Art Since 1945 Final

- Act Up - aids coalition focused on strident public demonstration aimed at shocking mainstream public - The Silence = Death Project - GMHC - gay mens health crisis _ Gay Liberation Front

AIDS activism

- Chicago-based group of black artists whose shared aim was to develop their own aesthetic in the visual arts in order to empower black communities - Jeff Donaldson, Barbara Jones-Hogu, Wadsworth Jarrell and Gerald Williams - example: Jae Jarrell's Revolutionary Suit 1970 in which the artist is photographed wearing a two-piece matching outfit with an ammunition belt sewn into the jacket

AfriCobra

tending towards the conceptual and sparking dialogue between the contemporary world and traditional Chinese modes of thought and production - sunflower seeds 2010, critiquing labor - fairytale 2007, brought 1001 Chinese people to Germany city to study art, about difficulty of international travel - "the globe shrinks for those who own it" - han dynasty urns 90s - breaks and paints on them, questioning what gives something value

Ai Weiwei

American photographer and artist who has become famous through his photos of corpses and his use of feces and bodily fluids in his work, notably his controversial work Piss Christ (1987) - grant funded by NGA and he made a cross in a jar of pee - seen as blasphemous and gay by the Christian Church

Andres Serrano

1969 - comes out of protests of Harlem on My Mind - Bearden, Gilliam, Hunt, Lawrence, Lloyd, Williams, Woodruff - photography as main medium - don't have much on this if you wanna add!

Black Artists in America Symposium

- 60s and 70s - black pride - artists associated with the movement addressed issues of black identity and black liberation - Elizabeth catlett - panther graphics - eg. romare bearden, sam Gilliam, Tom Lloyd, William T. Williams, David Hammons - agit prop

Black Arts Movement

- American visual experimental artist, known for her multi-media works on the body, narrative, sexuality and gender - she felt she was "a painter who had in effect enlarged her canvas," now using the stage as a three-dimensional space to make compositions with bodies and a range of materials - 1960s - flesh as material - early feminist as taking control of her body and what's being done to it artistically

Carolee Schneeman

- questioning stability of identity - exposed the representation of women in media - Hollywood-esque photos of herself as different characters - the male gaze - second wave, 70s and 80s

Cindy Sherman

parts she talked ab in class: - brown vs board 1954 - integration of Little Rock 9 1957 - Greensboro sit ins 1960 - march on Washington 1963 - selma 1965 - march against fear 1966 - Black power - national organization for women 1966 - stonewall --> gay liberation front 1969

Civil Rights Movement

- british, 90s - into shocking spectacle rather than critique - "For Love of God" - $50 million skull w jewels - animals in formaldehyde - Treasures of the Wreck of the unbelievable, 2017, insanely expensive

Damien Hirst

-60s and 70s - work to show institutional escape is impossible - public installations, don't look like art without the institution - posters as political 1968, covers call for protest w posters - finer technique 1972, stripped awning - would incorporated censored work bc museum would put paper on top of his pieces to censor them

Daniel Buren

- artist especially known for his works in and around New York City and Los Angeles during the 1970s and 1980s - "Injustice Case" 1970 - life-size representations of his own figure would be transferred to the support by coating his skin and hair with margarine and pressing his greased body onto the paper, then covering those sections with pigment powder. These images would be paired with politically charged symbols such as the American flag.

David Hammons

- neo-expressionist - gained prominence in the 1980s as a leader in the return to figuration, along with contemporaries Julian Schnabel - large-scale canvases featuring a sparse, seemingly disjunctive arrangement of elements, often including provocatively posed women and nudes and the use of grisaille - pastiche

David Salle

German-born American sculptor known for her pioneering work in materials such as latex, fiberglass, and plastics. She is one of the artists who ushered in the postminimal art movement in the 1960s - feminist, in eccentric abstraction - also in process art movement w Serra

