ARTH 280 Exam 2

• Phoenicians

o 1000 BC o Israel o Along Spain and southern o They are known as traders o Modern, international merchant o Modern Representation of Phoenicians and Barbarians Showing that they have a new fabric and product compared to the Barbarians fur Bringing products from Africa • Trading ivory and woods and products from the jungles • Furs Trading with Greeks • Cloth, stuff for wine and olive oil Trading with Barbarians • Trading modern woven cloth made of wool and linen o Many people saw them a s nuisance and changed their tribal ways o Some people wanted to restrict the Phoenicians from coming o Athens became the most important location in Greece o Great traders of the ancient world o Brought products from Egypt and Mesopotamia o Set up colonies or trading posts in foreign lands to have places for their ships to land and have a market with the village people o They also brought trinkets They had no practical purpose but were pretty to look out and made their house pretty Made out of ivory using Egyptian and Mesopotamian art Lamassau and Sphnix or lotus and papyrus: they thought that they would be able to trade these with barbarians

• Dark Ages Period

o 1100 - 900 BC o No one lived in the cities anymore o They needed to do things such as pottery, not very decorated o No one were doing figures or octopus because they lost that skill o They were still worshiping the gods and doing sacrifices o They still had votive figures They are 5-6 inches high Baked in a kiln Terracotta The potter pinched the top to make a nose They painted the figures with lines They call these figures Phi and Psi based off of the Greek alphabet • Phi: is equivalent to the letter F • Psi: Greek letter for T

• Harvester Vase

o 12 inches high o Only found Part of it, it originally had a top and bottom half but those were not found and they were reconstructed by the museum. o We think that the top half continued with the details of the bottom o Seemed to show a ceremony or parade of men who were marching off with farm tools over their shoulders o Made of steatite or soft stone that is easy to carve o Men are signing as they march o Over their shoulders they are holding long rods of sticks that break up into smaller pieces that are either rakes or winoning fans, to help separate the leaf from the chap. Blowing the chap away to get to the kernel of the grain. o One men holding a sistrum which is a musical instrument. A rattle that shakes and has bars across with ringlets and you can hold it by the bottom and shake it. . this guy is the rhythm keeper of this system o The climate is warm and mild throughout the year o Has an impressionistic design rather than realistic o Seems like the minoouns are free and easy

• Geometric Period

o 900 - 700 BC o The pots start to get more complicated throughout this generation o There are straight and more fluid lines o Making smaller circles on this vase and other forms such as motifs o Motif: a particular form or detail of design that comes up a lot in a culture o With each generation they get more complicated o Most of these were found in graves o Inhumation: buying the bodies in a coffin in the ground o A new custom arose to burn the body on a pile of wood to get the ashes and put it in the pot known as cremation o The ashes would be buried in an extremely decorative pot May have been either burial or favorite pot o The pottery was decorated with elaborate geometric forms o Custom to periodically come back to the grave and leave food in the form of bread, milk, water and wine. Liquids would be poured over the grave to allow for the soil to soak up the liquid and give to the dead o The horizontal bands of dark paint have different sizes o By 800 BC vessels were covered from top to bottom Representations of animals were put on the pots Had a reddish tint to it because it had a lot of iron oxide This vessel was known as the Horror of Vacui

• Euthymides

o A figure moving in two ways at once o 500BC - beginning of classical period o "eupronius never did anything like this" - Eythymides o Signatures were advertisements because they wanted to get more business so if they signed it and people say it they would get customers o The pot is also known as the ruffers opt o Trying to show that he is the top dog in creating human figures o It is the red figure style where the background is painted back and the silhouette and details are added with a fine brush o This is a good example of the common garment of the greek men. We metioned the peplos and the chiton for what women wore if they were mainland and island greeks throught the greek world greek men wore a large woolen blanket that was known as a chlaymus this is all the the greek man would wear. It could be put on the body in different ways or be wrapped around the body or the shoulder or hips. Useful for a defensive device for fighting someone with a knife and you could wrap it around your arm fro a shield and use it a a viel to wrap ar ounf you head to shield the sun o Around 500bc the greek men were also wearing tunics. A shirt like garment under the chlamys. o People around this time would think that they were old fashioned, they could have been soldiers from the Trojan war. It is hard for us to say how old fashioned this would look

• Amphora

o A greek vase 650-700BC o Tall vase with two handles o Made for ashes to be buried o Burial urn o Found in a grave in a cemetery o The figures are much bigger and fulled out on this o Different details such as eyes and mouth o The idea that the greeks are getting better and improving to make their art more intricate to compete with one another o Dionysus The god of vegetation Helps bring flowers and other plant life alive in the spring Regarded him as someone who likes to be resurrected and to turn yourself into another life He is in charge of rebirth o The top of the amphora We see Dionysus, we see that in terms of design and art there are a lot of hoor vactui (filling space) Little marks and objects to make sure there is no empty space Has followers of people who are dancing and singing Pot is worn and broken in some places

Aesop

o A pig calling contest to see who could make the best pig noise o One man came up and made these pig noises and the judges didn't think it sounded like a pig and they told him to go away. Out from under his cloak he had a pig squealing o The moral is that people who call themselves experts are not really experts

• Stoichedon

o A system where they always started on the left and going to the right on each line o "troop-like" o All letters are set up on top of each other from left to right o The reason they did that was because they wrote on papyrus with ink o Easiest way to do this is to write is from left to right

Geometric Period

o All of these art goes through changes o During geometric period Greeks learned how to cast bronze for sculptures Only 8-10 inches high and used as a votive offering Found in temple Represent a warrior who is a man that would be holding a shield and a spear Can still see this gesture even though the shield and spear are missing A mold was made and the bronze was poured into the mold, the clay mold was removed and that is when you have the bronze sculpture. They might scratch their name on it because they were easy to reproduce Bronze Horse We see animal figureines that wer made of bronze Show sgreat composition In Metropolitan museum of New York To show an animal to be sacrificed A statue was acceptable instead of a real animal offering Even though it is low level of artist knowledge of how horses look it shows great artistic skill in the balance of straight lines and curves, The people here in 700 BC have inherited great taste for composition Long neck -long body --- repeated forms

o Tanagra figurines

Art more common in the household People had enough wealth to display art in their house Mass produced examples of artwork Tanagra is a town in Greece where archaeologists found these statues but they are actually found all over the place These are statues that are 6 to 12 inches high and the[y were used for decoration and adornment in the house Made in molds so that they could be mass produced Made of clay and fired These were for middle class people since they were mass produced Painted We mainly see the natural color the clay but they were painted with bright paint These figures were mostly female, maybe a muse (goddess of art and literature) If you wrote a play you would pray to the muse Bought by people who wanted to write poetry or do art so that they could prey to them. One figure holding a mask which would indicate comedy - muse of comedy - owned by someone who loved the theater • The folds of the garment are graceful Many seem to be dressed for travel Have a strange straw sun hat on their head that you would use while traveling One must has a fan that was shaped like a leaf She is outdoors Shows clothing and accessories • Would have been painted with blue and gold trim • 200 BC

Aulos

Aulos • Most common musuical instrument • A pair of pipes (one for lower and one for higher • The mouth pieces are attached together dionysus' favorite instrument These greeks picked up the mid-eastern animals • Lion with eagle iwng and human head (sphyniX) • More derived from lamassu than a sphynix • Supposed to be guarding the enterance of this pot so the ashes inside will not be disturbed by evil spirits

o The palace of Nestor - Key Plan

City of Pylos He was a Greek hero Labeled 5 and 6 on the plan, there was a throner room, there was a harth where they could have a fire. The ceiling is held up by four columns and they found a base or pedestal. Thought that this was the kings throne room

