events

53. What is the young man, in Meta Fuller's Talking Skull doing? Why did the artist do this work?

• Talking to the dead. Traumatic rupture with ancestral culture that slavery had produced.

3. Gustave Courbet is considered a Realist. What subjects did the realist's artist depict?

• The Realist's artist depicts the everyday and the ordinary.

5. In his work, Luncheon on the Grass, Edouard Manet updated two works from this era. Name the era.

• The Renaissance

32. Kensett uses atmospheric perspective in his painting Lake George. What style of expression is represented in this painting?

- Naturalism

1. Look at the painting by Elizabeth Murray-The Sun and the Moon. Find the cat, what color is the cat?

- Orange

50. Picasso used symmetrical balance in his work Girl Before a Mirror. The reflection of the girl in the mirror should prompt you to recall a term we discussed in chapter 1. These works medicate on the fleeting nature of earthly life and happiness. What is the term?

- Vanitas

3. Define the term line as found in your book.

- a path traced by a point

38. Name the artist, from the book, who use conceptual unity.

- annette messager

42. Asymmetrical balance is achieved by distributing visual weight accordingly. How does balance encourage our active participation when looking at a work of art? See page 122.

- balance leads our eyes around a work of art, which helps communicate a mood or meaning.

28. Which term above is associated with the two paintings on page 108?

- foreshortening

45. What did the ancient Egyptians use to govern the proportions of their figures?

- hierarchical proportion

26. Sculpture, architecture, and all forms with mass exist in three-dimensional space. It has height, width and depth as well as positive and negative space. Two-dimensional space has only height and width and the illusion of positive and negative space which exists within the picture plane. Therefore, space can be 2D or 3D, implied or actual, positive or negative. Define:Picture plane

- is an image plane located between the eye point and being viewed.

33. Chinese and Muslim painters use diagonal lines but without allowing parallels to converge. Tell me the type of perspective used when parallel lines do not converge to a vanishing point

- isometric perspective

18. A tone would be the combination of black and white; making gray. How would you make a tint? A shade?

- mixing white and red to make pink

12. Look at the painting by Raphael, Madonna of the Meadows, what implied geometric shape do you see in this painting?

- rectangles in the background

35. Kinetic comes from the Greek word "kinetos" which means moving. Which work by Calder deals with actual movement?We have discussed and seen examples of line, space, mass, light, value, color, texture, space, time*, and motion* which are the raw materials or elements of a work of art. Chapter 5 examines how the artists organize all of these elements of design. *It was only during the 20th century that these two elements took their place as elements of Western art.

- southern cross

47. Leonardo da Vinci was fascinated by the ideas of Vitruvius. Which two geometric shapes do you see in da Vinci's work on page 132?

- square and circle

40. After 1949 Georgia O'Keeffe lived permanently in New Mexico, the area with which she is most closely associated. What type of balance does she use in her painting Deer's Skull with Pedernal?

- symmetrical balance

5. There are three basic line directions: vertical, horizontal, and diagonal. Each of these line directions has the ability to suggest emotions to the viewer. For example: Vertical lines seem assertive, or denote growth and strength. Horizontal lines appear more calming. What are the characteristics of the diagonal line? You can see each of these characteristics of line in The Biglin Brothers Racing by Thomas Eakins.

- the diagonal line suggest movement and power.

2. Line can indicate boundaries between form, direction and motion, shadows and highlights, and spatial depth on flat surfaces. How does Elizabeth Murray use line in her painting-The Sun and the Moon?

- the edges are shaped in lines and lines are inside the shapes to suggest texture

6. Look at the photograph on page 80. What item leads your eye from the right foreground of the work to the background (left of the middle in the work)?

- the fenced area in the middle of the painting.

30. Look at the painting The Last Supper by da Vinci. Where is the vanishing point?

- the middle of the painting, the face of jesus

29. Define the term vanishing point.

- the point at which receding parallel lines viewed in perspective appear to come together

14. Which artist uses light to create oue awareness of light as a presence in the natural world?

-Doug Wheeler

48. The architect Le Corbusier designed the Modular, a tool he used for calculating human proportions. He based these proportions upon the ________________________________________.