Eva Hesse

- minimal installations and sculptures in which he used materials such as strings of lightbulbs, clocks, stacks of paper, or packaged hard candies - Cuban-born American visual artist - gay sexual orientation is often seen as influential in his work as an artist, had AIDS - 80s and 90s - untitled 1990 = 300lbs of candy that viewers are meant to interact with

Felix Gonzalez-Torrez

- still doing it today (he's 66) - creates new exhibition contexts for the display of art and artifacts found in museum collections—including wall labels, sound, lighting, and non-traditional pairings of objects - curating as political - emphasizes historical Black objects in museum spaces

Fred Wilson

- Inventor of his personal alphabet, founder of his own religion and writer - is a hunter of signs: signs of nature on human beings, traces of man on nature. - Ivorian artist - made cards

Frédéric Bruly Bouabré

- concpetualism - The fragile relationship of everyday objects to one another and to human beings is Orozco's principal subject - art can be made whenever and wherever one chooses - photographs artistic intervention in public spaces - tortillas and bricks 1990 - cats and watermelon 1992

Gabriel Orozco

- abstract as well as photorealistic paintings, and also photographs and glass pieces - widely regarded as one of the most important contemporary German artists - 1960s - made paintings ab WWII in Germany, and about German political deaths that resonate w Germans really intensely - recreating images with paint, 9/11 twin towers image - photo realistic by cropping, blurring, black and white

Gerhard Richter

an AIDS activist artist collective from New York City consisting of 11 members - participation of visual artists in ACT UP and other collectives was essential to the effectiveness of the campaigns of protest, education and awareness about AIDS - started silence=death campaign - used mass media of the time: fliers, posters, stickers, T-shirts, billboards, photographs and postcards

Gran Fury (ACT UP)

- leader of institutional critique - 60s and 70s - condensation cube, 1966, changes as humidity in gallery changes, physically needs the gallery - Moma poll, 1970, needs community for show to work - was political and shut down frequently for his work

Hans Haacke

- exhibit at MET in 1969 - request to diversify super white and patriarchal MET - almost no art by POC - held exhibit ab history of Harlem 1900-1968, but didn't include POC - antiquated view, not focusing on art and flourishing of current Black culture - protested by artists

Harlem on My Mind

- Brazilian visual artist, sculptor, painter, performance artist, and theorist, best known for his participation in the Neo-Concrete Movement, for his innovative use of color, and for what he later termed "environmental art" - performative environments - big part of Tropicalia Movement

Hélio Oiticica

- visual artist whose work helped define the BAM - 1960s and 70s - co-founder of AfriCOBRA and contributor to the momentous Wall of Respect - pioneer in African-American personal and academic achievement

Jeff Donaldson

- 80s-00s - balloon dog - takes advantage of art market of 1980s - commodity art - celebratory of his own wealth - weird paintings w pastiche, nude women - doesn't actually make his own paintings, comes up w idea and has other make them for him

Jeff Koons

- bronx installation 1991 - young Black people on stands across from police station - meant to be integrationist and community building but was removed bc white people didn't like it - worked within his community and was collaborative w them

John Ahearn

70s, American feminist artist, art educator, and writer known for her large collaborative art installation pieces about birth and creation images, which examine the role of women in history and culture - founder of feminist program at Cal Arts and Womanhouse student exhibits - ex: "Dinner Party" -- genitalia for dinner, seat at the table - second wave

Judy Chicago

- part of 1980s return to painting - large-scale paintings are materially and thematically monumental, drawing on a wealth of influences from Cubism to the practice of Cy Twombly and themes such as sexuality, obsession, suffering, redemption, death, and belief - pastiche - paint drips, dynamic brushstrokes, and found materials including broken plates, textiles, tarpaulins, and velvet, many of Schnabel's paintings combine painting and collage technique

Julien Schnabel

- 1990s - questioning historical institution - Black silhouette cutouts - explores race, gender, sexuality, violence, and identity in her work - 1994 exhibit caricatured antebellum figures, which are engaged in violent and sexual interaction