Persian Empire

Want their art to project greek values By 600BC the assyrians were wiped out and there place was taken from people who were from Iran who were known as the persians. They created the largest empire yet. Around 550BC to 33-BC when alexander the great conquered the Persians. Loved to carve mountins and clifs as propaganda. Sha means king. The more formal title was sha and asha "king of kings" Behistun - the rock carving is meant to celebrate one of the greatest Persian kings, he ruled around 500BC. He is with his son and members of his court. In front of Darius were people of different races, they are slaves since they have a rope around their neck. Darius is lecturing them and telling them the proper way to behave. Above this figure there is a god that is flying around them in a winged disk. This god is the eprsians most important god known as ahura Mazda

o Heinrich Schliemann

Was born a poor german boy in 1830s or 40s Became and apprectice to a grocery store, grocery store clerk According to his own account, when he was working a drunken sailor stumbled into his store and started speaking poetry to him and it was the most beautiful poem he had ever hear. That poem was the iliad poem and went and learned greek. He went and learned greek. He opened a store in California for the minters, most of them went bankrupt but Schliemann was rich Was a fortune from the miners Came to the conclusion that troy was at a place along the coast of turkey also known as Hissarlik

Greek Alphabet

24 letters 700 BC

Is athens doric or ionic

mixture

• Mediterranean

o "In the middle of the earth"

Venus Pudica

o "bashful" "modest" o The bashful venus o She is using both hands tocover herself up o Was also adapted by botichelle in the renaissance times

• Alexander the Great

o Although, he was only 20 years old, he took over the reign sof his govt. he took over the revolts of the greek govt. o Alexander didn't want to to get rid of the Macedonians o Phillip taught alexander everything he knew about govt. o Aristotle taught alexander great things First real scientist Made alexandera true first grade intellectual and military general o He wanted to unite the two areas o Thinking the Persians might try to conquer Greece again o Alexander proposed that the greeks should tr and conquer Persia o Cross over the agean sea and invade peria and sdestroy their govt. o Alex kept on getting pulled in further in Persia, he spent 10 years traveling thousnads of miles in Persia. o By the end of the 10 year period, they conquered the whole Persian empire o He set up a community to have a military precesnce so when he left no one went back to their old ways. 60 -70 cities with greeks so they would end up staying greek o In Egypt, he set up a city called Alexandria o Alexander never had a chance to enjoy his empire because he died of a fever at the age of 30 o May have sat by the river and cried because his ment wouldn't' let him conquer the entire world o He spread greek culture across the entire world during this time o Everyone is human and they want to be art of single world brotherhood learned this from arestotile

• Thera (Santorini)

o Ancient Greek name is the ancient Greek name o Santorini is the ancient Christian name o Found a whole minoiun city in 1500 BC that was under a volcanic eruption o It is a semi-circle It WAS all filled in and the middle part was a volcano In 1500 the volcano erupted and made the hole Several meters of dust and pebbles The minion Pompeii o Archiologists were able to uncover this city and they are still working on it o A lot of these houses were filled with treasures such as fresco paintings and jewlwery o Were able to uncover pots and paintings o Pots stored food o A typical room had fresco paintings A lot of light and windows Would paint on plaster There is a lot of calographic linearoism Interesting experimentation witht e antelope looking behind and in a realistic kind of way o The springtime fresco A landscape with lots of flowers and birds flying in the air Red blue and yellow running through the earth It is not permanent becasuse they don't think that it is permanent because of all of the earthquakes that move around and breathe

• Friedrich Nietzsche

o Argued that all great art has the reconciliation of two opposites o People think that he is the godfather of modern intellectual culture o German philosopher o He wrote Die Geburt Der Tragodie (FIND THE MEANING) o In this book he argued that the groups were so great because they combined two impulses that were opposite o The two impulses were Shown by the Greek gods They believed in many gods

• Hellenistic Kingdoms of the Diadochi

o As soon as alex died, the seconds in command divided the empire into multiple kindgoms known as the Diadochi "followers or successors" Each person called themselves king and took over his kingdom Talame took over Egypt Lucas - Persia Cynicas took over asia Spent many years fighting each other and then roman conquered them all and united them o 300-100 BC When romans took over

Persians had everything very uniform and stiff - columns

o Based on reginal differences, the greeks hid upon two different types of decoration a doric column o The greeks of the eastern islands and coast of asia minor the iona column has a base or a foot o The columns are 5 bases high - more stout or sturdy looking o The ionic are more slender in terms of its proportions and with the ionic ratio o At least 24 flutes o The languages they spoke was greek in the doric and ionic lands but they had slightly different dialect. The doric diact (masculine) was simple and sturdy and the ionic (feminine) was good for being fancy o Ancient writers used to compare the doric to the buff man and the ionic to a woman with fancy hair o Can compare these to two different types of dress.

Euphronius

o By 500BC the advanced avant garde pottery painters have changed their technique from black figure to red o Big red crater to make the punch that they like to have for lunch o Made by euphronius o The background was black and the clay was red instead of scratching, the details would be made with a brush o If you paint in the details you get a smooth curving line. o This is his most important work o In the Metropolitan Museum o Believed that it was stolen b a grave robber and then sold it to the Met o Claimed it was legitimately acquired on the market and investigators realized that it was stolen and smuggled to America to be sold to the Met o After a long trial they awarded Italy the right to take it back and put it in a museum in Italy - archeological museum in Rome o Subject is the death of sarpedon - fought along the side of the Trojans Where sarpedon body was taken away o The artist painted the background black and left the figures the color of the fired pot that was a reddish orange grey o The poets of homer were the subject of these pots o Hermes and the two spirits, the spirits of life and death o By 500BC the advanced avant garde pottery painters have changed their technique from black figure to red o Big red crater to make the punch that they like to have for lunch o Made by euphronius o The background was black and the clay was red instead of scratching, the details would be made with a brush o If you paint in the details you get a smooth curving line. o This is his most important work o Subject is the death of sarpedon - fought along the side of the Trojans Where sarpedon body was taken away o At the food of sarpedon you could see the front of the foot o Hermes or Mercury (can tell who mercury is by his attributes) Mercury is the guide to the underworld and takes your soul by the hand and leads you into the underworld o The greeks picked this idea up from the Egyptians and Inubis. o Mercury is moving from the left to the right and his head is moved towards the left This shows different parts of the body moving into different directions this is known as contrapposto. The greek artsits are trying to improve their depiction of the body and make it more complicated. o An interesting piece because it was involved in legal controversy.