-golden section

46. The use of scale to indicate relative importance is called _______________________________________.

-hierarchial

9. Define the terms shape and mass (form).

-is an two-dimensional form with identifiable boundaries. Mass is a three-dimensional form that occupies a volume of space.

Art museums themselves were a development of the 19th century, and they made art available to the public in a way we take for granted. Tell me the name of the first museum, the year it opened, and where it is located.

-The first museum was called Louvre and it was in Paris in 1793. It was built during the French Revolution.

8. Besides actual lines your book discusses implied lines. Give me an example of an implied line.

-a gaze between two people

34. Look at the work Dervish on page 114. The magic of the tree cycled through the seasons as it sways creates motion. This is not a painting but a _______________________________.

-digital animation

31. On page 107 there is an article about da Vinci's painting. List four facts (things that happened to the painting):

-over time the painting started to decompose, their have been efforts mad to conserve the painting,Leonardo has experimented with devising when deteriorated his painting, and areas of the painting were filled with watercolors that lessens the actual color of the original painting.

41. Look at the work on page 121. This work uses ___________________________ balance to suggest there is a hidden order to the universe.

-symmetrical

7. There is a great deal of contrast between Eakins work and the work by Gericault, The Raft of the Medusa. Look at the men in the upper right hand corner. What do you think has gained their attention?

-the rescuers

a restricted palette is when artists use few colors to paint with. An open palette is having a large range of colors

17. Hue, value, and intensity are the three color properties. Define each of these terms.

20. Certain colors and combinations of colors can often play tricks on our eye or the way we perceive colors. We see this used in the following terms. Define these terms: Simultaneous contrast- perceptual phenomenon whereby complementary colors appear most brilliant when set side Afterimage- the image we see after the first visual stimulus had produced a image. Optical color mixture- the temdency of the eyes to blend patches of individual colors placed near another to see a different color.

21. Other than pointillism what other "ism" we studied in chapter 21 would be a good example of optical color mixture?

- Impressionism

22. Which technique does Seurat use for his painting, Evening, Honfleur? What makes the frame in this work unique?

- he uses pointillism. He uses different colors and dots to make a painting.

23. Remember that our emotional response to color is usually associated with our culture. For instance in America we use the color blue to refer to feeling sad. In India blue is associated with the god Vishnu, the god of order and stability, It is also associated with the goddess Kali, a dark and disturbing power. Look at the painting of The Scream by Munch. He associated the clouds as actual blood, what other association is given to the color red?

- Anger, Power, Passion, Love , Strength

24. Textures can be described as a perception of smooth or rough, fine or coarse. There are two types of texture discussed in your book. Artists can create illusions actual texture through ranges of value, line and often pattern, which requires repetition. Define:

Actual texture- a literally tactile, we could experience through texture Visual or implied texture- the perceived surface quality of a work of art Pattern- an underlying structure that organizes surfaces or strictures in a consistent manner

25. What type of texture is used in Kalf's painting Still life with Glass Goblet and Porcelain Bowl?

36. Define these terms:

Composition- any painting or sculpture line, shape, color, value Design- balance, contrast, movement, pattern

4. An outline defines a two-dimensional shape. What is the difference between contours and contour lines?

Contours is what we see as something being three-dimensional. Contour lines are used to record the drawings of a drawing/painting.

43. In The Banjo Lesson Tanner created emphasis using several techniques; see page 126. Define:

Emphasis- an area or object within the artwork that draws attention and becomes a focal point Subordination-minimizing or toning down other compostioional elements in order to bring attention to the focal point.

11. Figure ground reversal is the concept of positive and negative space. See example of the Aztec circular shield on page 83. Define the following terms:

Figure- the shape we focus on Ground- the surrounding visual information the figure stands out from Positive space-the shapes we perceive as figures Negative space- the shapes of the ground

10. Give me an example of a geometric shape and an example of an organic shape.

Geometric shape- Triangle Organic- bird, horse

38. What style of expression are Electric Prisms by Delaunay and Untitled by Donovan?

Vasily Kandinsky style of expression was nonobjective. Rebecca Purdum style of expression was nonrepresentational.

