Art History Exam 1.2

High Renaissance

- The use of a triangular composition - Even lighting - Symmetrical composition - Emphasis on vertical lines (more so than diagonal lines) - "Frozen in time" look (sometimes described as stillness or calm) - (plus all early renesaince components) - di vinci, michaelangelo, rapheal

Early Renaissance

- Use of shading and overlapping - Use of linear and atmospheric perspective - Religious subject matter depicted in an earthly/naturalistic setting - Correct anatomy for figures - Reference to classical themes (architecture, clothing, etc..)

Mannerism

- figures became distorted and elongated - perspective was skewed - pastel colors were favored

Baroque

- sparked by the protestant reformation - Implied motion - High contrast of light and dark - Implied time - Diagonal Line

Northern Renaissance

- the protestant reformation led to less art being made for religious purposes - most northern renesaince art is secular, showing landscapes and such

International Gothic

?

In Leonardo's Last Supper, the curved pediment above the head of Christ represents which of the following?

A halo

Who created Knight, Death, and the Devil?

Albrecht Dürer

In Masaccio's Trinity the vanishing point can be found where?

At the foot of the cross

Bruegel's Netherlandish Proverbs is reminiscent of the topsy-turvy scenes by ____.

Bosch

In Leonardo's Last Supper, how did the artist break with traditional iconography?

By the placement of Judas on the same side as Christ and the other disciples

José de Ribera influenced the style of ____ to Spain.

Caravaggio

The first known northern European self-portrait by a woman is purportedly by whom?

Caterina van Hemessen

The Roman Catholic response to the Reformation was formulated at which of the following?

Council of Trent

In Leonardo's Last Supper, the numerous preparatory sketches and studies he made for the work indicate how carefully he thought about this work as a complete entity representing the entire story and its theme. Based on this what would describe Leonardo's conceptualization of the figures from his Last Supper?

Each figure was individualized.

Which Italian city played the most important role in the development of Renaissance ideas and art forms in the early 15th century?

Florence

The 15th-century Italian artist whose work showed the most influence of the International style was ____.

Gentile da Fabriano

Which artist was the winner of the famous competition for the bronze doors of the Florence baptistery?

Ghiberti

In the ____, a band of Calvinists destroyed art works in Catholic churches in the Netherlands.

Great Iconoclasm

The Protestant concern about the role of religious imagery was in many cases outright hostile. Martin Luther spoke about destroying images. This destruction of religious imagery also occurred during the Byzantine period. What defines this act?

Iconoclasm

Humanism

In the Renaissance, an emphasis on education and on expanding knowledge (especially of classical antiquity), the exploration of individual potential and a desire to excel, and a commitment to civic responsibility and moral duty.

In the 16th century, Spain supported what?

Interests of the Catholic Church

In Masaccio's Trinity he embodies two principal Renaissance interests. One is realism based on observation. Which is the other?

It is the application of the new science of perspective.

Sfumato

Italian for "smoky." A smokelike haziness that subtly softens outlines in painting; particularly applied to the paintings of Leonardo da Vinci and Correggio.

Pontormo, Entombment of Christ, 1525-1528

Jesus drapped over unnaturally positioned bodies <Florence, Mannerism>

Jacob van Ruisdael specialized in which of the following genres?

Landscapes

The influence of ____ is evident in Rubens's heroic figures and foreshortened anatomy in his Elevation of the Cross.

Michelangelo

In the Creation of Adam, Michelangelo fashioned the conception of God after ___

Olympian deities

Tenebrism

Painting in the "shadowy manner," using violent contrasts of light and dark, as in the work of Caravaggio. The term derives from tenebroso.

Fresco

Painting on lime plaster, either dry (dry fresco, or fresco secco) or wet (true, or buon, fresco). In the latter method, the pigments are mixed with water and become chemically bound to the freshly laid lime plaster. Also, a painting executed in either method.

Masaccio, Tribute Money, c. 1427

Painting with many men with disc like halos, <Italy, Early Reneasaince>

The aim of much Italian Baroque art was to restore the predominance of ____.

Roman Catholicism

The major center for artistic development in the High Renaissance was ____.

Rome

____ was the Dominican monk who denounced the secular humanism of the Medici and others.

Savonarola

What accounts for the decline in the role Florence played in the support of the arts at the end of the 15th century?

Savonarola's brief span of power

Why did Judith Leyster appear as elegantly attired, rather than in an artist's smock as Rembrandt did, in her own Self-Portrait?

She wanted to indicate her social prominence.

The Sistine ceiling represents what theme?

The chronology of Christianity

Ghiberti's competitive panel for the baptistery doors of the Florence Cathedral shows classical references that reflect influences of humanism. What is a classical reference seen on Ghiberti's panel?