• Parthenon

o Dedicated to Athena Parthenos Pure and undefiled goddess of Athena o Paricules was the ruler of Athens during 5th century BC after the Persian war. o 416-430BC o What made paribles so important was that he was selected as the strategos (supreme commander of the military) he was the chief general. Portrayed wearing a tall, high helmet. This indicated the military position he held. During the period of pericles rule, Athens bcame the most dominant city in the greeek world. Leader of cities that defended themselves against the Persians. Athens was the head of that league, they were filled with money to build up the military and make defenses to help defend against the Persians. The Persians had been defeated by the greek in marathon in 490 bc under control of darius. o The Persians came again and attacked Greece again and captured Athens. They destroyed the temples that were on the acropolis. After the Persians were defeated and Athens was recaptured there was nothing but riubble on the acropolis, and all of the temples were gone. The athenaians didn't rebuild them right away. Around 450BC they decided that it was safe to rebuild the temples and make them more beautiful. Pericles was using the large amount of wealth from other cities of ant-persian league. He had unlimited funds. The result was the acropolis. o The dimensions of the acropolis are unnatural. The Athenians carved at the limestone hill and made walls that are around the Parthenon, to hold in the landfill and you get a large flat area. The area is 450 meters and covers about 7.5 acres. It reminds people f modern aircraft area with a command tower in the middle.the USS Nemis is 330 acres . o The plan of the acropolis There is only one way to get up to the hill When you come up to the acropolis you have to walk up and go along the side to the north, south and go to the east enterance. You don't walk straight to the location you walk around The notes from the west entrance, you find yourself in an open area, at an area you would see the Parthenon • Parthenon o Reputation for being the most beautiful building in the world. o It is very large o In sixe the Parthenon was one of the biggest temples at its time only surpassed by ionic temple o It was 31 metters and 70 meters - 100 feet wide and 230 feet long o It is about the side of bearshear hall o The temple was made of pentelos marble - about 6 or 7 miles away, you can see it from the acropolis. It wasn't pure white marble, it had blue streaks in it to have a blue tint o The architects who designed the Parthenon, a committee of 3 designers. Ictinus, callikrates, phidias Phidias was the greatest sultor of his time because he wanted a lot of good sculture. He also wanted the building itself to look like a sculpture The other two guys were two architects Ictinus: doric architect • Sturdy and simplicity Callikrates: ionic architecture • Elegance and gracefulness They produced something that is still a model of great design o The plan is based on the archaic temple o There is a stylve and a peristyle row of columns and within that there are various chambers or a porch. There was a sacred interior with the statue of Athena on it. An apistadomaos - a chamber where offerings are kept or a museum where the offerings are shown It is large because this was a very important temple She was the goddess of wisdom and war so many people would pray to her. And you would want to make an offering to ger to succeed. She was associated with the olive and development of olive oil. If you were a business man in olive oil you would want to pray to Athena. o the statue of Athena isn't there anymore, it is an empty shell. This was an accidental explosion in 1687 that wied out most of the Parthenon. After the fall of the roman empire, many roan temples were made into Christian churches and the statue was taken out and sent to constantinopal and replaced with pictures of jesus and mary. It became a Christian church and that is how it was transformed. No damage done to the architecture. In 1400s when turks captured Greece, a lot of churches were made into muslim mosks and the they changed the Parthenon then. The turks stored there gun poweder in the Parthenon and one of the morter shells went into the Parthenon an dthat is why the Parthenon blew up. o There have been various reconstructions of the Parthenon around the world, in TN, in 1897 thye rebuilt the Parthenon. o It is unusal because a lot of stuff was written about it in ancient times so we know a lot of dates of its beginning and ending. We know that it was begun in 448BC and the building itself was built in 438BC, the culturpres took until 432BC. o The only light came from behind and the floor looks refelective because there is a shallow pool of olive oil in front of the statue. Because she is the goddess of olive oil and olives and also because it wouls act as a reflector for the little amount of light to light up the statue. Also to keep the statue lubricated and moist because it was made of chryselephantine A mixture of ivory and gold Garents made of gold and flesh made of ivory. Ivory can dry out and crack over time and that is why there is olive oil laying in the bottom o The roof is held up by the side wall and columns. The columns before as side asiles so people din't have to walk in oil. o The statue is about 35 feet high on the balcony o Athena is dressed in elegantly decorated peplos, has a military hat and peplos. There is a snake inside the shield because she is goddess of wisom. She is associated with owl and snake. In her right hand there is a n image of the winged victory (nike) because of course the goddess of war, it was atehna who brought victory to war. o Looking at the design of the arthenn, a lot has been said about the proportions of the Parthenon. But the actual way the building has been designed is said to be the most careful and beautifully composed building. A lot of this harmony is the use of the golden ratio every part is to fit in with each other. (phi) it was used by them. • The golden ration & the Parthenon o Phi = .618 o The idea is that if you took the line and divided it in such a way where the short line is to the long side and long side is to the whole you have the golden ratio. o You can slo say that if the whole line is A and within ght line is B and a shirt part called C, the short part and long part should be arranged in such a was that c is to b ans b is to a. and in other way is short is to long as long part is to the whole. The division could not be moved without messing up the line. o Where the division is with the long and short part that is .618. if the line is 1 meter lone the place where you would make the long like would me at .618 millimeters. This is what is known as Phi o They picked that name because that is the first letter in phidias and they think that he inbented the golden ratio. o If you are turning it into a rectangle it is called the golden rectangle o It is believed that the architects of the Parthenon used the golden ration. The height is the short side and width is the long side. The way the top is also a part of the golden section. o Other people are skeptical andout this because nothing was written about this, it may have been secret and wasn't written down. They didn't want it spreading to other people. When you look at the diagrams that people make there only sems to be some fudging going on. You have to make it a little bit larger and you cut off the edge to make it fit in the golden rectangle. You have to di this in an approximate way. They could be doing it instinctively and not have to use the mathematical formula. o The Parthenon does have a sense of life and rhythm. The columns go up in straight line and getting smaller in diameter as you go up. It is a curving line in reality. The intasis is only an inch or two from the straight. It is hard to see but you can feel that it is swelling out in the middle. The shape of the column is more bottle shaped to give it life and flow - this is intasis o Was a spiritual storage battery according to Vincent Scully o There are four sculptures that are associated with the Parthenon The statue of Athena • Made by Phedias • Made out of chryselephantine - a combination of gold and ivory • The Goddess of Wisdom and War • She has a shield and a spear • She is holding Nike - the spirit of victory • We know what it looks like due to documents • A great amount of reconstructions have been made to represent what this statue looked like Sculptural reliefs that decorated the exterior • Made of marble to fit in with the rest of the material of the Parthenon Pediment • The top on the east and west pediment (side) of the Parthenon • On the west side o Demonstrated an event between Athena and Poseidon They wanted people to worship them as their main god so they gave the Athenians gifts. Poseidon gave the people of Athens a horse Athena gave them the olive tree The people picked Athena • "the contest between Athena and Poseidon" • On the east Side o The birth of Athena One day, Zeus had a terrible headache, Falcon took his hammer and hit Zeus on the head and out came Athena fully grown and clothed. o Because of all the explosions that happened to the Parthenon not many sculptures were left. o Since limestone was made of calcium, they would bake the stone and until it crumbles into powder and they would make cement and concrete. These we originally made of marble. By 1800 there were very few left until: Lord Elgin

• Alexanders Tetradrachma

o He produced money o A way of binding people together and writing propaganda o His money would represent the universal rule of alexander and how the world should all come together o Coins became popular around 6th cent BC o Most common coin in the world o Numismatics - study of money, particularly coins Used the terms obverse and reverse such as head or tails. Front had the head of the rule the back had.... o Tetradrachma - 3 metals used to buy things, gold silver and bronze Gold nuggets - scoop up sand from stream and sift out the gold nuggets Silver - pellets. More common than gold. People though gold had magic prophecys. In the market plce their were different ratios of how common the ratios were. 1 to 20 ratio of gold Bronze - ingot (a slab of metal). They were equivalent to cow hides. 10-12 inches high • Less valuble than silver and gold 1 to 20 ratio with silver

• Isocephaly

o Heads on the same level o Greek word meaning "heads the same" o The minouins did not have isocephaly

• Macedonia

o Hellenistic period = starts in the time of Alexander the great o Change after 350 BC o Not of the greek homeland, it is pretty far from Athens o Rough country folk that were related to the greeks and in myceanean times they may have come from the same people. They are country cousins o Hicks or hillbillys o When they came from the city they didn't know what to do because they weren't used to it o Skill kept a king and was still old fashioned o A monarchy o The macedonias were learning about greek culture and tactics o Around 340BC the king of macedona (phillip) decided his army was big and skilled enough to conquer the rest of Greece. He loved greek culture and was upset that there was always a fight between the greek cities. He thought that was wrong and wanted them to be under his government. Conqured the rest of Greece and unified it. Phillip was soon after assassinated. o The succession of phllip fell onto his son Alexander the great

• Acropolis

o High city o Where most sacred shrines and temples were located o Most creek cities had one o They were originally the myceanean citadels but by the time we get to classical Athens there are no more myceanean culture. Most imporatnat [part of the city where ceremonies would take place. The most important timples that would be regarede to all people would be at the top of the acropolis

hellensistic art

o Increase in wealth o People didn't use pottery or ceramics anymore for party ware o Rich people would use silver gold and brinze pots o Derveni krater Fancy partyware of the Hellenistic period Found in a grace or tomb in derveni Mixing bowl at party 2 ft high Not made of ceramic or clay Made with bronze and coated with gold Relief carving People think that it may have been vulgar because it is not refined and it is lavish and over the top with lots of decoration and emotional movement

