Art History Exam 3

319 CE: looks like other basilicas - rectangular, semi-circular apse added two little wings by apse called transept High alter set up in crossing - where Nave met transept Becomes known as Latin cross plan Similar to Trajan's courtyard - big courtyard with columns on 3 sides and temple/church at the back Courtyard: columnade with baptismal in center - similar to Roman courtyard New St. Peters - replaced 6th and 7th centuries - old entombed within new Marble, apse-frescos Baldachin-canopy over alter Flat-wood trust ceiling Massive bronze pinecone (part of ancient Roman fountain)

Old St. Peters

Pottery decorated with metallic glazes

Lusterware

An Islamic institution of higher learning, where teaching is focused on theology and law

Madrasa

Romanesque Cistercians spurned artistic conventions of other communities - new movement of strict discipline, intellectual pursuit, and divided work Simplistic, austerity, and purity Avoid figural decoration Rectangular nave - barrel vault/bays 2 engaged buttresses Windows up high to let light in interior is also simple and harmonious No cloistery Pointed arches

Abbey of Notre-Dame

The passage (walkway) around the apse in a church, especially a basilica, or around the central space in a central-plan building

Ambulatory

Byzantine Recreate and capture dignity of buildings of Rome, but purely Christian space Now has 4 minarets (when Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Empire - rededicated to Muslim temple) Considered one of the most beautiful buildings in the world Hybrid of Round church and basilica church - apse, longitudinal (rectangle/square), centrally planned church, golden dome No central cylinder of masonry - instead dome rests on pendentives (curving rectangular - resting on massive piers - solid masonry- hard to spot piers - project backwards into side aisles instead of into nave) Dome seems to hover - ring of windows, dissolves weight by puncturing and opening it up 1st to be build on pendentives Earthquake - numerous repairs - 1st fell down in 55 CE and rebuilt and added additional buttressing

Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus Hagia Sophia

An arched masonry structure that spans an interior space. Barrel or tunnel vault: an elongated or continuous semicircular vault, shaped like a halfcylinder

Barrel Vault

Buried Loculi (burial places in walls)

Both Jewish and Christian communities _______________ their dead. When buried in catacombs, the dead were placed in ______________.

Early Medieval Made to celebrate the Coronation of Charlemagne Classical Naturalistic style (Roman Art) for treatment of form: drapery (3d, shadow, shade, and modeling), colors (warm, naturalistic color palate), softer, contouring, space receding into background

Coronation Gospels

'The principal Christian church in a diocese, the Bishop's administrative center and housing his throne (cathedra).'

Cathedral

Romanesque Cathedral begun 1063 Baptistery 1153 Campanile 1174 Campo Santo 13th century Baptistery - round Leaning tower - bell tower Bands of dark grey and black marble against a white background Blind arcade - fake arches - unite all 3 structures in a single visual vocabulary leaning happening to cathedral as well Interior: arcade supported by massive columns, alternating marble used inside church as well, mosaic (Byzantine style) in half domes

Cathedral Complex, Pisa

Early Medieval Chi-Rho-iota written out fully at bottom of page Matthew 1:18 birth of the Messiah Patterns and scrolling lines Animals and figures hidden (little) - local artistic traditions Smokey geometric Used to enrich sacred text

Chi-Rho-iota page Book of Kells

Byzantine Over apse Sits on orb of world - wearing emperial purple Left hand holds 7 seals - open at 2nd coming - past, present, and future - over everything Right hand - crown of martyrdom to Saint Vitalis Bishop Ecclesius presenting model of building as gift Christ enthroned as ruler of universe - direct statement of Christ's authority Model of emperial gift giving

Christ Enthroned with St. Vitalis and Bishop Ecclesius

Early Christian located in the Eastern capital, Ravenna Close connection to Byzantine empire and Constantinople Exterior is plain Inside - colored/glittering mosaics Here he is wearing long tunic, gold with purple stripes, gold mantle (shows royalty, dressed as emperor) It was a changing pictorial of Christ (since before he was wearing short tunics - work clothes) Halo (divine) Scepter/crook (changed to cross, like an emperor would carry) Blurring lines between secular authority and divine authority (common in Byzantine area - two go hand-in-hand)

Christ as the Good Shepherd

Paul (Roman citizen - freedom to travel)

Christianity spread quickly throughout Empire due to _______________.

In a basilica, the topmost zone of a wall with windows, extending above the aisle roofs. Provides direct light into the nave

Clerestory

An enameling technique in which artists affix wires or strips to a metal surface to delineate designs and create compartments (cloisons) that they subsequently fill with enamel

Cloisonne

Donates land throughout Rome One piece of land on Vatican Hill - Christian community believed Peter was martyred and buried here - dates tombstone to 2 CE but not known for sure

Constatine was a patron of ________________________.

