ARTH1111 Final Spring 2016
Otto Dix Der Krieg (The War) 1929-1932 Oil and tempera on wood
- German Post-war Expressionism In this triptych recalling earlier altarpieces, Dix captured the panoramic devastation that war inflicts on the terrain and on humans. He depicted himself as a soldier dragging a comrade to safety. -soldiers, hazy - WWI poison gas - maximum destruction to bodies of soldiers on the ground - center - mangled bodies with bullet holes - act of heroism on right panel, see himself there - bottom - trench warfare, not clear whether sleeping in trench or already in grave - form - polyptych altarpiece. large-scale religious indictment of war and destruction
Aaron Douglas Noah's Ark ca. 1927 Oil on masonite
- Harlem Renaissance - manifestation and desire for African Americans to promote their cultural ___ - Douglas = famous graphic designer - African sculptures - synthetic cubism = transparent, angular planes - left-right narrative -- lightning, animals going into ark; break in clouds, end of the rainstorm; blue skies, birds, promise of new life
Robert Venturi Vanna Venturi House Philadelphia 1959-64
- Iconic first building of postmodernism - monopoly house subverted -- chimney not in center -- no door in the middle -- window in the side of the chimney - don't come together in the middle, big slit in the center - destroys all ideas of simple structure of a house - doors and windows should balance -- nope - bedroom, bathroom, kitchen, respectively - belt courses -- add different levels. here -- middle of ground floor -- do not match up with sills or windows - lentil painted on, arch cut in center - lost ideas of complexity and ___ in modern architecture
James Abbott McNeill Whistler Nocturne in Black and Gold (The Falling Rocket) ca. 1875 Oil on panel
- Impressionism - arrangements of line, form, color - more of a composition than a representation of reality - supposed to be exploding firework in night sky - atmospheric effects over details - music as inspiration, wanted to create harmonies paralleled to those in music - response: angered John Ruskin - flinging a pod of paint in the face of the public - Whistler sued Ruskin for libel, under British libel laws, won, lost all his money, he had to flee to France - ****court case establishing new approach to art
Edgar Degas Ballet Rehearsal 1874 Oil on canvas
- Impressionism - one of his many ballet paintings - angle looking down from side - short brushstrokes - high angle -- Japonisme -- influence of Japanese design -- everywhere at this point - open, empty space in center - areas of focus - prima ballerina, getting dressed, man teaching dancing class hidden, young ballet closest is obscured by stairway - Impressionism - committed very quickly - aspects don't line up - floor, don't see tops of windows
Édouard Manet Claude Monet in His Studio Boat 1874 Oil on canvas
- Impressionism - painted in real time, outside, with colors that he saw - choppy brushstrokes in water, different from wall, strategic/deliberate - smokestacks in distance = industrial - choice of subject - painters painting painters - calling attention to painting being a reconstruction of reality. not reality, a representation - leisure class, artist as subject
Claude Monet Impression: Sunrise 1872 Oil on canvas
- Impressionism - undisguised brushstrokes - sort of a Modernist exploration after Realism had started - painted en plein air, looking out at Seine river - Romantic red sun - caused by smokestacks, industrial pollution - effects of pollution - critics: that's not painting, that's an impression
Mary Cassatt The Bath ca. 1892 Oil on canvas
- Impressionists were not very enlightened to gender roles - only a few women allowed to exhibit with Impressionists - Cassatt only allowed to exhibit with them - mother and child are 2 complete individuals, instead of being defined in relation to men, they are their own characters, have their own narrative, inner logic - wallpaper - Impressionism - angle, bath, women - Japonisme
Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, Symbolism: Europe and America, 1870 to 1900
- Industrial Revolution, Darwinism, Marxism and sociopolitical changes altered ideas about the nature and subject matter of art in the later 19th century - Impressionism -- sensation, impermanence, and the "fleeting moment" as it was expressed in their art -- light and color theory
Honoré Daumier Rue Transnonain 1834 Lithograph
- Lithograph -- new technology -- allows for many copies - published in monthly French newspaper about real incident that happened - massacre in worker's housing block - didn't caption execution, but terrible aftermath - realism = pictorial manner is rough and ___ - example of police brutality - militia massacres