• Egyptian Mortuarty Statue

o The Greeks copied the Egyptian hair to make it geometric o The Egyptians shaved their heads and put on these wigs o Greek statue: Marble o Egyptian Statue: Granite or Dionite - to represent forever permanence o Egyptians had a solid block o Most of the Kouros from Attica had been broken off as the ankle because it was weak o Walked into a dark room with this and you would connect with it. It would emphasize death o For death, make sure that you have a great tomb o The Kouros was out in the open instead of in a tomb like the Egyptians o Greeks had Hadeus: where the spirit when once a person died You don't want to go there It is gloomy If you give offerings to the dead then the soul wouldn't go to hades The greeks insisted while you're alive you need to achieve great things and live your life to the fullest

• Boustrophedon

o The Greeks followed the Phoenician custom for writing from right to left o The best way to write if you are using a clay tablet with a stylus o In making inscrpitons the greeks adopted from going right to left but resisted and wanted to go from left to write o "the way the ox turns" o Reminds people the way of how people plowed the field in their day o Plows along one line and the ox turns around and they plow again o Starts out and goes right to left then turns around and goes left to right

• Agon: Struggle

o The Greeks thought that it is only through struggle of agon is when you grow into a stronger level. o Hercules is an example of this o The development of Gilgamesh o He is always moving around and looking for trouble o He was always doing labors or chores that the gods/desses were giving to him Hercules will fight this mean leader and save the people o Hercules was able to go to being an ordinary man to being a god and by the end of his life he was equal to the gods from all of his Agon (struggle) Shows that you want to compete and get through the struggle to be the best or the champion • The Greek artists had to look at each other this way. o Every 4 years the Greeks would have the best people come together and compete and the Olympics

The Museum Struggle with Euphronius

o The Museum Struggle In the Metropolitan Museum Believed that it was stolen b a grave robber and then sold it to the Met Claimed it was legitimately acquired on the market and investigators realized that it was stolen and smuggled to America to be sold to the Met After a long trial they awarded Italy the right to take it back and put it in a museum in Italy - archeological museum in Rome Archeological museum of Florence

Kanon

o The famous Kanon of Polycletios o "a measuring stick" o Called the kanon because he represented the yard stick for contropossto, so people could compare their contropassto to this. Also, cause it has measurements in it and makes sure htat each part is a fitting part to the whole o You can see that they all fit together o The head is used a unit of measure, needs to be 7 heads wide o Shoulders are 2 heads wide o Ankle to toes is 1 head long o Making sure every part of the statue is related ot the dead o Arms 1 ½ heads o Knee to ankle is 1 ½-2 heads

• The Tel of Hissarlik

o The man-made hill of Hissarlik o Hired men to help him dig o Digging at the tel of Hissarlik in 1868, he found huge walls which told him that this was ahuge city with a large wall around it. There were smaller cities. There was a Neolithic city o City number 2 was the ancient city of troy, this is where the greeks captured after a longwar o He found lots of gold and objects there o Photograph of his wife named sofia, wearing the gold jewelry that he found. Called the treasure of kind prium the king of troy The ewlery of helen went on display in berlin. They took all of these treasures and sent them to Moscow, the Russians would not give them back. We will keep them for compensation for what they germans did to Russia during the war The Russians sent the tresure back to berlin a few years ago

Mask of Agamemnon

o The most famous one he found was the mask of Agamemnon Schlieman Found this mask at the town of myceanae Rough and powerful look Beard and mustache They are imitating the Egyptians, just like the mask of king tut The Mycenae's were hired by Egyptians to fight for them and that is how they found out about the masks. They were paid in gold and they would imitate the Egyptian customs. Emphasized strength, power and manly values Seem to have a fighting civilization o The city that was founded had the same layout

• Mycenae also loved octopus

o The octopus and the pot are both very organized due to zoning o Zoning is when you break something up into bands to make it organized and to create a sense of order

• Palace of king minos

o The palace goes on in all directions but there is no defensive wall around it. o The king seemed to have no fear, wasn't worried about rebellions from his people or that from other countries o The reason was because he didn't have walls was because he controlled the sea o Through the palace there was a lot of areas with open air shafts that were open to the sky o The original columns were made of wood with slabs of stone at the top o The columns seemed to be upside down, he speculated that they were using tree trunks for their columns o He believed the columns were painted black and red o One part seemed to be a shrine for the gods or goddesses, showed the females with big flaring skirts and bodices. Thought that this statue may be associated with snakes and fertility. There is an animal on her head, some people think its an owl, cat or bear. The female is some sort of mistress of the animals. Made of clay and ivory that is 8-10 inches high. Maybe it was a priestess, it could have been a votive figurine.

• Ajax and Achilles

o They fought in the Trojan o They are shown not fighting but they are ready to fight. This may be a lull in the battle. o This pot would be used at the banquet for people to relax and have fun which is demonstrated on this pot

• Obolo

spit o Long thick stick where you could put something over a fireplace o Like a smore stick o Name for the smallest bronze coin o 6 bronez obols = 1 drachma (6.25 grams) of silver o Silver didrachma coin = 12.5 grams o Silber tetradrachma = 25 grams Alexander wanted to produce a bigger coin to spread propaganda Even when he died his tetradrachma was made and lasted for hundreds of years Standard coin for medeiterrainean dn eastern world Head of a man who is wearing a lions skin because this man has killed a lion and is using his head a helmet and the paws are wrapped around hid neck This is the hero Hercules His first deed was to kill and unkillable lion since his skin was so tough so he had to strangle the lion to death and used the lions skin for clothes He traveled thoughsands of miles to elevate other societies to the level of the greeks (alexander the great is a modern day Hercules) Every socirty had soe type of lion god

Ekphora

• "A parade • Or display or marchers" • A ceremony of a funeral • Hourglass forms are shields and are comrades of the hero

Ahura Mazda

• (mighty wisdom." God of wisdom and light. • Wants world to be united under one single government • The Persians believed that they were a master race selected from god themselves • God told the Persians to conquer the people, they didn't want to. • Mazda is telling Darius what to do, god is telling the people what to do.

Minotaur

• A classical greek vase which shows a scene of thesus killing a menitour • Long ago, there was a great king that ruled the island of Crede, Minos, he was very determined to have a huge empire and he made the other Greeks send him human sacrifices every year. Every city had to send those people, he would feed them and make them his "pet monster". His wife had an affair with a bull, the minotaur. The minotaur lived in the labyrinth and couldn't get out. The minotaur would eat the sacrifices one by one. One man, thesis, rebelled. He killed the minotaur and freed the people of Greece • Minos controlled all of te area around the sea, thessalocrac: sea empire o Greek coins usually represent labyrinth The emblem was a maze

The Reverse

• A figure of the god zeus sitting on his throne • We know its him because of the long septor in his hand • He is holding an eagle and would send eagle down to earth when he wanted to send a message • Every culture had some type of sky god • In making this image whoever was the designer, he was actually copying a famous statue of zeus that was in Olympia • A flower by zeus on a stalk • Many might have horse or goose • We know that it was struck in the island of Rhodes (rose) because there was a rose on the coin • Each city had their own rendition of the coin • Mink mark - a symbol or initial or emblem that inticates where the coin was made • Delta and iota are underneath zeus (magistrate mark) - the supervisor of the mink. They din't want people to get too powerful so they marked the coin so that it would only be in charge for a year. Made sure that the coin had the right amount of silver and that it was true. You would know who would be accountable if the coin was not created correctly.

