Art History Mid-term

Gustave Courbet

-Realist whose paintings of menial labor & ordinary people exemplified his belief that painters should depict only their own time & place.

Eugene Delacroix

-Romantic artist from France. -led the way in depicting Romantic narratives set in faraway place and distant times. Death of Sardanapalus in ancient Assyria.

Francois Boucher & Jean-Honore Fragonard

-Watteau successors who carried on Rococo style into the late 18th century.

The Slave Ship

Romanticism. 1840. William Turner He is second British landscape artist. Abstract and not enjoyed in his time. Shows slaves being thrown out of a ship.

Doric column

-Parthenon -Greece. -features simple, heavy columns without bases.

Orientalism

-19th-century. -artists who were fond of depicting harem girls, sheikhs and Middle-Eastern scenery. -Delacroix, Ingres and (Henri) Rousseau all employed "oriental" touches to various works.

Romanticism

-Europe in the late 18th Century. -characterized by a heightened interest in nature. -emphasis on the individual's expression of emotion and imagination. -departure from the attitudes and forms of classicism. -rebellion against established social rules and conventions.

Rousseau

-French philosopher who rejected the idea of progress. -argued to return to natural values & exalted the simple, honest life of peasants.

Giambattista Tiepolo

-Italy adapted the Rococo manner to huge ceiling frescoes in Baroque tradition.

Antonio Canova

-Napoleon's favorite Italian sculptor. -Neoclassicism.- Made Napoleon's and his sister's statues.

Jacques-Louis David

-Neoclassical artist chosen by Napoleon. -French artist and nationalist who painted The Tennis Court Oath, The Death of Marat, and Napoleon Crossing Mont Saint Bernard.

Ionic column

-Palladio's Villa Rotunda - near Venice. -Greek column with short, fluted shafts and scroll-like decorations on its capital.

Corinthian column

-Pantheon - Rome -the most complex, with carvings that looks like leaves at the top.

Enlightenment

-a new way of thinking critically about the world independently of religion & tradition. (independence for the British colonies in America) -promoted scientific questioning and embraced the doctrine of progress. -made knowledge of ancient Rome imperative for the cultured elite.

Thomas Jefferson

-adopted the neoclassical style in his designs for Monticello, the Virginia Capitol & the University of Virginia. -it represented for him idealism, patriotism, & civic virtue.

Rococo

-early 18th century. -centralized & grandiose palace-based culture of Baroque France- town houses of Paris. -salons featuring delicate colors, sinuous lines, gilded mirrors, elegant furniture, & small paintings and sculptures.

Art under Napoleon

-embraced the Neoclassical style to associate his regime with the empire of ancient Rome.

Romantic painters

-explored exotic, erotic & fantastic. -chose landscapes as an ideal subject to express the Romantic theme of soul unified with the natural world.

Sublime

-fear to the point of awe -grandeur or power; inspiring awe, veneration, supreme or outstanding; complete; absolute;

Impressionist

-focused on recording the contemporary urban scene in Paris. -frequently painted bars, dance halls, the ballet, wide boulevards, & railroad stations. -reflecting influence of Japanese prints & photography. -cut-off figures & settings seen at sharply oblique angles.

Neoclassicism

-late 18th century. -incorporated the subjects & styles of ancient art. -became the rage in interior decoration, fashion & architecture..

Antoine Watteau

-leading Rococo painter. -small canvases feature light colors & elegant figures in ornate costumes moving gracefully through the lush landscapes. -Fete galante paintings depict the outdoor amusements of French high society.

Realism

-mid 19th century France. -Art movement based on art depicting things as they actually are.

Thomas Gainsborough

-naturalist artist whose portrait paintings set against landscape background reawakened an interest in realism.

Jacques-Louis David

-neoclassicism -painted on the eve of the French Revolution, Oath of Horatii, set in a sever classical hall, served as an example of patriotism & sacrifice

Angelica Kauffmann

-pioneer of neoclassicism who chose subjects drawn from Roman history for her paintings.

Impressionism

-portray the fleeting and stransitory world of sense impressions based on scientific stuides of light, forms are bathed in light and atmosphere. -colors are juxtaposed for the eye to fuse from a distance, short, choppy brush strokesto catch the vibrating quality of the light.

Thomas Eakins

-realist painting of surgery in progress was too brutally realistic for the Philadelphia art jury that rejected it.

The Grand Tour

-traveled around obtaining influences of other cultures and art -undertaken by Europeans & Americans in large numbers. -popular souvenir were Antonio Canaletto's vedute of Venice in Renaissance perspective with camera obscura.

Burial at Ornans

1849 COURBET, REALISM funeral in a drab country setting, huge scale, S-curve of composition, only cross rises above, unflattering characterizations, transcendent meaning of funerals, dog is distracted

Among the Sierra Nevada Mountains

1868, Albert Bierstadt Manifest Destiny, Wild west: peaceful, abundant, "Sublime"

Manifest Destiny

A notion held by 19th century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific.