Sen No Rikyu Taian teahouse (interior view) Myokian Temple, Kyoto, Japan Momoyama period, ca. 1582
- Master of the tea ceremony - designed the tea house - chose elements of the service, the rituals connected with it - enforced behavior of those engaged in ceremony - almost a mediator - bringing 2 groups together - first and oldest free-standing tea house - organizational principle - tatami mat - modular form that disciplines Japanese design for a number of centuries - 3ftx6ft - 2 mats in this tea house - wabi - refined rusticity - sari - beauty in weather objects, wise
Frida Kahlo The Two Fridas 1939 Oil on canvas
- Mexican mother, German father - colonial vs indigenous - linked by clasped hands, common artery, suggesting 2 sides of personality - considered surrealist because she used details of life for __ psychological pains of human existence
Edward Hopper Nighthawks 1942 Oil on canvas
- Modernism - American - captures night - bar man, couple, one man - illustrate problem in America - who is really trapped, the bar man or visitors? - bar man has job, place to work - couple is connected but does not look engaged in conversation - depressing feel - American art before WWII and after WWII -- before: representational, regional, illustrates whether it's an urban environment, Harlem Renaissance, represents different elements of life -- after: abstract expressinoism
Antoine-Jean Gros Napoleon Visiting the Plague-Stricken in Jaffa 1804 Oil on canvas
- Napoleon - godlike figure, immune to plague, healing sick - wanted to show himself as a religious figure figures copied from Renaissance - Neoclassical - sweep of history painting - 3 arches - characters, large scale - exoticism = Romantic - took images and ideas from other cultures used in condescending way - exoticism - minaret - mosque setting - French flag raised - center of innovation and art at time
Jean-Baptiste Greuze Village Bride 1761 Oil on canvas
- Natural Taste - virtue and common people - sentimental narrative - father selling his daughter to the suitor, older sister is angry/annoyed as dowry is gone - beginning of reaction against rococo - embrace of suggestive attitudes of peasant class - forestall the revolution, have great admiration of natural taste paintings
John Singleton Copley Portrait of Paul Revere ca. 1768-1770 Oil on canvas
- Natural Taste (in America) - representation of person who is well-known silversmith, not royalty or military, but businessman - reflections coming off of silver in table - mastery - detail
Richard Boyle and William Kent Chiswick House near London, England begun 1725
- Neoclassicism in England - appealed to England for clarity and simplicity - Boyle and Kent had gone on grand tour and went to venice to see works of Palladio -- Grand tour - after studies, spend 1, 2, 5 years traveling europe experience art and architecture -- definitely Italy - inspired by Palladio's Villa Rotunda - copy of it -- cubic base, dome on top, triangular pedimented portico -- residential building
Jacques-Louis David Coronation of Napoleon 1805-1808 Oil on canvas
- Neoclassicism used in propagandistic terms - establishment of right of Napoleon (?) - wife Josephine being crowned - past the uncomfortable moment where Napoleon is crowning himself as king - different classes of society showing up - adds in his mother who didn't actually attend - pope is raising his hand in blessing, something that didn't happen - willing to change
Théodore Géricault Raft of the Medusa 1818-1819 Oil on canvas
- New Romantic style - theatrical - history painting - shipwrecked off the coast of Africa - incompetent captain - commentary on slavery -- top = black man - top of X-shaped composition --- X - clear center, X through this happening ever again - full-scale raft in studio, interviewed survivors - full-blown Romanticism
Joseph Kosuth One and Three Chairs 1965 Wooden folding chair, photographic copy of a chair, and photographic enlargement of a dictionary definition of a chair
- Conceptual Art - which is the real chair? - idea of chariness - what makes this art? an artist says it is - the idea of art is even more important than the commodity of art - artist did not make chair or write dictionary definition
Vladimir Tatlin Monument to the Third International 1919-1920 (Reconstruction of the lost model, 1992-1993)
- Constructivism - functional art, model of building, never got built - 3 pieces -- each rotate at a different speed - supposed to be a government building - scale = building is supposed to be taller than the Eiffel Tower - based on ideas of synthetic cubism
Le Corbusier Villa Savoye Poissy-sur-Seine, France 1929
- Corbusier - machine for living in - machine-made house - 5 principles -- pilotis - steel/concrete support shafts (ground floor is unhealthy) -- ribbon windows -- freeform open interior plan -- ramps to go from floor to floor -- ship railings - solarium for sheltered sun-bathing