Prothesis

• A scene where a dead body is laying on a platform and other people are standing around with hands over there head as they are grieving the death of a person who had died • The wife is going to light the fire to burn her husband • Animal and human sacrifices to be slaves to the deceased • A standing figure holding a stick may be the eldest son or brother • "Laying out or displaying" • The checkered area may represent a canopy to provide some shade during the ceremony • The artist liked the spindle shape as they are on the legs of the people and the table

Lord Elgin

• British aristocrat • Not very good with his money • By the time he was 20 he was almost bankrupt, gambled away his money, parties, and prostitutes • He went into government to make some money • He was appointed as the British ambassador to Turkey • He went to Constantinople o At this time turkey was in charge of Greece • He asked to take home some statues with him, some Greek statues • Around 1815 Lord Elgin loaded up a lot of ships he was able to collect the rest of the statues from Athens. He took them back to England and put them in his house. • He lost his money again and sold the statues to the British government • Now they are in the British Museum in London • In 1816, the Meldish marbles are in the Museum • People did not know if he had the right to sell them

The Frieze

Done in bar-relief Inside the columns above the wall is the continuous frieze Frieze: a long strip of sculpture usually at the top of the wall The originals are in London in British Museum They were abou 35-40 feet off the ground. Background was painted so figures wouls stand out 1 meter high and goes on all 4 walls, 160 meters or 525 feet long The subject is the Panathaniac Procession • The greeks would have a large parade to change the peplos on the wooden statue of Athena o 10 or 12 feet high o Had embroidery and needlework on it o The women of Athens would spend 4 years on the peplos for the wooden statue • The Frieze represents this procession that starts on the west side with people getting ready for the parade and then the parade moves along both the north and south side and ends on the east side where gods/desses are watching the parade as if they are approving the act of the Athenians • On the west side: men are putting shoes on, man putting in claymus. The horses you see are very graceful and rather smaller than modern horse. They mat have ridden ponies or it was made that way so that they wouldn't take over the human bodies. In some ways they look like toy horses. People are getting ready on the horse and are stating to write them. • On one of the long sides where the parade is moving along: people riding their horses. You may think that it is boring since it is just a parade and people marching but they made variety. Phedias livened up the Frieze. o Two horses coming close together and one man is pushing one away, shows an incident in the parade. Not all figures are faced the way to show rhythmic variety o Women marching two by two - we recognize them by their peplos. There is one man talking to the women to keep the parade going. (Parade Marshall). Has a syncopated rhythm to give it life and energy. • The parade ends on the east side: o Gods and goddesses watching the parade o 3 deidas sitting and watching. Maybe Zeus or Poseidon, Apollo and Diana or Artimus. They represent the good idea of Eutrhthmia because Apollos arm is up halfway and the women is up all the way. These show that between the three it is kind of like one arm. • The style of the parthenon became the style of the Greek world

o Chiton

Made out of linen The women of iona and the islands A lighter and thinner fabric Looks a lot lighter and has pleats in it Has a more lively look She has a shawl on since you don't double it over at the top You would put a shawl or a wrap over the top known as a himation • It was worn diagonally across the chest • Silk • Greeks imported silk from china because they didn't know how to make it themselves • It was decorated with prints or embroidery • there are traces of green color from 600-500BC we see evolutionary change o from around 510 BC we see some interesting difference with the earlier one. In the earlier one we see different eyes The moth moves to be straighter and has a little more straightness to it This is a development of the classical face As the sculptures completed with each other they made the eyes deeper to make them look more thoughtful and the hed gets rounder and less thin. This came prominent in the classical period

o Troy : Bronze Age 1200 BC

Myceanean culture A big city with a citadel where the king lived The rest of the people lived along the slopes of the hill This is the city that the greeks attacked that homer wrote about

o Plank Statue

Set up in a gods temple to be worshiped Remains or arcilogical treasures Figurings made of marble 2000-3000 BC Spiritual or religious purpose Wide size various Nude female figure, her arms are folded on her chest, straight and stiff Shallow when seen from the side Smooth out the marble by smoothing it out with another marble They were typically found in graves next to the dead body May have had a protective function They could have been apotropaic fetishes or the reserve heads that were in pyramids The Greeks understood that the body would decay and disappear but this figure would stay forever and the soul could have a permanent home They view the soul as a female thing Fertility fetish People thought that they were meant to represent a goddess such as goddess of nature or goddess of love They remind people of modern sculptures Tomb robbers would break into tombs and would break up the plank statue Originally, people thought that the faces were painted such as a mouth and eyes. They were intended to represent several gods and goddesses and you could change the face. During planting and sewing seasons you may want to pray to the fertility goddess so that they plants will go and you will paint the plank like the fertility goddess. That is the reason why they are not carved was because they were supposed to be interchangeable Meant to lay flat light a plank on the floor or to lay against a wall There is a strong sense of design Great lines

o Judgement of Paris

Started the Trojan war Paris is a greek name for a young man, a prince of troy, son of Prince kiyam He didn't want to be a prince, he ran away and became a smiple shepard There was a problem among the goddess in heaven or mount Olympus. Three coddesses were arguing which one was most beautiful The three goddesses were fighting with each other and they wanted to have a mutual party vote who was the most beautiful The 3 goddesses went down ot earth and they picked Paris and asked him if he would judge who was the most beautiful. They gave him an apple and whoever is the most beautiful got the apple. They got undressed and displayed themselves in front of paris. Each goddess gave him a bribe • Athna= make him wise • Juno = make him the most powerful man on hearth • Aphrodiate or venus = most beautiful women on eath to marry Face aphoridite the apple Stole helen and brought her to troy and that is why the Trojan war started o She is looking at you with gratitude and she will give you happiness and life

• Phoenician Alphabet

The first people to develop the idea of a written language that was concentrated on an alphabet Developed a system of writing that was simplified and reduced all of the extra signs to just 22 The idea was to instead of trying to do pictograms and ideograms you would just use 22 sounds that you could translate any words or language into They wanted a simplified form of writing so people could figure it out easily so they didn't have to hire anyone to read or write it Good businessmen They were constantly dealing with foreign people who didn't have any pictograms or ideograms They were able to incorporate all these new words for products into their language Aleph was originally a pictogram what was used by the Mesopotamians that mean ox • They had an ox head and that would be the pictogram with 5 slashed next to it to mean 5 ox's or the word strong • The word for ox in the languages of Mesopotamia and Phoenicians was aleph what the Phoenicians did is they used one sign for the letter A Beth • This originally meant house • It looked like a wall with a roof on it • It got streamlined into the symbol • Phoenicians decided to use this for the letter B Gimel • Was a stick with a hook • It became a few angular lines • And evolved into the letter C

o Tells us about the male costume of the minons

They wore a loin cloth but they were otherwise bare Has a very loose type of style The faces were created abstractly

o Triglyphs and Metopes

Triglyphs - three grooves • Always look the same Metopes - square slats in-between the Triglyphs • Could decorate in various ways Was to represent battles of older times They were on the outside - there were 92 of them. Battles of Trojan war, gods vs. giants (early period), greek hero's and amazon, lapiths and centaurs

Dipylon Krater

750 BC A mixing bowl pot The Greeks didn't drink their wine straight they mixed it with water or fruit, made it into a sangria You would mix your wine in this krater A ceremonial krater at a burial It was almost as tall as a full grown man They would pour stuff into the krater and it would go through the soil into the grave It was a grave marker Greeks thought it was bad luck to bury the dead inside of the city so they buried them outside. The Dipylon Gate is the cemetery where this krater was Making new kinds of figures and scenes because of their hang-up with Agon

o Axiality

Everything is arranged in a straight line format

Myron

The Discobolos o The disc thrower o Known to have many roman copies o Represents an athlete throwing a disc, mabe won prizes at the Olympic games o Attempt to show realistic movement o Some of the form was unrealistic o The type of lines that make a composition come together with patterns and curfves are known as Eurhythmia The idea htat everything flows smoothly from one part to another "beautiful rhythm

Phidias

The raice warriors o 450BC o Found in 1970's but divers o Made in Athens o May have had armor on them o Has a shield, sword and strap o The idea od the Kanon model was pread aroun quickly

