Art History Chapter 12

Where did we first see alternate support system? What does this system help to do?

- ottonian, saw at saint Syracuse Alternate support systems help w weight distribution (all stress isn't in the wall, but pier)

What was going on during this time period? Why were Romanesque churches created?

- pilgrimage, to see relics, relics held a piece of a saint and gave a bit of holiness, thought relics held healing powers for mind, body, and soul Wanted to go on a pilgrimage journey at least one in their lifetime, for healing

Fully identify Bayeux Tapestry

Bayeux Tapestry. N.A. ca 1066-1080 CE. Romanesque Europe (Norman or English). Embroidery on linen

Can you have clerestories with barrel vaults?

Bc you have a barrel vault, you have no cut outs bc the pressure would collapse - no clerestories

Describe interior of Saint-Sernin

Bottom part called nave arcade, Intersection of tribune over inner aisle, Galleries housed overflowing crowds and played an important role in buttressing, Engaged columns attached to the piers - creates compound piers

Describe design elements of the Virgin and Child (Morgan Madonna)

Christ holds book in left hand holds his right hand in blessing Very little emotion between the two of them, her hands holding him is the only thing

Fully identify the Church of Sainte-Foy

Church of Sainte-Foy. N.A. Romanesque Europe. Church: c. 1050-1130 CE; Reliquary: ninth century CE with later additions. Stone (architecture), stone and paint (tympanum), gold, silver, gemstones, and enamel over wood (reliquary)

What are common features of the tympanum? What is the typical theme and how does that relate to the purpose?

Composition - way its planned out - Jesus is most important person in center, hierarchy of scale Typical theme: Last Judgement (also called the Second Coming) - setting fear on believers; strongly believe in the idea of damning people - very negative usually symmetrical

Describe design elements of Bayeux Tapestry

Continuous narrative of events leading to battle and battle itself; Hand of god pointing towards the church, Bottom shows battle of Hastings, Greco-roman style horses, more dimensions, Human shown in Romanesque manner, very flat, linear patterning, lack of dimension, Cavalry men shown wearing armor of the times, The men against Normans are inferior, Soldiers armored horses not (you're not getting stampeded if you're on the horse)

What is Virgin and Child (Morgan Madonna) an example of? What is it synonymous with? What is the style of it known as and why?

It is an example of theotokos - synonymous w byzantine style is known as throne of wisdom wisdom bc of Christ's throne

As Romanesque goes from region to region, what is seen?

It's different

Describe Romanesque Italian Architecture, like did Italy care about vertical structure, did they experiment, where did they take influence from?

Italy didn't really care abt vertical structure, Stuck w classical traditions, Ancient roman and early Christian influence, Experimentation less, stuck w classical, not outside thinkers

Discuss some design elements in the tympanum at the Church of Sainte-Foy

Jesus at center, hierarchy of scale being used. sides of Jesus idea seen. Jesus is the judge, he appears stern and sets in the idea of damnation and fear; Mary, peter, founder of monastery and other saints on Christ's right, His right hand points upward to saved, left hand downward towards the damned, Below saints saints in a small arcade, made to represent house of paradise. Hand of God beckoning Saint Faith. Clear division between Heaven and hell. Devil is also enthroned, acting as a judge. there are sinners representing sins to avoid; acts as warning to sinners and clergy

What's the ideas of sides of Jesus and what they mean (in tympanums)

Jesus's right and tympanum's left (from viewer's POV) = heaven Jesus's left and typanum's right (from viewer's POV) = hell

Where were alternate support systems first seen in?

Ottonian churches

List some important elements of Romanesque Architecture

Recognize the following architectural features: Ambulatory - major innovation, Radiating chapels, Portal and its parts, Nave, transept, and side aisles, Cruciform (overall shape of building), Crossing square, Bays (3-D modules of nave and side aisles), Gallery/ tribune level, Clerestory (usually small in Romanesque churches), Barrel vault (the norm for Romanesque naves), Groin vault (less common, used more in side aisles), Cloister (element in a monastic abbey church

What does the Bayeux Tapestry relate to and why?

Relates to Trajan's columns - based on conqueror's view (winner's view) of history - chronicles historical events, both can be seen as propaganda

Describe the Reliquary of Saint Foy: what did the relic contain? Where did it come from? What is the reliquary depicted as? Design elements?