Marsden Hartley Portrait of a German Officer 1914 Oil on canvas
- Cubism and German Expressionism - symbolically in painting, KvF, regimen number of 4, age of death = 24, iron cross received after death - Berlin WWI - Hartley - American who fell in love with a German - part of armory show
Adler & Sullivan Wainwright Building St. Louis, MO 1890-1891
- Culmination of the modern skyscraper: - Steel frame fireproofed by brick & terra cotta sheathing - Reinforced concrete raft foundation supporting the column loads - All office partitions are moveable - Plate-glass windows for ground-floor shops - "Form follows function" in plan and elevation - predominant line = vertical - ____ show where floors are - Sullivan believed strong triparteid (sp) organization is important - base, shaft, capital, like the building is a column - Chicago school
Marcel Duchamp Fountain (second version) 1950, original version produced 1917 Readymade glazed sanitary china with black paint
- Dadaism -- rejection, all of ideas that brought Europe to war in first place - ready-made - urinal, wrote R. Mutt
Piet Mondrian Composition with Red, Blue, and Yellow 1930 Oil on canvas
- De Stijl - inspired by Cubism, called Neoplasticism - breaking down other paintings to their pure basics, lines and primary colors - idea that these elements could go on into infinity
Gerrit Thomas Rietveld and Truus Schroeder Schröder House Utrecht, the Netherlands 1924
- De Stijl - structure that would embody the De Stijl components of reducing to basic forms and colors to create complete abstraction - limited palette, primary colors, made only with flat planes - interior = open plan - all doors are rolling/sliding flat planes - best example of Des Stijl architecture - planes appear to be floating away from the house, only kept in place by steel ship railings - white and grey exterior, red/yellow/blue accents
Thomas Eakins The Gross Clinic 1875 Oil on canvas
- Eakins - meticulously crafted painting, all are individual portraits of people who sat for Eakins - anesthesia being celebrated, scientific advancement making complex surgeries possible - operating theater behind, think of Rembrandt's Anatomy Lesson of Dr. T____ - reaction - shock, horror - established ideas of French academy being challenged, in this case by American
Henri Matisse Woman with the Hat 1905 Oil on canvas
- Fauvism -- the wild beasts - arbitrary, random colors to depict conventional portrait - leads to cubism
Gustave Courbet The Stone Breakers 1849 Oil on canvas
- French painter - 2 people in poverty - scale = abnormally huge, rejected by salon, giving all this space/attention to poverty (Poussinistes - grand ideas/manner/mythology) - French realism - depicts everyday people - one of the founding documents of realism - rejection of religion and mythology
Umberto Boccioni Unique Forms of Continuity in Space 1913, cast 1931 Bronze
- Futurist sculpture -- Italian movement -- all of civilization/everything in art history is dead weight, must sweep away and start over in any way including violence. speeding car, trains - break confines of sculpture - 4th dimension of time in sculpture
Francis Bacon Painting 1946 Oil and pastel on linen
- Painted in the aftermath of World War II, this intentionally revolting image of a powerful figure presiding over a slaughter is Bacon's indictment of humanity and a reflection of war's butchery - England - abstraction - figure seated in chair, precise row of teeth and bloody circle over mouth - surrounded in trapped, enthroned elements of meat - represents the ravages of war, the kinds of policies that led Europe to war - coat, flower in lapel, holding umbrella - reminiscent of Neville Chamberlain, represented the policies of the English government to appease the Nazis. if we give in to little things, they'll stop — no! made WW2 worse - disgust with slaughterhouse of WWII
Andy Warhol Marilyn Diptych 1962 Oil, acrylic, and silk-screen enamel on canvas
- Pop Art - Marilyn Monroe - left side - way she's presented, bright color, perfect image, reproduced uncountable times, as a consumer product - right -- disintegration of her -- what's underneath media hype. made right after her death. cost of left image in disintegration of personality and life - Warhol loved celebrities but ___ about what the life was about
Robert Rauschenberg Canyon 1959 (Oil, pencil, paper, fabric, metal, cardboard box, printed paper, printed reproductions, photograph, wood, paint tube, and mirror on canvas, with oil on bald eagle, string, and pillow)