• Kore

o Female equivalent to the Kouros o Greek work meaning young lady or maiden o Archaic period o 550BC from Athens o They were painted, the gown would have been painted or decorated with patters o Her hair, lips and eyes were painted. o Hair would be painted red-yellow o The pedestal would talk about how beautiful this girl was o Inscriptions could talk about how she was a wonderful mother...etc. o No difference in age seen in the figures o One arm down and one arm sticking out o The body was made out of one piece of marble and the arm was inserted into the rest of the statue. o One arm was sticking out because she was holding something or offering something to us o The thing that she was holding was a pomegranate Large in euorpe It was associated with the goddess Persephone o Women should be clothed in the cloth that they wove o This gives us a lot of information about how the greek women dressed o Geometric treatment o Archaic smile : v-shaped mouth o Shallow eyes o She is wearing the most popular kind of gown known as a Peplos Garment made of wool Women of the mainland A tube of woven cloth that is folded over at the top to make a double laer aboive her waist The peplos was tied at the waist Held together with pins known as a Fibula • Thousands of these pins were found when digging in Greece • Most of them are made of bronze. Some can be made of gold or silver and have decoration on them. • Was used to pin the peplos together along the side

• Aphrodite (venus) of Knidos (Cnidus) by Praxiteles

o Figures that show nude females o Around 350 BC o Known as the pioneer breakthrough o Praxiteles He created the first naked female statue In eastern part of Greece there was a town called Knidos and they had a famous shrine dedicated to goddess of love. There was an old statue in the shrine Arpund 350 there was a terrible fire at the shrine and the people of Knidos wanted him to replace it. That is why the statue is naked because the fertility statue before was originally naked It was made out of marble Uses a jar with some clothing on it to support the arm of the statue, represents Venus or Aphrodite taking a bath. It looks as though she is trying to cover herself up. • Venus of Kinodas o Lived round 350 BC o He produced the paradigm of the new female figure in art o The people of Knidos needed a replacement for their old primitive archaic statue of venus that was destroyed by a fire. o We think that the venus was a fertility figure o Praxidiles made this o Had eurythmia and contropasto o Venus is about to step into her bath and she was surprised by her visitor o The point is that a person stumbles into her and she is trying to cover up her nakedness o Wanted to be set up in gardens and public squares o This statue triggered a lot of adaptations

• Phasistos Disk

o Found a type of writing o Hieroglyphics 6 inch in diameter o Found in Phaistos o Has writing arranged in a spiral platter o Either words or syllables o No one has been able to translate it o Some people think the disk may represent a prayer or a historical record or a poem or story about a hero o 1908 o No one can agree on how to read it, does it start in the middle and end at the edge or vise versa o The earliest example of typography because the symbols are stamped with wooden stamps that have been carved into the shape of a specific symbol o No one else has been able to find spiral writings with stamping such as this one o Luigi Pernier - Italian archiologist Discovered it in1908 People thought that he counter fitted the Phaistos disk No reason for people to believe that he is a dishonest man Pictograms --> ideograms --> alphabet

• Exekias

o Found signatures on art o Archaic period o W two handle jar for storing wine o 550BC o No longer that horror of Vacui o More simplistic o Painted black just for bodies and background o Would then scratch to show the natural state of the pot o This showed good contrast o Black figure style o A lot of the Greek art was found in Italy o Etruscans Large supporters of Greek art o This amphora was made by Exekias o Was owned by a man and it was buried in his tomb o 2 feet high o The subject of the pot Homer was the go-to source for the image of this art He was a cultural icon Banquet pot You can see those heros on the pot The red is the body of the pot and the black is the paint that was put on He scratched through the paint to see these lighter lines He is very skillful in creating these patterns They are microscopic Embroidered cloaks They are skillful in composition They two men are playing a board game They are leaning with the curving shoulder of this pot There is nice harmony with the figures and the curve of the pot We know who these warriors are because it was written in black

• La parisienne

o Fresco painting o During its distruction the upper levels collapsed and the fresco paintings were taken off the wall, toreador fresco picked them up and put the broken fragments together o "a lady from paris" o Very attentive to her appearance - curly hair, eyeshadow, gown, lipstick, big bow on gown o Extremely telling image of what might have been the high fashion of 1500 BC o Small fragment in size

• Greek Periodization

o Geometric 900-700BC Stick figures o Orientalizing 700-600BC Knew how to exploit new things that they learned from other people Learned from Phoenicians o Archaic 600-500BC statues o Classical 500-300BC Got to the height of their art where their works of their arts that they producers were not only skillful but beautiful and graceful and harmonious o Hellenistic 300-100BC Following the conquest of alexander the great Greek art spread At 100BC we don't talk about Greek art because the Romans took over and now it is known as Roman Art

• Trimetallic currency

o Gold, silver, and bronze coins Silver - greeks picked up coins so each city had its own coin cause they were all independent. Goddess of athenas head is shown on the coin Gold is good for buying a house Silver used for a worker getting a silver coin a day Bronze - to buy lunch or dinner

• Stele of Hegeso

o Good idea of parthenon style o Set up as a grave monument also known as a tombstone. 4 ft high 1012 inches wide. U o These were set up by the greeks o One of the best known o 400BCj o About 30-40 years after the parthenon o Found in cemetery outside Athens o Woman is Hegeso o The woman helping hegeso get dressed or beautified is related to her or her servant (DAUGHTER) o Hegeso wanted to look her best for her meeting with "death" o Preparing herself with her meeting with death o Their two heads are slightly bowed o Their two arms show a U shape and the daughter legs echo the calf of Hegeso's leg. o We see the wet drapery effect. o Whoever made this was imitating the sculptures of the Parthenon o Archeological museum in Athens o A copy has been set up where it was founded o It was originally painted so the garments and backgrounds were colored o The flesh tones were white marble o After 430-440s Parthenon made "home art"

• Kouros from Attica

o Life-size statue o Also known as (Kouroi) o One of the earlisest o In the MET o Found by archeologists in Attica, in Athens o There were the most artists in Athens o Represents a young man who is stepping forward with his left foot and has his arms straight by his side. His chest are indicated by a few curving lines. The muscles around his thigh are very linear o The eyes are larger than normal and the hair is separated by geometric patterns o The headband that he is wearing is called a Fillet - shows that he is a champion and that he has won a prize o There were different colors of the headband to indicate what level of champion he was o We are unsure of what type of champion he was o It was a memorial monument which is meant to be a work of art set up in public to memorialize a great hero or someone who is to be remembered o This is art for educational purposes. The town is setting up this statue in public to inspire people to admire this person and imitate the great things that he did. o Meant to be set up in 3-4 feet high pedestals with inscriptions of who this person was and why we should remember him o He may have won great prizes at the Olympic games o People complained that there were individuals that were going from game to game making money, these were known as professional athletes. This was a large scandal. o He could have also been a military champions, and this proves as an award for bravery and leadership. If he died in battle they would have this pedestal for him to remember all of the great stuff he did o He also could have been a champion poet, artist or writer o All of these champions were represented in the same way o The Greeks did their Olympics in the nude so that the judges could judge everything o The Greeks also represented the gods as naked o And the Heros were represented as nude o An abstract vision of a person who has perfected themselves o They deserve to be memorialized and an inspiration o Representing the deceased that came to speak to us : the BA o It was required to have a statue like this so that the BA could talk with their ancestor

• Megaron

o Means big room o You start with a porch then to a porch-way to a vestibule where guards are located and they would ask you about your business before you went into the kings throne room. o Then you are in the main room which is the throne room. o At Pylos There as an area where the throne was on the side and the hearth where the fire would be o there was a skylight above the fire that would let the smoke go out o The throne was on the side because we think that it was a custom that you never approach the king straight on because it is disrespectful. Approach the king on a roundabout way. o Instead of going straight to the kind you would go in a clockwise path and approach the king from the right is good. Things coming from the left is dangerous. o Axiality Everything is arranged in a straight line format

• Galley

o Means circular o This is an island group in the Agean Sea o 10,000 BC o 3000-2000 BC there is a large Neolithic cultures Polished agricultural stone tools Ship buildings Evidence of trading, contact with Egypt and Mesopotamia

• Korus Evolution

o Move forward in time and the head is more rounder in the new Korus o More definition in the muscles - 550BC o More details o Still a long way from being naturalistic o By 510—520 we see more definition in the muscles Showed them rounder and more natural o People compare this to a boy growing up • The painters were also doing the same in painting o Making wall paintings and murals o The potters were imitating the panels and wall painters