19. Color conveys emotions. There are four color harmonies (schemes) discussed in your book. Define these harmonies:

Monochromatic- harmonies are composed of variations of the same hue. Complementary- involve colors directly opposite of each other on the color wheel Analogous- combine colors adjacent to one another Triadic- harmonies are composed of any three colors equidistant from each other.

13. Some artists often use light to create an optical effect. Define the following terms:

Model- Value- Lightness and darkness Chiaroscuro- lightness and darkness in colors , the modeling forms of light and shadow Hatching- areas of closely spaced parallel lines. Cross-hatching-darker values that are sets of parallel lines Stippling- areas of dots average out through optical mixing

49. We see a strong use of rhythm in both the works on page 134. Rhythm in a work of art is dependent on the_____repetition___________________ of one or more of the visual elements.

Note: In architectural structures the windows and doors create the rhythm. Look at the work by Maya Lin on page 133. Notice how the repetition of mass in the earthwork create the rhythm.

Hue- the name of a color Value- to relative of lightness and darkness Intensity- purity of a color

Note: a black- and-white photograph captures the values of the neutral colors.

39. Visual weight refers to the apparent "heaviness" or "lightness" of the forms arranged in a composition. When visual weight is equally distributed to either side of a felt or implied center of gravity, we feel that the composition is balanced. Define the following terms:

Symmetrical balance/formal balance- Isamu Noguchi. Red Cube. 1968. Steel painted red, Asymmetrical balance/informal balance- when two sides are not identical but differ from one another.

27. Implied space deals with the following. Define each term:

Overlapping- a way artists create the illusion of depth.Position (where is it on the picture plane) for example __________________, middle ground, and ___________________.Linear perspective (European based)- a type of perspective used by artists in which the relative size, shape and position of objectsIsometric perspective (East Asian based)- all dimensions are parallelAtmospheric perspective- method of creating illusion of depth or recessionForeshortening- portray or show as closer than it really is or having less depth. -foreground,background

16. What is a palette? What is the difference between a restricted palette and an open palette?

Palette- a wooden board on which artists set out their pigments

15. All color is dependent on light. Who observed that the ray of sunlight refracted into different colors? Define the following terms:

Primary colors-red, yellow and blue Secondary colors- orange, green and violet Tertiary or intermediate colors- by mixing a primary and secondary color

44. The Plantoir is a work by Claes Oldenburg and Coosje van Bruggen which is remarkable or its scale. Define:

Scale- size of an object Proportion- size of parts as a whole

37. Your book discusses several types of unity. Define the following terms:

Unity- a sense of oneness of things belonging together and making a whole, Conceptual unity- a unity of ideas that asks of our interpretation, Variety- is difference, which proves interest

20. In letters to Vincent van Gogh wrote to friends and relatives he shared his feelings about many of his paintings. What thoughts did he share regarding the worth of his paintings during his life?

• "I cannot help it that my pictures don't sell. Nevertheless, the time will come when people will see that they are worth more than the price of the paint and my own living, very meager after all, that is put into them."

30. Francisco de Goya was an official painter to the Spanish court. He painted light hearted scenes, tranquil landscapes, and dignified portraits. But works he created for his own reasons expressed his pessimistic view. What painting, done on the wall of his own house, might evoke a reaction of horror from the viewer? Name the work of art from chapter two.

• "Saturn Devouring One of his Children"

23. When judging the success of a work of art we must consider the intent of the artist. The portrait of the Mona Lisa painter by Leonardo da Vinci looks miraculously lifelike. Andy Warhol, who is associated with pop art, also did a work of the Mono Lisa in which he portrays her as an endless celebrity. What did Warhol call his famous work of the Mona Lisa?

• "Thirty are better than one"

25. In the United States, following World War I, a vibrant movement arose in the New York neighborhood called Harlem. When did the Harlem Renaissance, as an art movement, end?

• 1920s and 1930s

23. Define the term Constructivism.

• A Russian art movement of the early 20thcentury, based in the principals of geometric abstraction, Constructivism was founded around 1913 by Vladimir Tatlin and condemned in 1922 by the Soviet Government.

59. This work, by Jeff Wall, is a photograph that refers to a print.

• A Sudden Gust of Wind

42. Define the term media (see glossary/ medium). What media is used in Abakan Red?

• A material from which a work of art is made.