- Pop Art - idea of collaging comes from cubism -- particularly the synthetic cubism (synthesizing ideas of pop culture) - American eagle -- painted black - commentary on American society at the time - shortly after, became illegal to do that to a bald eagle - art - ideas of mythology - Zeus and Gameed (sp) -- string and pillow
Roy Lichtenstein Hopeless 1963 Oil on canvas
- Pop Art - images from mass-produced comic books - paint it exactly as it was, with elements of dialogue - blow it up to huge percent - applied in dot form - Benday dot - technique that enabled color printing in comics and newspapers - applications of pure dots of color, one right next to each other -- idea of Seurat - here large enough to see dot - artist's intervention in isolating and magnifying it, makes this readymade art - see image we would have ignored in a new way
Georges Seurat A Sunday on La Grande Jatte 1884-1886 Oil on canvas
- Post-Impressionism - pointillism - calculated, scientific - color theory coming out in science - geometric shapes - cones, cylinders, spheres, reducing human forms to geometric - depth - repeating motifs - different classes coming together
Henri De Toulouse- Lautrec Jane Avril 1893 Color lithograph
- Post-Impressionism -- not unified at all, tired of Impressionism/new directions -- night life, satirical take of it - new technology - color lithography - heyday of French art poster - influence of Japonisme -- woodblock prints, angle, calligraphy
Vincent Van Gogh Night Café 1888 Oil on canvas
- Post-Impressionist - colors used for emotional character, the reactions it incites in audiences, not to represent reality - juxtaposed red and green - strong, vivid, bright oversaturated colors for emotional purposes
Paul Cézanne Basket of Apples ca. 1895 Oil on canvas
- Post-Impressionist still life - not interested in strategically placed shadows & light to create dimension - observed from various angles to capture the true form and create the true dimension in his painting - did not strive to be realistic - table = disjointed - tried to achieve dimension through taking apart pieces and reconstructing them
Bridget Riley Fission 1963 Tempera on composition board
- Post-Painterly Abstraction - mid-1950s group of British artists interested in optical illusions - making them visible on a 2D canvas - name of movement: Op Art
Jacques-Louis David Oath of the Horatii 1784 Oil on canvas
- beginning of Neoclassicism -- elements: Roman story, Roman setting, 3 Roman arches -- political and gender roles - men in strong postures and harsh angles, female posture and clothing are more subdued, softer -- re-establishment of male hegemony in art -- Neoclassicism used to put forward Roman ideals, patriotism, focus on state, exemplar of revolution - 3 Horatii fighting 3 ____ - patriotism, instead of the entire army, 3 on each side fight each other - saluting father - 2 die, 1 comes back, kills sister married to their opponent
Uli statue, from New Ireland, Papua New Guinea, 18th or early 19th century. Wood, ocher, and charcoal
- both strong and nurturing, character has both male and female genitalia - both considered important aspects of leader
Abraham Darby III And Thomas F. Pritchard Iron Bridge At Coalbrookdale England 1776-1779
- bridge out of cast iron, never done before - 1776 - year of revolutions, industrial revolutions - celebration of new technology
Coyolxauhqui (She of the Golden Bells) Aztec, from the Great Temple of Tenochtitlán, Mexico City ca. 1469 Stone
- characteristic Aztec design - pinwheel characteristic - dismembered body of sister
Jean-Honoré Fragonard The Swing 1766 Oil on canvas
- characteristic of the later Rococo painting style -- sensual, soft light, glowing figures, lights focused in center, dark on edges - young suitor and sweetheart, unsuspecting "man of the cloth" to push her in a swing, so as to reveal the view under her skirt - kicking shoe flirtatiously - curved, sinuous line
Karl Friedrich Schinkel Altes Museum Berlin, Germany 1822-1830
- close to Neoclassicism, propagandistic use - Prussian Nationalism after fall of Germany - commissioned Schinkel to create first public art museum, purposeful building - importance of art museum and art education - 18 columns, broad facade, characteristic of Roman parthenon, Greek/Roman classic architecture, usually connotes elitism but it is a free museum open to public - center = like Roman Pantheon - focus on building new public buildings to establish Berlin as capital of what would be Germany
Row of moai on a stone platform Rapa Nui (Easter Island), Polynesia 10th to 12th centuries Volcanic tuff and red scoria
- easter island figures to honors the ancestors, prehistoric culture we know nothing of their ideas, - 20 ft high - quarried and moved a great distance to be placed on special ceremonial platforms
