Art History 104 - Exam 3

a place for men and women to congregate for intellectual discourse Ex. Manet Dejeneur Sur L'Herbe 1863 exhibited at Paris salon

Salon

-1852-70 -Imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III between 2nd and 3rd Republics in France

Second Empire

-1848-52 -short-lived republican gov't of France between 1848 Revolution and 1851 Coup by Napoleon

Second Republic

-by Edmund Burke -described the sublime as feelings of awe mixed w/ terror Ex. The Slave Ship by JMW Turner

"A Philosophical Enquiry Into the Origin of our Ideas of the Sublime and the Beautiful"

written in 1755 by art historian Johann Winckelmann

"Thoughts on the Imitation of Greek Art in Painting and Sculpture"

Excavated in 18th c., whet public appetite for classicism, which led to murals based on paintings unearthed in excavation

Herculaneum

technique known for use in the ukiyo-e artistic genre of single sheets, but also used for printing books. Influenced Mary Cassatt's work (ex. downward angle and use of patterns) Ex. The Bath by Mary Cassatt

Japanese Woodblock Prints

First modern art historian- focused on art from classical world

Johann Winkelmann

-1830-48 -period of liberal monarchy rule of France under Louis-Philippe after Charles X of House of Bourbon overthrown in July Revolution

July Monarchy

became King after July Revolution in 1830. Gov't known as July Monarchy - dominated by French and Napoleonic elites.

King Louis-Philippe

painting depicts a contemporary historical moment Ex. The Third of May, 1808 by Francisco Goya

Modern History Painting

Movement in Western Art, which developed in the second half of the 19th Century. Sought to capture images and sensibility of the age. Goes beyond just dealing w/ the present to critically examine the premise of art itself

Modernism

After revolution, Napoleon took advantage and gained control of almost all of Continental Europe Names himself emperor

Napoleon Bonaparte

buried under volcanic eruption of Mount Vesuvius. Excavations led to public appetite for classicism and art based on paintings unearthed

Pompeii

-focuses on subjects from real life -social and political concern/sympathy for working and lower classes

characteristics of Realism

Large, narrative painting w/ subject from literature or history Ex. Oath of the Horatii by Jacques-Louis David - about the tale of Early Rome

history painting

a demon believed in medieval times to prey, often sexually, on sleeping women Ex. The Nightmare by Henry Fuseli

incubus

printmaking technique in which artist uses an oil-based crayon to draw directly on a stone plate and then wipes water onto the stone. When it's rolled onto the plate, it adheres only to the drawing. The print produced is a lithograph Ex. Rue Tronsnonain by Honoré Daumier

lithograph

popular among Impressionists. Artist sketches outdoors to achieve quick impression of light, air, and color Ex. Rouen Cathedral: The Portal (In Sun) by Monet

painting en plein air

An art school, which specialized in detailed pictures of forest and countryside. Millet studied here Ex. The Gleaners by Jean-Francois Millet

Barbizon

-meant to be derogatory originally -came together over shared frustrations with the salons; formed Societe Anonyme to hold independent exhibitions -has qualities of sketches: abbreviation, speed, spontaneity but considered finished by the artists -increase in scenes of middle class urban recreation b/c more people enjoying pastimes since industrialization -more informal -want to capture the incidental, momentary, and passing aspects of reality -captured life on the go: not balanced or perfectly constructed -paint application looks spontaneous/unfinished

Characteristics of Impressionism

-came out of Enlightenment b/c of interest in past and Roman Republic, as well as value of morals -draws on Roman Classicism -simple and austere style, balanced -no extraneous details/decoration - figures are the focus -even lighting -classical architecture -values associated - morality, idealism, patriotism, civic virtue

Characteristics of Neoclassicism

-responds to criticism of Impressionists (superficial, unfinished) - creates more monumental/enduring art -don't dissolve form/brushwork but build up forms w/ paint -use color expressively (brighter, more intense) -aware of flatness of paintings - still have impressionist characteristics: modern subject matter (modern leisure), no real narrative, bright colors -use simplified forms

Characteristics of Post-Impressionism

-interest in natural world -show emotions of the individual -saw path to freedom thru imagination and feeling, not reason -affected by the industrial revolution, which affected nature -highly individualistic -more about subject than style -first time artists publicly express their own ideas -often look at the sublime -new goal: to be provocative and sensational

Characteristics of Romanticism

-1799-1804 -gov't of France from the fall of the Directory until the start of the Napoleonic Empire

Consulate

-1795-99 -The French Revolutionary gov't set up by the Constitution of the Year III, lasted 4 years -Napoleon came to power under this gov't - elected as a consul

Directory

A location for a historic landscape painting - which elevates the status of landscape painting Ex. Clearing in the Forest of Fontainebleau by Théodore Rousseau

Forest of Fontainebleau

-began in 1789 -Enlightenment led to revolt against monarchy by Jacobins, also caused by economic crisis and clash between 3rd and 2nd/1st Estates

French Revolution

-1804-15 -Empire of Napoleon Bonaparte of France and the dominant power in much of continental Europe at beginning of 19th c

French Empire

-established 1792 -founded during the French Revolution and lasted until the First Empire

French Republic

system of painting by French painter Georges Seurat. Separated color into its component parts, then applied component colors to canvas into tiny dots (points). Image comprehensible only from a distance, when viewer's eyes optically blend pigment dots Ex. La Grande Jatte by George Seurat

Pointillism

late 19th c. painters who more systematically examined properties and expressive qualities of line, pattern, form, and color than Impressionists did Ex. Starry Night by Vincent Van Gogh

Post-Impressionism

movement that emerged in mid-19th c France. Artists represented subject matter of everyday life (esp. subjects previously seen as inappropriate) in a relatively naturalistic mode Ex. Third-Class Carriage by Honoré Daumier

Realism

-Led by radical Maximilien Robespierre -1793-1795 -period of mass executions by which Jacobins secured power thru fear against the Girondists after French Revolution -executed anyone loyal to monarchy, killed thousands

Reign of Terror

A flat tool used to scrape paint off the palette. Artists sometimes also use the knife in place of a brush to apply paint directly to the canvas Ex. Burial at Ornans by Gustave Courbet

palette knife

a crayon made of powdered pigments bound w/ gum or resin Ex. Rehearsal on Stage by Degas

pastel

a group of related paintings with the same motif Ex. Rouen Cathedral: The Portal (In Sun) by Monet

series painting

-1815-1830 -period of French history from fall of Napoleon until the July Revolution. The brothers of executed Louis XIV ruled conservatively

the Bourbon Restoration

related to the imaginative sensibility (including the grotesque, sadistic, mysterious, etc Ex. The Nightmare by Henry Fuseli

the sublime