In continuous narrative, multiple scenes from the same story appear within a single compositional frame

Continuous Narrative

architectural compartment or niche

Loculus/Loculi

Continuous Narrative right - parting the red sea left - pharaoh top - two large hands (God's influence and action)

Crossing of the Red Sea The Crossing of the Red Sea is considered a __________________________. On the right, it depicts Moses ____________________. On the left side, it shows the ___________________. On top, there are __________________________ which represents ______________________________________________.

Syrian civil war Dura-Europos

Crossing of the Red Sea Why does this wall detail not exist anymore? The house-synagogue where this wall detail was found was in ______________?

A small private room for burials in a catacomb

Cubiculum/Cubicula

Islamic Noble sanctuary Site of 1st and 2nd Jewish Temple - Isaac Built over this site 1st great monument of Islamic art Imitates early churches of Byzantine tradition Gilded dome Extensive tiling Dome mounts circular drum, pierced by windows, help up by ___________________ - over central space Arches of inner and outer arcade encrusted in golden mosaics - mosaics adapted for religious context - geometric patterns, vegetative scrolls - carpet and ceilings are modern (represents what it used to look like) Inscription - oldest written quotes from Qur'an Interior: represents gardens of paradise emphasizes temple rock and its meaning Arches - alternating white and blue marble to emphasize different architectural features

Dome of the Rock

Roman symbolic and natural

Early Jewish and Christian artists borrowed from __________________ art to express needs and ideas. The artists drew both ________________ and __________________ subjects.

Early Medieval Matthew seems to be frantically writing Expressive Strange angles, everything presses up close to foreground Unnaturalistic colors - emphasis on gold and greed with pop of orange Strong lines - gestural (can imagine the arm movement of artists) Riotess lines that make up drapery - frantic Angel - upper right corner pouring gospel into inkwell

Ebbo Gospels

The central rite of the Christian Church, from the Greek word for "thanksgiving." Also known as the Mass or Holy Communion, it reenacts Christ's sacrifice on the cross and commemorates the Last Supper. According to traditional Catholic Christian belief, consecrated bread and wine become the body and blood of Christ; in Protestant belief, bread and wine symbolize the body and blood

Eucharist

Sacrifice of Isaac and Abraham Center: illusion to resolution of story (ram eventually sacrificed) Hand of God staying Abraham (in Torah - stopped by angel) - emphasizes the importance (closeness) of covenant between God and Abraham

Floor of Marianos and Hanias - Bottom portionof artwork

Heavens Roman, Greek, and Near Eastern sources Corners: personifications of the 4 seasons (Greek and Roman art) - universal/cyclical time Zodiac wheel: wheel of heavens and cosmic order - Mesopotamia before it spread to Greek, Egypt...- signs the same in antiquity as they are today Center: personification of sun riding a chariot against the night sky (continuity - cycle of time, no beginning and no end)

Floor of Marianos and Hanias - Central part of artwork

Metaphysical realm (torah scrolls - shrine) animal guading scrolls (like the ones guarding the city studied for exam 1 - Lamassus)

Floor of Marianos and Hanias - Top of artwork

Groin or cross vault: a vault created by the intersection of two barrel vaults of equal size which creates four side compartments of identical size and shape

Groin Vault

An image representing a sacred figure or event in the Byzantine (later the Orthodox) Church. Icons are venerated by the faithful, who believe their prayers are transmitted through them to God

Icon

A picture that expresses or embodies an intangible concept or idea

Iconic Image

The banning and/or destruction of images, especially icons and religious art. Iconoclasm in eighth- and ninth-century Byzantium and sixteenth and seventeenth-century Protestant territories arose from differing beliefs about the power, meaning, function, and purpose of imagery in religion

Iconoclasm

the social belief in the importance of the destruction of usually religious icons and other images or monuments, most frequently for religious and/ or political reasons

Iconoclasm

From the Greek for "lover of images." In periods of iconoclasm, iconophiles advocate the continued use of sacred images

Iconophile

A painting on paper or parchment used as an illustration and/or decoration in a manuscript or album. Usually richly colored, often supplemented by gold and other precious materials. The artists are referred to as illuminators. Also: the technique of decorating manuscripts with such paintings.

Illumination

Constatine

In 313 CE, ________________ recognized Christianity as a legal religion.

Byzantine Influenced by Byzantine art Private chapel for ruler of Venice Latin and Greek inscription

Interior of St. Mark's

An ornamental, angular Arabic script

Kufic script

A horizontal element of any material carried by two or more vertical supports to form an opening

Lintel

Light encircling, or emanating from, the entire figure of a sacred person

Mandorla

Roman basillica churches

Marianos and Hanias show _________________ influence due to ________________________________ of early ________________.