Cornelia Presenting Her Children as Her Treasure

Angelica Kauffman, 1785, Classical antiquity and classical art. Neoclassism This painting of a virtuous Roman mother who presenter her children to a visitor as her jewels exemplifies the Enlightenment fascination with classical antiquity and with classical art.

Return from Cypher

Antoine Watteau Rococo style - 1717 Fete Galantes was the term coined for his style, as it was new. featured the artistocratic life; upper class pleasure and joy, with an undertone of sadness.

Napoleon at the Pesthouse at Jaffa

Antoine-Jean Gros French Romanticism 1804 Gros trained with David; depicted Napoleon as a hero visiting and healing the sick like a hero; serves as political propaganda

Riva degli Schiavoni

Antonio Canaletto, Venice, 1735-40 Venice oil on canvas Neoclassicism

Abbey in the Oak Forest

Caspar David Friedrich - 1810 Romanticism - a dead body in a coffin is carried in a barren oak forest, through the ruins of a Gothic cathedral as night begins to descend

The Stone Breakers

Courbet ,1849 Realism French

Death of Sardanapalus

Eugene Delacroix 1827 Romanticism exotic figures/ funeral.

Liberty Leading the People

Eugene Delacroix 1830 Romanticism shows the glory of the French Revolution

Antoine Watteau

Fete Galantes was the term coined for his style, as it was new. French artist of the Rococo style. His work featured the artistocratic life; upper class pleasure and joy, with an undertone of sadness.

Third of May

Francisco Goya Romanticism - 1808, 1814 - execution of Spanish rebels after failed uprising, repetitive motions of faceless French, Christ-like in sacrificial pose, Church is silent, powerful, brutal inhumanity.

Hall of Mirrors, the Amaienburg, Nymphengurg Palace park, Munich, Germany

Francois De Cuvillies Palace of Versailles Early 18th Century part of Versailles, chandeliers, gilded statues, mirrors to reflect wealth back to the wearer, all about surface value, no substance... ceiling with mythological themes for aesthetic values

Snowstorm: Hannibal & His Army Crossing the Alps

J.M. W. Turner - 1810-12 Sublime, Realism

Oath of the Horatii

Jacques-Louis David Neoclassicism,1784 exemplum virtutis, story of three Roman brothers who do battle with three other brothers from a nearby city, pledge fidelity, engaged, vigorous forms, powerful, animated, gestures are sweeping and unified, figures pushed to foreground, neoclassical drapery.

The Death of Marat

Jacques-Louis David 1793 Neoclassicism work of art tells the story of a man who was murdered in his bath

Intervention of Sabine Women

Jacques-Louis David 1799 neoclassicism

Napoleon Crossing the Alps

Jacques-Louis David 1801 Neoclassicism /Romanticism -uses noble horse (Ideal) over mule (Realistic) to show Napoleon as idealistic, brave, a great leader

Grande Odalisque

Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres Romanticism Note Manneristic Tendencies 1814 -about sex that didn't offend people, but rather attracted people because there is an exotic element to it.

The Swing

Jean-Honore Fragoniard. Neo-Classicism - 1766 figures are small in garden-like scene, atmospheric perspective, puffy clouds, rich vegetation, patron in lower left, boldly kicking off her shoe, unsuspecting bishop behind her, intrigue painting, Cupid asks young lady to be discreet

The Gleaners

MILLET, REALISM, 1857, BARBIZON, poorest of poor, picking up scraps, nobility of hard-work, bent-backed figures become part of the landscape, haystacks, seen as a socialist painting

La Madeleine, Paris, France

Pierre Vignon 1807-42 neoclassical A Catholic church designed in its present form as a temple to the glory of Napoleon's army.

Chiswich House

Richard Boyle & William Kent 1725 Neoclassical architect; Palladian influence; architectural motifs inside as well as outside; entrance on one side rather than all is a departure from Palladio's ideas

Etruscan Room, Osterley Park House, Middlesex, England

Robert Adam Neoclassicism - begun 1761 inspired by excavation

Francois De Cuvillies

Rococo style at its height, dazzling the eye with the organic interplay of mirrors, crystal, and stucco relief

The Oxbow

Romanticism 1836, Thomas Cole founder of the HUDSON RIVER SCHOOL, Romantic on left, Claude-like on the right, self-portait in foreground amid dense forest, right is man's touch as seen in light, cultivated fields, painted as a reply to a British book

Raft of the Medusa

Theodore Gericaul Romanticism 1818-1819 story of a shipwrecked vessel off the African coast in 1816

Rotunda & Lawn, University of Virginia

Thomas Jefferson 1819 - 1826 neoclassical style

Veteran in a New Field

Winslow Homer, 1865 Realism

American Realists included

Winslow Homer, Thomas Eakins, & John Singer Sargent.

Jean-Baptiste-Simeon Chardin & Jean-Baptiste Greuze

naturalist who painted sentimental narratives about rural families.