The naked figure of Isaac

____ is a Dutch artist who featured as the subject of his art neat interiors of Dutch middle-class dwellings.

Vermeer

Massys, Money-Changer, 1514

a couple counting their money <Northern renesaince>

Girolamo Savonarola

a monk who preached about the end of the world, claiming that the art produced during the renesaince was sinful and contributing to the world's downfall. his preachings dampened the spirit to produce as much art

Raphael, School of Athens, 1509-1511

all of the ancient greek philospohers lounging on steps <Rome, High Renaisance>

Fabriano, Adoration of the Magi, 1423

alterpiece painted on a thing that looks like a screen thing with three arches. <Italy, Early Renasaince>

Although tied to International Gothic style conventions, among the naturalistic details found in the Adoration of the Magi are ____.

animals seen from a variety of angles and convincing foreshortening

In Dürer's Melencolia I, the ____ is an optimistic note suggesting that the artist can overcome depression.

burst of light on the horizon

Art historians believe that Vermeer used tools, such as the ____, to aid in his virtuoso depiction of light.

camera obscura

Brunelleschi, Sacrifice of Isaac, 1401-02

carved relief for a door, this one has a guy sitting on a box in the middle- won second place for the spot for being on the church door. <italy, Early reneisance>

Ghiberti, Sacrifice of Isaac, 1401-1402

carved relief for door- this one won first place. has an angel boy peeking down <Italy, Early Renesaince>

Rembrandt deviated from typical group portraits in the Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by portraying members of the guild ____.

clustered to one side

José de Ribera's brutal themes, such as the Martyrdom of Saint Philip, appealed to the Spanish taste for ____.

courage and devotion

Caravaggio, Calling of Saint Matthew, 1597-1601

darkish painting of st matthew being called by jesus <Baroque>

Michelangelo, David, 1501-1504

david standing controposte in a very classical manner. <Italy, High Renesance>

In Money-Changer and His Wife by Quentin Massys, the artist warns that ____ are a distraction from religious life.

financial transactions

da Vinci, Mona Lisa, c. 1503-1505

ik <Paris, High renesaince>

Nanni di Banco achieved a unified spatial composition by placing the figures ____ and in relation to one another.

in a semicircle

Bernini's statue of David differed from his predecessors by showing David ____.

in the moment of combat

Rembrandt's mature works, such as the Return of the Prodigal Son, differ from the religious art of Italy and Flanders in their ______________.

inward-turning contemplation

Caravaggio's Calling of Saint Matthew is representative of his mature work in which he injects ____ into the depictions of sacred subjects.

naturalism

In Dürer's print of the Fall of Man, the idealization of Adam and Eve is tempered by the ____ of the background.

naturalism

Masaccio, Holy Trinity, c. 1428

painting with jesus on the cross in between two pillars. vanishing point is at the foot of the cross <Italy, Early renesaince>

Grunewald, Isenheim Altarpiece, 1515

pannels showing jesus on the cross and other pictures <northern renesance>

Visible in his David, rather than concentrating his efforts on ideal beauty, the artist Michelangelo focused on ____.

pent-up emotion

Protestant Reformation

started by martin luther, when the church began to split as those who didnt agree with the catholics began to create thier own churches

Nanni di Banco, Four Crowned Saints, c. 1408-1414

statue of 4 saints in an aclove of a wall, created for the guild of stone and woodworking. <Italy, Early Reneasaince>

Bernini, David, 1623

statue of david in action throwing the stone <Baroque>

The orb and the cross surmounting Bernini's Baldacchino symbolize ____.

the Church's triumph

Catholic Counter-Reformation

the catholic's response to the reformation, in which they addressed biblical issues at the council of trent, and tried to regain the public's approval. they comissioned a lot of art during this

da Vinci, Last Supper, c. 1495-1498

the disciples with jesus gathered for the last supper, he depicted them all in pairs of 3. <Milan, High renesaince>

Michelangelo deviated from earlier representations of David in his rendition by portraying ____.

the encounter before the battle

Michelangelo went beyond self-contained statues in his David by ____.

turning his head

The ____ of Francesco Borromini's architecture, visible in the facade of San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane, opposed ancient ideas about architecture.

undulating motion and enhanced three-dimensional effect

The cleaning of Michelangelo's Sistine ceiling initially shocked art historians because it revealed ____.

vivid colors

Bernini, Ecstasy of Saint Teresa, 1645-1652

whole wall alter piece showing st theresa's visions <Baroque>

Botticelli, Birth of Venus, c. 1482

woman standing in sea shell surrounded by gods <Florence, Early Renesaince>