• Toreador Fresco

o Old fashion name for a bull fighter o Some kind of event that involves a bull, named an orax o Dark blue areas are pieces that were actually found o Religious or ceremonial sporting events o Surrounded by painted frame with overlapping elements, they represent mountains That is the situation of Knossos, in a river valley between many mountains, may represent what is happening in the labyrinth o Men painted with white skin color and men in red Women would not go outdoors and men would work outdoors so they would get tan o They are dressed in the same costume o Bull jumping - suggested that this were 3 performers that were doing acrobatics on the bull Doing all types of tricks on the bulls back and the other two were helping spot the man on the bull, woman in front was distracting the bull with playing with her horns o Maybe this is allegorical which means that it is a symbolic event that teaches us some sort of lesson The bull represents earthquakes There is a big roaring noise which makes the earthquake noise that can sound the same as the bull You survive an earthquake by being flexible and going with the flow, they are not resisting the earthquake but rather moving along with it o A lot of curving a linear lines o The bulls tail has an s-shaped curve is something that would resonate with the people of the early 1900s o It is called the whiplash curve o Most of the tail has been reconstructed by Evans and only a tiny piece of the tail survived and the rest of it was filled in

Orientalizing period

o Orientalizing period Greeks knew how to carve stones and sculptures Two feet high sculpture 650 BC was when this statue was made (Lady of Auxerre

• Aegean

o Part of Greece, the mainland and the islands o Cliffs and rocks that move up from the sea o There are two plants that thrive in these climates Olive tree • Olives can be pressed and squeezed to get there oil • Greek food has a large amount of grease Grape Vines • Grow in sandy and dry soil • Can eat grapes or make them into wine o Blue Fin Tuna The Greeks knew how to take the meat of the fish and pickle and preserve the meat o The rocky and jagged coastline make for good harbors for ships This is good for shipping and creates a natural cove Became really great sailors

Venus de Milo

o She is only half naked o As she is getting dressed or undressed o In paris now in the luver museum o It was discovered on the greek island of Melos - one of the Cycladic islands o Around 1820 a French navy ship stopped at melos to replenish supplies and the captain went on a walk on the island and he saw some men making rubble and he said "wait a minute are you gonna burn up this statue" and he bought the statue from them. He rescued the statue and brought it back to france with him. Since he was a govt. employee he had to turn it into the govt and it is now in the luver museum in Paris. o Has caused a lot of speculation about it o People wonder when exactly it was made o Was after praxidilies o People think it may have been done in rome around 5 or 6 cent. BC o Best estimated is that it is ancient greek after prxidilies o 200 BC! o Specualtions about what her arms were doing because they were burned off and we do not know o Was originally set up in a temple where only a few people would look at it at a time and now it is in a big old room in the tluver with a ton of toursist a day - this is not how she was originally wanting to be displayed o We see her with her left hand and holding out her hand o One hand holding an apple and one holding her chiton. They think there was a pedestal of a column

• Octopus jar

o Sprawling and easy going composition o From Knossos o 1500 BC o The hay day of the minouin civilization o There are sea creatures and seaweed

Egyptian VS. Minouin Paintings

o The Egyptian painting Painted on dry white surface Can make sharp fine lines that are very thin and correct Have a lot of geometric forms Painting a little at a time o Minouin More blurry lines Painting on wet on wet Wants free and easy spontaneous line Looks a lot more lively

• Polykleitos The Doryphoros

o To make more realistic statues o Arounf 450 BC showing realistic movement in a statue was arised. o "a spear carrier" o This was Polykleitos most famous sculpture o One of the most famous sculptors in ancient Greece. o There are a lot of copies of this statue because they loved this statue so much. When the conquered the greeks they took a lot of ideas of greek art to put in their homes so there were plenty of copiers that made greek art for roman patrons o Many of the greek statues we have now are not greek, they are roman copies o The pic we looked in class, a roman carved this sculpture and took it from polydleitos o The original statue was in bronze, not marble. o The bronze statue has been lost o We think that it was melted by barbarians o One way you can tell it's a marble copy is because there are add ons that are put to stabilize the sculpture. o Bronze would stand up just fine where the marble was bery top heavy that was likely to break off very easily so they added a tree trunk leg to keep it stable. o The brace between thr right hip and the thiegh was added or else the arm would have broken off on its own o It is the first example of fully developed contrapposto Means "counter position Your body ahs a position going two different ways that are then balanced out It looks like he is about to take a step His hips are tilted - if your hips are just tilted you would fall over so the torso has a slight curve over it to balance it out. One arm is straight and that corresponds with the straight leg and same with the bent. The straight arm is resting while the straight leg is working - there is a balance between arm and leg o We are unable to realize what he represents o Some people think that he may be an Olympic athlete, someone who was the winner of the javelin thrower but he is carrying a spear, not a javelin o May be a young aries but he doesn't have a helmet and is clean-shaven o May have just been a model or a template for contropossto.

• Mycenean Culture

o Towns of troy and myceane o Greek poet homer wrote about these places The iliad poem the sotry of the Trojan war • The great warriors were people that others looked up to • Everyone was expected to have it memorized • It was on the very famous vase • Kidnapped on helen, the wife of heganemnon, the king of mycenean. She was kidnapped in Paris

• Flotilla Fresco

o Trimmed with fresco along the side o One foot high and 10 ft wide o Seems to show a sea scape o Seems to be along and past the island o People watching the ships go by o A parade of ships o Dolphins are extremely playful o People think that it may represent an historical event o People think that it is a fleet of warships that are off the conquer other places (this would make it an armarder fresco)

• Minoan Civilization (Crete)

o Was centered on the big island of crete on the bottom of the Aegean o Was pretty much unknown and was forgotten until it was discovered in the 1890s o Sir Arthur Evans went to show that there was a civilization here Knew about babylonia Believed that there was a great bronze age in Greece

Gold Daric

o What made the Persians successful was their wealth. They ownder silver and gold mines. When they took over rich cities they got their wealth o They didn't have to go into some place and conquer the arm, they could buy them o Many of the areas were conquered by gold o They helped the progress of money economy, first to use "coins" o Took chunks of gold and stamped them with the image of the king which indicated that it was good o Called daric bc it had the picture of King Daric on it o They seem to have great administration Skills. Made and imperails admisitration. To ensure that the good work and long lasting development of the government woud last o There were 3 aspects that were adopted alter Before the Persians, people were able to keep their king bu in times of weakness and transition, then the other kinds would break away which was unstable. When Persians conquered some place they would kill the local roaal family and replace them with a local governor, the king of Persia will set up one of his men and will take care of you. The were known as Satraps - men that we under the control of the king. This created a much more stable and loyal system. The idea of using govenors instead of kings made for a much more stable. The built a network of roads in order to unite all parts of the empire together. The Persian king was continually getting news from the empire which was good if there were any issues that needed to be addressed. There were very fast riders. A wonderful system for keeping the king in the news. To establish a network os secret police. To see if trouble was brewing.

• Dichotomy

o When you have an opposition of two things that coexist o Octopus of the minions and octopus of the Mycenae's o The warrior vase Shoes Mycenaean soldiers on the march Each one is an exact duplicate of each other They are wearing short kilts or metal armor on their shins and helmets with horns Each man is carrying a bag and a shield filled with rations Isocephaply - heads the same o This can be compared to the harvester vase of the Minoans o Greeks were successful because they erased the dichotomy

Battle of Lapiths and Centaurs

• Colored or tinted in background • Tri- painted blue • Meto- painted red to stand out • The paint is gone now so we only see the white marble as the material today • One is in the British Museum • 3ft by 3ft • They were carved in high-relief (they stick out a number of inches, kind of like a statue in the round but connected) • Story: o Lapiths were beautiful and nice the Centaurs were evil. The centaurs were invited to have a feast. The Centaurs got crazy drunk and tried to rape the women so there was a fight to get them out. • the Lapiths wore garmeths • centaurs don't wear clothes but they have animal skins that they could wrap around themselves. • Supposed to represent the fight between the greeks and the Persians • Shows a wide variety of work on it since Phideas couldn't do it all by himself o He had to hire whoever was there o One person made it more stiff and it might have been done by an old assistant o We can imagine the centaur had a large rock (kind of Neanderthals) whereas the Lapith had spears o The Lapith was kneeing the Centaur but it didn't really work with the Centaur because his crotch isn't in the same place. o We think that the person in charge of this metophes was all skilled as Phideas o There was one person who had more smooth movement to their design Lapith had a battle sword he was going to put in the centaurs head Had eurhythmia Curving body of both figures form a circular movement or force field, the curves of the folds were its right behind the Lapith, they are kind of horizontal to vertical and shows that the backward clymus to fit in really well. May have a spiritual undertone and yet they seem to be two sides of one unit like the ting and yang that opposites are merged in order to exist. They wanted to make the opposites to come together.