Kara Walker

- 80s + 90s - challenges the marginalization of African-Americans - "unequivocally, emphatically black" - pulls from BAM, Jarrel, DuBois, and 1920s + 60s movements - ex: past times 1997 - souvenir, 1996 - ab Black history in the home

Kerry James Marshall

Founded in Dakar in 1974, Laboratoire Agit'Art was a revolutionary and subversive art collective that sought to combine traditional African performance and creativity with a modern aesthetic

Laboratoire Agit-Art

Brazilian artist best known for her painting and installation work. She was often associated with the Brazilian Constructivist movements of the mid-20th century and the Tropicalia movement - abstraction, Neo-Concretism, and the "abandonment" of art - at the forefront of the Neo-Concretist movement in Brazil, fostering the active participation of spectators through her works - dealing with the limits of conventional forms of art

Lygia Clark

- Decolonize This Place is facilitated by the MTL+ Collective - MTL, the group at the core of MTL+, consists of Amin Husain and Nitasha Dhillon, who have collaborated as a collective on research, organizing, and action in art practice

MTL Collective

- known for her project-based work in the form of large-scale narrative installations. Her projects constructed in the 1970s are preoccupied with her experiences of pregnancy and child raising - document the mother-child relationship - second wave

Mary Kelly

- conceptual artist - institutional critique - Rather than designing new art objects, Asher typically altered the existing environment, by repositioning or removing artworks, walls, facades, etc - focused on subtle interventions of the gallery - ex: Galleria Toselli installation 1973, blasted sand all over the gallery space - 1974 LA, removes wall between gallery and offices in back

Michael Asher

style of late modernist or early-postmodern painting and sculpture that emerged in the late 1970s. It is characterized by intense subjectivity and rough handling of materials. - return to figuration in expressive, gestural, and sometimes brashly aggressive works - Shnabel, Salle, Fischl - signaled a break away from the intellectual distance, abstraction, and formalism of Conceptual art

Neo-Expressionism

- abstract expressionism - used representational strategies to focus on black urban life - in spiral group - a lot of his work was in the 40s -- before the other guys - wanted to be artist first, Black artist second

Norman Lewis

- pakistani British artist and critic - editor of Third Text, groundbreaking journal ab post colonialism and art - talk ab eurocentrism in institutions - wrote about being a Black artist (in England south asian ppl are often considered Black)

Rasheed Araeen

American artist involved in the Process Art Movement - large-scale abstract steel sculptures, whose substantial presence forces viewers to engage with the physical qualities of the works and their particular sites - titled arc in nyc - serra = interventionist, in Serra's practice, site specificity is constituted as a precise discomposure between the art work and its site - written about in Kwon's essay

Richard Serra

- 90s and 00s - exhibitions are often based on interaction and exchange among participants - artist's installations of the early-1990s involved cooking meals for gallery-goers

Rirkrit Tiravanija

- american photographer, best known for his black-and-white photographs. His work featured an array of subjects, including celebrity portraits, male and female nudes, self-portraits, and still-life images - was gay and died of AIDS in 1989 - controversial works documented and examined the homosexual male BDSM subculture of New York City in the late 1960s and early 1970s - IMPORTANT bc his work Jesse McBride (photo of naked lil kid) sparked a debate in the United States concerning both use of public funds for "obscene" artwork and the Constitutional limits of free speech in the United States

Robert Mapplethorpe

- artist, author, and songwriter - worked with many types of media including cartoons, oils, and collages - avant garde collages and montages - leader of Spiral group, BAM and BAAS

Romare Bearden

- color field painter and lyrical abstractionist artist - associated with the Washington Color School, a group of Washington, D.C. area artists that developed a form of abstract art from color field painting in the 1950s and 1960s - stain paintings - folded canvas to create depth - Red April 1970 - takes canvas off stretcher