24. What was the Bauhaus?

• A school of art and architecture in Germany from 1913 to 1933 who influence was felt across the 20th century.

45. The artist Joseph Beuys adopted the idea of the artist as a kind of shaman. What is a shaman?

• A shaman is a medium between the human and spiritual worlds.

18. Define Futurism. (See glossary)

• A short lived, but influential art movement in France in the early 20thcentury that emphasized bold, arbitrary, expressive color.

29. Another form of abstraction came from into prominence during thru post war period and is known as Color Field painting. Define the term Color Field.

• A style of nonrepresentational painting that feature broad areas of color that look like fields.

37. A parallel development of photorealism was trompe-l'oeil (we will discuss this term further in chapter two). What is photorealism?

• A style of the mid-20th century where people, objects and scenes were depicted with naturalism that the paintings resembled photographs.

54. The art movement Surrealism grew out of Dada and fantasy art. Hieronymus Bosch did a "fantasy" triptych. Define the term triptych.

• A triptych is a painting in three pieces.

34. Picasso used a representational style for his painting First Communion, but the style of expression used for Seated Woman Holding a Fan is ______________________________?

• Abstract

26. The New York School (not intuition or a school of instruction) but a convenient label assigned to a group of painters known as the Abstract Expressionists. Define the term Abstract Expressionism.

• An American art movement of the mid-20thcentury characterized by large ("heroic") scale and nonrepresentational imagery. It emphasized the artist's spontaneous expression as it flowed from the subconscious expression which in turn was believed to draw on primal energies.

12. Who is Maya Lin and what is the famous work created by this artist shown in this chapter?

• An architect who created "The Wall", a Vietnam veterans memorial.

39. Define installation. (See glossary)

• An art form in which an entire room or similar space is treated as a work of art to be entered and experienced. More broadly, the placing of a work of art in a specific location, usually for a limited time.

50. The Greeks often created equestrian statues of their emperors. What is the form (what you see in a work of art) of an equestrian sculpture?

• An event that took place during the Spanish civil war. Bombings at Paris.

41. Sol LeWitt is considered a conceptual artist. Define conceptual art.

• Art that is created according to the belief that the essence of art resides in a motivating idea, and that any physical realization or recording of this idea is secondary.

10. Gauguin tended to move away from the influence of Greece and Rome in his art and toward the art of Egypt, Islam, and _________________.

• Asia

31. Robert Rauschenberg referred to his works as combine paintings. Jasper Johns concentrated on the psychological use of color in his works. What is a more general term used for this type of art?

• Assemblage

16. Mike Kelley did a work titled Kandors Full Set. What is Kandor?

• Birthplace of superman

7. Monet painted Autumn Effect at Argenteuil from a small boat on the Seine River. What color paint did Monet banish from his palette?

• Black

25. One of Andrea del Verrocchio's best-known works is a statue of the biblical hero David. How did Verrocchio learn is skill as an artist? What well known artist, from this chapter, did Verrocchio train?

• By serving as an apprentice in the workshop of a master; trained Leonardo da Vinci.

36. Somewhere between representational and abstract lies stylized. Define the term stylized.

• Characteristics or groups of characteristics that we recognize as constant, recurring or coherent

6. Archeologists have formed some tentative conclusions about how the cave paintings were done. Describe these methods from the book.

• Charcoal, red & yellow dyes & magnesium dioxide were ground into powder. Then were mixed with a liquid, blood, animal fat or water. It was then applied with fingers and animal hair brushes and sometimes sprayed through the mouth or a shallow reed. Some were engraved or scratched into rocks, others were drawn onto rocks with charcoal.

28. Who painted Fisherman's Cottage on the Cliffs at Varengeville? What media did he use? Media (medium) refers to the material from which a work of art is made. For example-watercolor, oils, acrylic, stone, metal, etc.

• Claude Monet. The media he used was oils.

44. Define the term context.

• Context is a web of connections to a larger world of human connection.

10. In our society we tend to think of art as something created by special persons called artists. Most societies call on its art-makers to fulfill similar roles. List the six roles/tasks from your book.

• Create places for some human purpose, create extraordinary versions of ordinary objects, record & commemorate, tangible form to the unknown, give tangible form to feelings & ideas, & refresh our vision & help us see the world in new ways.