A Jewish lampstand with seven or nine branches; the nine-branched menorah is used during the celebration of Hanukkah. Representations of the seven-branched menorah, once used in the Temple of Jerusalem, became a symbol of Judaism

Menorah

A recess or niche that distinguishes the wall oriented toward Mecca (qibla) in a mosque

Mihrab

Islamic Tile tradition that few during 14th century Made during time of uncertainty 11 feet tall each tier hand cut white against cobalt blue and accents of green - common 3 inscriptions : outer - cursive, Qur'an verses - duty Center: mosque house of every pious person

Mihrab

A high platform or pulpit in a mosque

Minbar

A building used for communal Islamic worship

Mosque

In Islamic architecture, one of the nichelike components, often stacked in tiers to mark the transition between flat and rounded surfaces and often found on the vault of a dome

Muqarnas

A picture that recounts an event drawn from a story, either factual (e.g. biographical) or fictional

Narrative Image

The vestibule or entrance porch of a church

Narthex

The central space of a church, two or three stories high and usually flanked by aisles.

Nave

The concave triangular section of a vault that forms the transition between a square or polygonal space and the circular base of a dome

Pendentive

A church that attracts visitors wishing to venerate relics as well as attend religious services

Pilgrimage Church

Early Medieval #of artistic styles - fusion of Germanic, celtic, Welsh, Norse, and Roman cultures 1939 ship burial found - never meant to be sailed but to be buried - Kings, lords, etc, buried in ships Covered/made in gold and gemstones (emerald/garnets) Cloisonné style Glass enamel in checkered patterns animals and figures in center: Norse tradition, flaring treatment of open jaws, curling beaks, elongated claws and talons, probably Celtic animals in Norse style

Purse cover from Sutton Hoo ship burial

Islamic Writing held in high esteem - Calligraphy - glory of Islamic art - written right to left - one of the great unifiers in Islamic world, yet there are many variations Kufic script - blocky and angular - for carved and woven inscriptions to make it easy to read - visual clarity essential (1 book shared by many people) Red marks are pronunciation guides Tree marks chapter breaks Title - gold block 1000 CE - paper replaced parchment with everything but Qur'an manuscript

Qur'an page

Venerated object or body part associated with a holy figure, such as a saint, and usually housed in a reliquary

Relic

Romanesque Important pilgrimage church St. James buried here Added side chapels and side aisles - could visit chapels and relics without interrupting main worship area Barrel vault - transverse arches march down naïve to alter No cloister (windows) in this building - dark on inside, light only comes from outside windows

Santiago de Compostela

Made out of purple granite (tedra?) Imagery appropriate for pagan or Christian audience (may have been originally made for her pagan husband) 2 peacocks on either side of fascia - sign of eternity for Romans (pagan) Sheep squeezed into available space - refers to Christian faith

Sarcophagus of Constantina

Fragments of older architecture or sculpture reused in a secondary context

Spoila

A process whereby artists assimilate and combine images and ideas from different cultural traditions, beliefs, and practices, giving them new meanings

Syncretism

Story of Jonah who was swallowed by a whale (sea monster) - metaphorically Christ's resurrection and crucifixion (in early Christian art, the crucifixion was not depicted) - common theme in early Christian art Seen as prefiguration (stories from the Torah) of Christ - foreshadow Folks are Roman and crucifixion was something done to criminals

The Good Shepherd Lunette surround

Figures that had 2 upraised hands toward sky

The Good Shepherd Prayer Figures

Tunic for working person Beardless Surrounded by flock who look at him intently

The Good Shepherd The figure in the center

Shepherd Shepherd Christ the Caretaker

The Great Shepherd The ______________________ could be used to represent Apollo, Hermes. - just a shepherd Yet, in Christianity, the __________________ is used to represent _______________________________________________ frequently in early Christian art.

In medieval and later architecture, the area over a door enclosed by an archand a lintel, often decorated with sculpture or mosaic

Tympanum

Byzantine Icon Mary in her role as the mother of Jesus Flanked by warrior saints associated with dragons - defeated paganism Angels lifting heads up to heaven Child and angels - naturalistic style of Roman art Saints - much more stylized and flat - serve as sentries, divine intermediaries for the rest Acoustic? paint - melted wax as binder - becomes brilliant/almost transluscent one of the earliest icons that survived due to iconoclasm (during 8th century, Christians became uncomfortable with icons in Byzantine - prohibited to make - ones that already were made, were destroyed

Virgin (Theotokos), Child, SS. George and Theodore

Triparte and wide side isles niche courtyard before entering Triparte mosaic

What was the similarities between basilicas and early churches?

Duro-Europos had a house-synagogue, house-church, and temples to various pantheon gods. It shows how many different religions lived together.

What was unique about Dura-Europos?

Geometric, excelled in line and pattern, organic

What was unique about Islamic art?