Sam Gilliam

- 90s and 00s -most well-known works involve hiring laborers to complete menial tasks - meant to elucidate the nature of the laborer within Capitalist society, how the laborer sells his physical labor and thus his body, political issues such as immigration and continual immigrant poverty in Capitalist countries, the nature of work in Capitalist society, and the isolation of economic classes - tattooed straight line on people - tattooed prostitues in exchange for same amount of money they would make a night - dyed 133 people hair blue in Italy - relational antagonism

Santiago Sierra

- 1990s - globalization - Iranian phtotgraphy w poetry on top in Farsi - female warriors holding guns - explore the relationship between women and the religious and cultural value systems of Islam - split-screened video Turbulent (1998)

Shirin Neshat

New York based African American collective formed in 1963 with the aim of addressing how African American artists should respond to America's changing political and cultural landscape - formed in direct response to the March on Washington - how African American artists could respond to racism and represent their communities

Spiral Group

- 90s and 00s - pivots around issues of power and control, and several of her works interrogate and re-present events in Cuban history - As a result of her art actions and activism, Bruguera has been arrested and jailed several times - police on horseback that crowd control audience exhibit - Displacement 1998, havanna, wore traditional garb into the street and ppl followed her around - behavior art - Christa saw her one in Chicago where people yelled at each other as an art piece in 2009

Tania Bruguera

- not on her list but seems important Encompassing music, art and writing it celebrated Brazil's culture and people. It was also a protest movement against the lack of freedom experienced under the oppressive regime of the military government.

Tropicalia Movement

Japanese contemporary artist who works primarily in sculpture and installation, but is also active in painting, performance, film, fashion, poetry, fiction, and other arts. Her work is based in conceptual art and shows some attributes of feminism, minimalism, surrealism, Art Brut, pop art, and abstract expressionism, and is infused with autobiographical, psychological, and sexual content. - makes environments of penises

Yayoi Kusama

- big movement in NYC in 2000s - articulates its anti-commercial politics through a rejection of the prevailing standards in the art market and focuses its efforts on creating non-commercial cultural works and venues - emphasizes networking with other artists, mentoring and resources - Clare Bishop talks ab it - Antagonism is for Bishop just as viable a driving force in the making and appreciation of art as are social cohesion and intersubjective togetherness. Furthermore, as the history of early performance art and its reception shows, what makes art difficult, and thus politically important, is precisely the tensions that the makers and theorists of relational aesthetics attempt to quell.

antagonism

- selective borrowing / using someone else's image - Pictures Generation moved beyond the use of appropriation as a formal strategy, and instead made appropriation the content of the works as well - creating new meanings in new contexts - manipulation of media like film and photography in particular, these artists questioned both the possibility and the significance of originality

appropriation

- art that is grounded in the act of 'doing' and addresses political or social issues - Activist art is about empowering individuals and communities and is generally situated in the public arena with artists working closely with a community to generate the art

art activism

- typified by design-oriented urban sculptures of Scott Bur- ton, Siah Armajani, Mary Miss, Nancy Holt, and others - function as street furniture, architectural constructions, or landscaped environments - reconcile the division between art and utility - art that blended in and didn't seem like art

art-as-public-spaces model

- foregrounding social issues and political activ- ism, and/or for engaging "community" collaborations

art-in-the-public-interest model

- Bruguera - "rupture the membrane between art and life in aesthetic actions that have direct social impact", focus on ties that bind audience members together, explores social relationships and webs of connections

behavior art

an artistic movement originating in the 1970s in which the physical presence of the artist (or of a model) is regarded as an integral part of the work - art where the body is the subject and object of the work - performance as action vs as task vs as ritual p. 649 in book

body art

1980s fights over political and social issues - abortion and women's rights - gay rights - aids censorship of art

culture wars

- a movement based in New York City that organizes around Indigenous rights, black liberation, Palestinian nationalism, de-gentrification, and economic inequality - Their actions often take place at museums and cultural institutions and focus on colonialist tendencies within the art world