Knossos

• Evans found a hill that • He thought that this wasn't a real, natural hill tel: man made hill • When a city gets abandoned it gets overrun by natural plants and in a few centuries it is just a hill instead of a city • He bought up the land and started digging there, he had plenty of resources • In 1899-1930s he spent digging and uncovered a huge palace, It was 500 feet on either side. o He was conviced that this was the palace of king minos, where the labyrinth lived. o He found evidence that the people worshipped bulls, such as jewelry, sculptures and things shaped like bull rhyton. o Steatite, is a type of stone also known as soak stone that is fairly soft. It was a popular way for people to carve cups and vessels o Was decorated with white shell and gold for the horns o In the middle, sacrifices would take place and the god had something to do with bulls or a man bull o Lots of jewelry and gold double axes: labrys The hall of the double axe o He found bits and pieces of pottery emported from Egypt. He was able to date these to 1500 BC and that puts it right in the bronze age.

Around 1875 did excavations in Myceanean

• Found these huge walls with large heavy stones • Ancient greeks thought these walls were built by cyclopes o The greeks called these cyclopean walls because they were too big for regular people • 1200BC • The gate of the city was made up of post and lintel structure • There is a relief carving which is known as the lion carving. There are lions that we facing towards each other, they think the heads were made out of metal and were taken • On top of the column there may have been a chief or god but that was gone as well • This is known as a heraldic composition o Known for coat of arms or family crest o Is symmetrical o Favorite type of composition for myceanaeans • Found a cemerty o Deep shafts were foundi n bedrock o The gold included masks that were put over the faces of the dead bodies o These must have been kings with the gold masks

Horror of Vacui

• If you left a blank space it would be weak there and it would break • You have to fill up every space • In-between the deer there were zig zags that could have been clouds or birds. The diamond could have been a rock • Geometric forms such as the Greek Key o It is a wave form that has been squared off o Started with the idea of the way and make it more orderly o A Meander is a more complicated Greek Key: it has multiple turns o The diamond shapes are known as a lozenge • Wild goats with long horns. Their heads are turned back to symbolize that they are limping • Hourglass shapes may represent butterflies • At the bottom we see a row of wild geese • Birds next to them possibly but everything in geometric format • The technical term for this type of vase is Amphora "double handles" o the most common use was for a wine jar o when there was a banquet or a feast you would bring you amphora o could also be a burial pot

Mora

• Kind of like the odds even game • Ajax is saying the word Tria which means three and Achilles is saying tesara which means four.

Lady of Auxerre

• Primitive • Made of marble and a lot of geometric forms • A town in france (Auxerre) • In the middle ages, one of the crusaders in france went to the east to fight the muslims for the holy land and found this statue in Greece, he brought It back and gave it to the church • He thought it may be a virgin mary • Auxerre o Was a part of the hospitalers o The night sof the hospital of st. john o Duty was to guard o Orde hospitlawer of sain-jean of jeruslelum • Represents interesting early stage of how to make a stone statue • Greek scultpture is copying Egyptians through hair • Paint eroded over the years • He skin was white amrble - hair lip and gown were painted in bright colors Kouros from Attica • Life sixe scultpures • 600BC • 5-6ft high • Young men that are nude and standing stiffly with one leg in front of the other • Boy or young man • Set up in greek towns to honor greek man • Indicate the champion • For champion athletes, for patriotic heros o Originally in a church o A crusader took it and thought that it was a female saint and he brought it back to his church o Modest work of art o 2-2.5 feet high o Could easily sneak it out of the museum o They made it very rounded o Got his training from carving wood o When you carve out of wood it keeps the circular wood form o Was made out of stone o We think that it was painted to be vibrant o The purpose of this was to be a cult Statue A statue of a goddess that was meant to be set up on the temple of the goddess People thought that it was Hera, the wife of Zeus, she is considered the queen of gods. Also known as Juno. Did special favors for the woman of the house Gesturing towards her breasts because she is a good mother

Pediment Sculptures

• Sculptures Shaped so they fit into the right had side of the pediment • The 3 fates o They were 3 goddesses that were in charge of the life of every individual How and when you'll be born What kind of life you had How and when you will die o People thought that since they are together that they may be the 3 fates o We think now that they are 3 goddesses that represent Hera, Demiter, and Afordiate (goddess of love) o Their peplos go over their body in a draped fashion, it is to show their body underneath. Looks like cloth was dipped in water to show their skin, people call this the wet drapery effect. People think that this may affect people's death. The fashionable ladies wanted the goddess of dress so they would soak their gowns in water so that the gowns would cling to them and make them look like goddesses, this made them get pneumonia and they died. o Another technique we see is eurhythmia (beautiful rhythm) - the drapery goes from one goddess to another. Also seen in their postures, one goddess is pointed towards us, the second is turned left in ¾ position and is sitting at a lower level than the 1st. the last is lying down with legs in profile. This is a 3 step movement that helps make a smooth transition from one to another. This causes the eye to make a nice transition. A metaphor of spirituality. They called this Pneuma (breath) also used by religious leaders as "the breath of god" to keep everything together and smooth. We have no writing to prove this.

Persephone

• The daughter of demeter who was the goddesss of farming. Pluto the god of hades fell in love with Persephone and took her to the underworld. Demeter was upset and demanded that pluto give her back and there was a big fight. Seus told pluto to give her back to her mother and unfortuanaetly she ate one little seed of a pomegrantite,. The rule is if you eat something in the underworld you can never get back.

Apollo

• The god of the sun • God of wisdom and intellectual thinking like math and science • He represents brightness, clarity and orderness • He liked to separate things and place them in order • This was him shooting his arrow at a python and brought good order to the world • Apollonian: in attention to order and symmetry

Dionysus

• The god of wine • Associated with drunkenness's, intoxication and freeing • Done my Michelangelo • Prefers all kinds of disorder and he wants to bring things together • He is the opposite of Apollo • He is the brother of Apollo • You can see his attitude in the octopus vase of the Minoans

Barbarians

• The outside is usually called barbarians and when there is a moment of weakness that is when they come in and attack o They lived in a Neolithic type of society o They invited members of the barbarian tribe to come live with them o The barbarians learn and become smarter than the civilized people 1200 and 1100 BC o They crossed the sea and took over creede and they wiped out the civilization o This is known as the dark ages

The motifs - rosette and guilloche

• Two types of o Rosette A geometric flower Looks like a daisy Greeks picted this up from the Was made in Mesopotamia for the goddess of Ishtar (the goddess of flowers) o Guilloche Looks like a pretzel Picked it up from the mesopotamias The god of Ningizzida • A Sumerian base carved out of stone • Two snakes intertwined around the tree of life and two anmals guarding what was in the middle • This was for the god of ningizzida • God or goddess of the underworld Volcanos, hurricanes and such... Snakes because they lived underground Believed that snakes had healing powers • Used to symbolize medicine (Caduceus) o Became a symbol for all kind of expert knowledge such as doctors knowledge that would be associated with healing powers o We call this the orientalizing period o Greeks are picking stuff up from the east o 700-600Bc o 600-500BC is the archaic period