Relic contained skull of Saint Faith, a young martyr; Monks from abbey church at Conques stole it from abbey of Agen justifying it as "holy theft" and claimed that Saint Faith wanted it moved; Reliquary is depicted as an enthroned statuette made of gold leaf and silver and enamel over wooden core; Jewels donated over time from wealthy patrons and pilgrims; Oversized head is a reworked ancient Rome parade helmet worn by soldiers on special occasions, Monk added crown to helmet

What were Ottonian churches influenced by?

Romanesque churches

Where were Sainte-Foy and Sernin routes to?

Santiago de Compostela

Describe some design elements of the Church of Sainte-Foy. What was this church, besides being a church?

Single aisles flanking the nave, whereas the other one had two aisles flanking the nave; tribune (second story elevation) and nave arcade (first story elevation), barrel vault, etc It is also an abbey, so its where monks lived and prayed and worked

Describe the design elements of the Plan of Saint-Sernin

Very mathematical plan, Nave bay is ½ of crossing square, aisle bay is ¼ crossing square, Aisle bay you have criss cross - groin vault; Barrel vault = nave bay. And bc of lack of clerestories it is dark

Who fought in the Battle of Hastings? How does it relate to the Tapestry?

William Duke of Normandy and Harold of Wessex Tapestry shows this fight - Shows dispute between who should be successor after Edward died

What are some other names for William, Duke of Normandy?

William the conqueror, William of normandy (says he conquered)

What is Saint-Savin-sur-Gartempe an example of?

a Hellenkircke church

What is Sedes Sapientiae? What is an example of this?

a western European freestanding version of the Byzantine Theotokos theme popular in icons and mosaics example of this - Virgin and Child (Morgan Madonna)

What does a crossing tower/crossing square act as?

acts as module for the rest of the building

What is the Bayeux Tapestry all about?

battle of Hastings in 1066, meant England and much of France under same rule for this time period

What do they mean by Romanesque?

brought back Roman style of art; "Rome-like" in stone architecture

What was a practical positive for radiating chapels? What do the radiating chapels hold?

can go to the chapel without interrupting the service based on their location in the church radiating chapels hold relics

Discuss the context of the tympanums and what was happening during this time period

church is corrupt, need people to take it seriously for indulgences, manipulative factor also a lot of people are illiterate, they can understand this without having to read

What does the Bayeux Tapestry commemorate? Who was it commissioned by?

commemorates a struggle for the throne of England between William, Duke of Normandy, and Harold, the Earl of Wessex Odo, Bishop of Bayeux, half brother of William, Duke of Normandy commissioned

What goes hand in hand w patrons and Christians who give lavishly? What's the purpose of you paying lavishly?

corruption; indulgence

Why is there an image of Christ on the back of the Saint Faith Reliquary?

established a parallel between martyrdom of Christ and Saint Faith

What is significant about sexpartite vaults?

even more structurally sound, pressure moved down even more, adds more elevation and height, 3 part elevation

What do transverse arches and compound piers create?

geometric organization and rhythm

Is Bayeux Tapestry actual tapestry? What is the Bayeux Tapestry similar to?

no bc images are not woven into the cloth; instead, the imagery and inscripture embroidered using wool yarn sewed onto linen cloth Similar to illuminated manuscripts, zoomorphic elements, etc

Were pilgrimages easy trips? What were the three major end points of pilgrimages? What was there in route to these points and what do they reflect?

pilgrimages were arduous trip, people who needed healing it was even harder 3 end points: Santiago de Compostela (this was the biggest), Jerusalem, Rome In route to these points, there were churches that people stopped at: underscores power and wealth in this society

When was Bayeux Tapestry made?

right after the war

The artist of the Bayeux tapestry utilized two types of stitching: list them and what their design is like

stem stitching (short overlapping threads forming jagged lines - forms outline), the laid and couched work (solid blocks of colors created, filling in)

Where were Carolingian modula systems first seen in?

the Monastery of St. Gall

What did William, Duke of Normandy create?

the whole fighting on the horse thing (possibly)

Why were pilgrimage churches larger in size? Were was the wealth for these churches coming from? What does this lead to in the church?

they were larger in scale to hold more people Romanesque churches supposed to be on grand scale honoring God and underscoring wealth of that society Leads to corruption

What is significant about the Speyer Cathedral? What is used is able to do what? What is what is used similar to?

use of groin vaults, openings with groin vaults; Groin vault changes the ability to make taller elevations; Similar to ziggurat idea - higher you are, higher to god

Purpose of tapestries back then?

wall hanging, decorative wall paper; isolates, keeps heat in