decolonize this place

Lippard defined eccentric abstraction as an exploration of sensuous experience, evoking intuitively some of the psychological themes explored by Surrealism but without Surrealism's literary allusions and literal imagery. - tactile sculpture - evoking the gendered body through an emphasis on process and materials - also a literal exhibition Lippard held that had works by Hesse, Bourgeois, and Kusama

eccentric abstraction

The "first wave" of feminism began in the mid-19th century with the women's suffrage movements and continued until (white) women received the right to vote, in 1920. No feminist art was produced during this early period, but it laid the groundwork for the activism, and thus the art, of the 1960s and 1970s

first wave feminism

Ratnam defintion - cultural vs economic globalization - advance in technology - homogenization - migration and cultural diaspora - a naming process or a situation which is the focus for a number of complex but related debates about the state of the world at the end of the 20th century. the areas of interest are economics, politics, and social sciences. - transformed modern world including art production - new network and international production

globalization

"The seemingly benign architectural features of a gallery/museum, in other words, were deemed to be coded mechanisms that actively disassociate the space of art from the outer world, furthering the institution's idealist imperative of rendering itself and its hierarchization of values "objective," "disinterested," and "true." - kwon p. 88 institutions mold art's meaning to modulate its cultural and economic value - institutional critique as placing things inside a certain box of values and physical space that is not open to everyone - critiqued in 60s by ppl like Hans Haacke

institution (be prepared to define)

talked ab in definition of institution - systematic inquiry into the workings of art institutions, such as galleries and museums - movement in the 60s to expose institutions

institutional critique

integrationist: is in union with the community and fosters interaction - a work that would seem to emerge so nat- urally from a particular place, whose meaning is so specifically linked to it, that it could not be imagined belonging anywhere else interventionist: critiques and redefines the community in which it resides ahearn = integrationist, south bronx project w the statues of people that got taken down serra = interventionist, in Serra's practice, site specificity is constituted as a precise discomposure between the art work and its site

interventionist vs. Integrationist approach to public sculpture

the act of depicting women and the world, in the visual arts and in literature, from a masculine, heterosexual perspective that presents and represents women as sexual objects for the pleasure of the heterosexual male viewer - ex: Cindy Sherman

male gaze

an artistic work in a style that imitates that of another work, artist, or period - takes different references and throws them together - ex: Frederic Jameson - part of neo-expressionsim

pastiche

artworks that are created through actions performed by the artist or other participants, which may be live or recorded, spontaneous or scripted

performance art

?? - the textbook defines a signifier as this: Saussure divided the sign into two parts, one the conceptual domain of the signified, or meaning, the other the material domain of the signifier, or signifying deposit, whether written or auditory.

picture as signifying structure

1970s - structures of signification - simulacral - one picture signals another - checking own experience vs art/pictures - utilized appropriation and montage to reveal the constructed nature of images - social criticism for a new generation of viewers saturated by mass media

pictures generation

??? help what I have is - black power - visual representation - clothes and guns aesthetic 66-67 - Huey P Newton photo - spear, rifle throne - Black Panthers at Capitol w/ guns

politics of signification

- art produced in response to the aftermath of colonial rule, frequently addressing issues of national and cultural identity, race and ethnicity - interpreting the oppression of the individual under imperialism - the effects of colonialism and decolonization and the role of class, race, national culture and violence in the struggle for national liberation ratnam definition - globalization relies on post-colonial condition - needed end of traditional euro imperialism - affected gender, race, and class identities

post-colonialism

- reaction against the ideas and values of modernism, as well as a description of the period that followed modernism's dominance in cultural theory and practice in the early and middle decades of the twentieth century - associated with skepticism, irony and philosophical critiques of the concepts of universal truths and objective reality - there is no one postmodern style or theory on which it is hinged. It embraces many different approaches to art making, and may be said to begin with pop art in the 1960s and to embrace much of what followed including conceptual art, neo-expressionism, feminist art, and the Young British Artists of the 1990s

postmodernism

"A set of artistic practices which take as their theoretical and practical point of departure the whole of human relations and their social context, rather than an independent and private space." - saw artists as facilitators rather than makers and regarded art as information exchanged between the artist and the viewers - the artist gives audiences access to power and the means to change the world what textbook says: identifies a kind of art that establishes spaces, situations, or platforms designed to host a variety of social activities- often very ordinary ones. establishing open scenarios which may be entered by others, thus causing social relations to appear as aesthetic acts -- aka relational aesthetics

relational art (as defined by Bourriaud)