13. Define Cubism.

• Cubism is the problem of representing form in space.

16. Expressionism describes any style where the artist's subjective feelings take precedence over objective observation. Vasili Kandinsky, so he says, discovered the power of nonrepresentational art when he saw one of his paintings upside down and thought it a work of spectacular beauty. This Russian painter organized, in 1911, an Expressionistic group which was called _________________________________________.

• Der Blaue Reiter (The Blue Rider)

58. Robert Smithson's Spiral Jetty is an example of land art also known as a ________________.

• Earth art

14. Henri Matisse emerged as the leader of a new" wild" trend called Fauvism. Define Fauvism.

• Fauvism is using more color and being bolder. It was critical for modern art.

The Guerilla Girls used posters and on-site appearances to bring attention to gender inequalities in the art world. Who were the Guerrilla Girls?

• Female artists devoted to fighting sexism and racism within the art world.

27. The term outsider has come into common use only recently. What other terms have been used over the past century to cauterize work by nonprofessionals?

• Folk, naive, intuitive & primitive

Art is always about something. From culture to culture, from time to time the content can change. Explain the difference between the term form and content.

• Form is the way a work of art looks, and content is what a work of art is about.

8. The term Post-Impressionism refers to a neutral term describing the varied directions of a few artists who both accepted and rejected some of the aims of Impressionism-simply the artists who came after Impressionism. There are four Post-Impressionist artists listed in your book. Van Gogh is probably the most famous, list the other three.

• Georges Seurat, Paul Gauguin, and Paul Cezanne

61. How did the artist, John Baldessari, create his work Six Colorful Inside Jobs?

• He hired a man to paint the floor and walls of a windowless room a different color each day for six days, while a film camera mounted overhead recorded a bird's eye view.

51. Eugene Delacroix painting Liberty Leading the People glorifies violence in the service of democracy, but Pablo Picasso's painting Guernica was done for other reasons. What were those two reasons discussing in your book?

• He was commissioned by his government to paint a mural for the Spanish Pavilion of the Paris World's Fair. After procrastinating, he finished the painting after the bombing reached Paris.

34. What happened to Andy Warhol in 1968?

• He was shot and almost died by a woman who announced herself as the founder of SCUM.

15. What profession did Henri Matisse's father intend him to pursue?

• Henri Matisse's father wanted to be a Lawyer.

22. Van Gogh could have never imaged his work would eventually sell for millions of dollars. According to your book, why are his works so valuable today?

• His work had a major influence on the next generations art.

60. What media does Yayol Kusama use in her work Love is Calling?

• Hokusai

42. Iconography is often referred to as the story within a work of art. Define the term iconography (icons).

• Iconography refers to describing images.

1. Constantin Brancusi spent his life searching for forms that were simple, pure, and timeless. What does his work Bird in Space represent?

• Idea of flight/feeling of soaring upwards/the soul liberated from matter.

26. James Hampton because of his lack of formal trading is considered a folk artist. He did a work that now resides in the National Museum of American Art. Where was the work found?

• In a garage he had rented.

35. Define hard-edge painting.

• It is a style of nonrepresentational painting that was popular in the late 1950s that feature areas of flat color with sharply defined borders.

37. The styles of expression- representational, abstract, and nonrepresentational- categorize art by how it relates to the appearance of the visible world. A term that helps us categorize art by its own appearance is style. Define the term style.

• It refers to a characteristic or group of characteristics that we recognize as constant, recurring, or coherent.

47. Define the term nirvana.

• It refers to freedom from the cycle of birth, death & rebirth.

One postmodern practice is known as appropriation. What is appropriation?

• It refers to the artistic recycling of existing images.

43. Land art, earth art, or an earth work was another way artist in the late 1960's sought to separate art from issuers of money and ownership. Define land art.

• It sought to separate art from issues of money and ownership, to escape from urban exhibition spaces and to open to alternatives.

7. Which British artist from your book said "all art is basically Paleolithic or Neolithic? Define the terms Paleolithic and Neolithic.

• It was Anthony Caro.

14. The Starry Night is one of the artists more famous work. Which artist created this work and what was the significance (meaning for the artist) of this work?

• It was Vincent Van Gogh. He believed that when we die, we travel to Stars and continue living our life there. He made nature seem alive, communicating in its own language.

36. Co-existing with pop art was minimal art. Define minimalism.

• It was a broad style during the 1960s that lend toward simple, primary forms. Artist that used this style favored industrial materials and use the floor to sculpt rather than a pedestal.

5. More than three hundred old images of drawings and paintings were discovered in a cave. When and where were these images found? If you were one of the persons who discovered these works what would be your reaction and why?

• It was found in Europe in 1994.

6. The recent manufacture of oil paint in tubes made it possible for 19th century European artists to move outdoors to paint and focus on leisure activities of the middle class. This is evident in works by the Impressionist artists. How did the Impressionistic movement get its name?

• It was from a critic who gave the name "Impressionists" and the artists largely accepted it.

27. Jackson Pollock is an abstract expressionistic artist associated with action painting. What is action painting?

• It was nonrepresentational painting that support in bold, spontaneous gestures that express content.

28. Thomas Hart Benton was this artist's principal teacher. Name the artist.

• Jackson Pollock

11. Associated with the second task is a spectacular example of a type of textile. Name this woven fabric and describe why it is so special.

• Kente. It is woven in 100's of patterns, each with its own name, history & symbolism.

57. What is the most important and honored subject in Chinese painting tradition?

• Landscape

3. The ability to make images is uniquely human. No society that we know of has lived without some form of art. The impulse to make and respond to art appears to be as deeply ingrained as our ability to __________________________________.

• Learn language

17. Name the painting, by Picasso, in which he chopped the figures into flat, angular, planes?

• Les Demoiselles d' Avignon

21. Surrealists appreciated the logic of dreams, the mystery of the unconscious, and the lure of the bizarre, the irrational, and the marvelous. A distinct contribution of Surrealism to art was the poetic object. A good example of a Surrealist poetic object was done by the artist Meret Oppenheim. What is the title of this work?

• Luncheon in Fur

12. This American artist painted The Boating Party. Name the artist.

• Mary Cassatt

4. According to the author, creating order and structure, exploring aesthetic possibilities, and constructing images and from that carry meaning deal with our basic human ______________to create art.

• Need

29. During the 18th century, beauty and art were discussed together because both were felt to provide pleasure. But is pleasure what we always feel in looking at art? Sadness might be more appropriate for Giovanni Bellini's painting Pietà. What does the term Pietà mean?

• No, because one can feel any emotion while observing art. Pieta means Pity.

32. Which style of expression (representational, abstract, or nonobjective) does Louise Bourgeois use for her Woman with Packages? Name the style of expression.

• Non-objective

43. To understand the icon within a work of art we must know the story. Experts still debate the icons in the double portrait by Jan van Eyck. Your book discusses more than one theory about Jan van Eyck's work. What are the two theories from the book?

• One theory claims that the painting records a private marriage ceremony and served as a sort of marriage certificate. Another theory claims that the painting does not depict marriage but a ceremony of betrothal, an engagement.

33. In 1982, The Museum of Modern Art held a respective exhibit for Bourgeois' work. Why was this show important?

• Only the 2nd art show devoted to a woman

55. Henri Rousseau style is often considered naive meaning untrained in the arts. What new term, from chapter two, could also be used to describe this artist?

• Outsider

40. Body art is a subcategory of a broader term known as ____________________.

• Performance Art

9. Seurat wanted to record optical sensations on a more scientific footing in which he used dots of pure color which blended in the viewer's eye to form the shapes. What is this technique called?

• Pointillism

33. During the sixties and seventies several new art trends evolved along with art of the previous decade. Andy Warhol is associated with the movement called pop art (short for popular art); this would be his personal style of art. Define the term pop art.

• Pop art is art where you take popular things in society and put them together.

24. Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa, according to the author, looks almost miraculously lifelike. Go on line and see if you can find out present value of this famous work. What was it?

• Priceless

19. Dada was an art movement that protested everything, even art. The Dadaist with the most lasting impact on American art in the 20th century was Marcel Duchamp, whose "ready- made" probed the border between art and life. Define the term "ready-made".

• Ready-made- a work of art that the artist has not made but designated

56. Keeping in mind the three styles of expression discussed in chapter two- what style of expression does Thomas Cole use in The Oxbow?