1960s - Feminist artists of the "second-wave" expanded on the themes of the proto-feminist artists by linking their artwork explicitly to the fight for gender equality and including a wider visual vocabulary to help describe their goals - combated issues of domesticity, feminine identity and notions of beauty, and equality in the workplace - Eva Hesse 1970s - Cal Arts feminist art program -- Judy chicago, Miriam Schapiro - Cindy Sherman - critics, "Why Have There Been No Great Women Artists?"

second wave feminism

what textbook says -- a term in ancient philosophy, it is a representation that is not necessarily tied to an object in the world. as a copy without an original the simulacrum is often used in cultural criticism to describe the status of the image in a society of spectacle, mass-mediated consumerism. in post-structuralist theory the simulacrum is called upon to question the platonic order of representation that adjudicated between good and bad.. Warhol images - even as they appear to be representations dissolve the truth claims of most representations. it is a curicial concept in the understanding of surrealist and pop art.

simulacrum (HINT: there is an entry on the simulacrum in your textbook!)

"an actual location, a tangible reality, its identity composed of a unique combination of constitutive physical elements: length, depth, height, texture, and shape of walls and rooms; scale and proportion of plazas, buildings, or parks; existing conditions of lighting, ventilation, traffic patterns; distinctive topographical features" ^^ old fashioned definition "The (neo-avant- garde) aspiration to exceed the limitations of traditional media, like painting and sculpture, as well as their institutional setting; the epistemological challenge to relocate meaning from within the art object to the contingencies of its context; the radical restructuring of the subject from an old Cartesian model to a phenomenological one of lived bodily experience; and the self-conscious desire to resist the forces of the capitalist market economy, which circulates art works as transportable and exchangeable commodity goods-all these imperatives came together in art's new attachment to the actuality of the site" ^^ new avant garde definition - its about space but also about what that space means

site

"the site is imagined as a social and political construct as well as a physical one" - if removed from that location it loses all or a substantial part of its meaning - installation art "inextricable, indivisible relationship between the work and its site"

site-specificity

destabilizing knowledge by connecting the spiritual and secular. In terms of Bouabre, he brought traditional bete knowledge into contemporary art and challenged ideas of the post colonial world. (Bringing a marginal cnocept into the public without conforming to norms

socialization of the aesthetic

a term devised by the Brazilian artist Hélio Oiticica to describe the experience of being in one of his installations - environments that were designed to encourage the viewer's emotional and intellectual participation

supra-sensorial

- Third-wave feminists emerged in the '90s, and sought to broaden feminism to include women of diverse racial and cultural backgrounds, as well as reclaiming things previously identified with male oppression—like lipstick and high-heels - abolish notion of universal womanhood - Shirin Neshat

third wave

- relies on using video as a visual and audio medium - emerged during the late 1960s as new consumer tape recorders became available outside corporate broadcasting - huge for performance and conceptual art

video art

exemplified by Alexander Calder's La Grande Vitesse in Grand Rapids, Michigan - modernist abstract sculptures that were often enlarged replicas of works normally found in museums and galleries - not site specific - plop art

"art-in-public-places model"

Lucy Lippard organized an exhibition titled Eccentric Abstraction in 1966 - brought together artists who were setting the stage for a new art movement - coined the term "body ego" to describe the artists' approach to material, form, and the physical sensation the work gives the viewer - achieved through scale, spatial relation, physical orientation, and material - the bodies examined were not those of the artists, but rather the bodies of the viewers and of the sculpture itself

"body ego"