• Representational

31. Define the terms representational, abstract, and nonrepresentational. Consult your power point lecture for chapter two for interchangeable terms which mean the same as the three above. Check your course content folder for additional information regarding these three styles of expression.

• Representational means present again, abstract is when you use the world only as a starting point, and nonrepresentational means not represent by the world.

52. Where was Robert Rauschenberg born? How did he support himself when he moved to New York in 1950?

• Robert Rauschenberg was born in Port Arthur, Tx. He supported himself in part by doing window displays for fashionable 5th avenue stores.

Eugene Delacroix was a leading practitioner of the Romantic style (refer to your power point lecture for additional information on style). Define the term Romanticism.

• Romanticism was a literary element that took place in the western world during the late 18th century. Artist during the time use high colors, rough emotions, complex composition and sometimes exotic subject matter.

22. He painted The Persistence of Memory and is possibly the most famous of the Surrealists. Name this artist.

• Salvador Dali

19. What media did Jim Hodges use in Every Touch?

• Shredded silk flowers

46. Define the term installation. Look in the glossary for a broader definition which will be introduced later in the book. Which work in this chapter is considered an installation?

• Space is presented as a work of art.

4. In the 19th century France, an artist's success was marked by his acceptance to the annual Salon. This was a juried exhibition sponsored by the French government often referred to as the Salon of Paris. What was the Salon des Refuses?

• The Salon des Refuses created by artists who were rejected into the annual salon got together with supporters and had a second official exhibition.

41. In representational art artists often interpret art rather than duplicating art. The Kiss is a prime example of this artist's interpretation. Name the artist who created The Kiss.

• The artist's name is Auguste Rodin.

48. Iconoclasm means the destruction of images based on religious beliefs. It was coined to describe one side of a debate. How long did this debate last?

• The debate lasted over a century.

45. Define the term postmodernism.

• The ideas about art that seemed to have been in place for much of the modern era that seem like something different was taking their place.

21. During this time in history the term "art" was used roughly in the same sense a "craft." Name this historical period.

• The middle ages

8. Many theories have formed about why the Stonehenge was built and for what purpose. Recently archeological research has confirmed one theory. What is the theory and how did archeologists form this conclusion? In what era was the Stonehenge erected?

• The monument marks a grave site and was confirmed by the cremated remains of up to 240 people during 3100 BCE.

49. The Egyptians imagined he afterlife as resembling earthy life in every detail. Who were the pyramids built for? Which is the largest of the three pyramids in your book?

• The pyramids were built for the Pharaohs. The largest of the three pyramids was Khufu.

17. The subjective nature of perception explains why a work of art may mean different things to different people. Define the term perception.

• The recognition & interpretation of sense data and what we make of it.

44. Judy Chicago's The Dinner Party is perhaps the most important work that came out of the movement Feminism. How many place settings were included in this work?

• There were 39 place setting were included in the work.

11. Name the three American artists discussed in the book (section Bridging the Atlantic: America in the 19th Century).

• Thomas Cole, George Caleb Bingham, and Thomas Eakins

20. What was Duchamp's reasoning for exhibiting his work Fountain in a 1917 New York art show?

• To express his beliefs on art

35. Duane Hanson did a work which uses extreme optical fidelity. What is the French word for "fool the eye"?

• Trompe l'oeil

38. Process artists were attracted to this type of material.

• Unconventional Materials

30. To create such paintings as Mauve District Frankenthaler poured thinned paint directly on the _______________________.

• Unprimed canvas

2. Radiocarbon testing indicates that the earliest images made by humans (ex: cave paintings) dates to this time. What is that period in history called?

• Upper Paleolithic era

9. Define the term megaliths. Which work in this chapter is best associated with the term megaliths?

• Very Large stones surrounded by a circular ditch. Stonehenge.

15. Who was Theo van Gogh and what role did he play in Vincent van Gogh's life?

• Vincent Van Gogh's brother. An encouraging supporter of his brothers art.

18. Vanitas paintings meditate on the fleeting nature of earthly life and happiness. Audrey Flack, a modern-day painter, did a vanitas painting she titled __________________________________.

• Wheel of Fortune