Wangshi Yuan (Garden of the Master of the Fishing Nets) Suzhou, China Ming dynasty, 16th century and later
- enclosures and gates - pavilions - walkways - carefully plans and frames view at each turn - literati - small in scale, privately planned - accumulated from bits of land, maybe several estates put together - Daoist - important string of Chinese thought - looks at importance of casual, accidental, ____ - sequential; asymmetrical - building design: Confucian precepts of hierarchy and dominance - garden design focus is on Daoist principles of the irregular and picturesque - picturesque - very carefully designed and contrived to look as natural and unplanned as possible
Germain Boffrand Salon de la Princesse (with painting by Charles-Joseph Natoire and sculpture by J. B. Lemoine) Hotel de Soubise, Paris, France 1737-1740
- epitomizes the salon culture, at the center of the Rococo movement - interior design - focus on small intimate spaces, run primarily by women - time after the end of the baroque period - French society resets its center - no clear line between the walls & ceilings, or corners of rooms
Ando Hiroshige, Plum Estate, Kameido, from One Hundred Famous Views of Edo, Edo period, 1857. Woodblock print, ink and color on paper
- famous landmark - tree - beloved tree famed for the quality of its blossoms, important tree of national significance - the way it's framed - abstracts, focuses us to study one detail of it, meditative approach as opposed to seeing entire thing and understanding entire thing - strong diagonal lines mimic elements of calligraphy, van gogh and colleagues in French impressionism
Joseph Wright of Derby A Philosopher Giving a Lecture at the Orrery ca. 1763-1765 Oil on canvas
- focus is celebration of the enlightenment - philosopher giving lecture on Orrery (scale model of solar system) - celebration of new elements of scientific knowledge and pursuit - hidden light illuminating characters (silhouettes)
Throne and footstool, of King Nsangu Bamum, Cameroon ca. 1870 Wood, textile, glass beads, and cowrie shells
- throne for a king - Kind Nsangu - wood frame covered with textiles, glass beads, cowrie shells - throne - cylindrical form, footstool in front - figures on throne - male figure and female figure -- male - holding up a drinking vessel -- female - bowl -- food & drink they represent - pattern in African art -- hierarchy of scale, ruler is largest, centered, head is largest -- on either side - important counselors, soldiers, etc -- flanking figures -- serve to expand the power of the king both literally and symbolically and pictorially - on footstool- soldier that supports king, holding western style rifles
Joseph Paxton Crystal Palace London, England 1850-1851 (enlarged and relocated at Sydenham, England, 1852-1854. Detail of a color lithograph by Achille-Louis Martinet, ca. 1862)
- typologies - group - not crystal, glass - building could not be made in time, Paxton proposes enlarged greenhouse - reaction = not architecture, it is engineering - importance of technology and innovation in architecture
Kano Motonobu Zen Patriarch Xiangyen Zhixian Sweeping with a Broom from Daitokuji, Kyoto, Japan Muromachi period, ca. 1513 Hanging scroll, ink and color on paper
- white used as clouds just like in previous image - rooftree breaks, sharp shock gives sense of enlightenment - Kano school = opposite of splash-ink of Muromachi style
(Reconstruction drawing with cutaway view of various rebuildings of) the Great Temple Aztec, Tenochtitlan, Mexico City, Mexico ca. 1400-1500
C = Coyolxauhqui disk - superimposition - build one thing on top of another - huge pyramids the result of many different building campaigns - when Spaniards destroyed pyramids - were not very thorough, knocked off top -- look through earlier levels to get earlier designs
China and Korea, 1279 to 1980
Court axial balanced Confucianism painters architecture Literati painters architecture landscape architecture unbalanced Taoism asymmetry landscapes
Rococo to Neoclassicism: The 18th Century in Europe and America
Rococo = shell, pearl - kind of stucco decorations put on the walls of salons - serpentine -- curvilinear - scale - mostly interior
Raharuhi Rukupo and Others interior of Te Hau-ki-Turanga meeting house Poverty Bay, New Zealand, Polynesia 1842-1845
The Maori conceptualize the entire building as the body of an ancestor. The central beam across the roof is the spine, the rafters are ribs, and the barge boards (the angled boards that outline the house gables) in front represent arms. ancestors constitute a potent presence through their appearance on poupou (the relief panels along the walls). The panels depict specific ancestors, each of which appears frontally with hands across the stomach. The elaborate curvilinear patterns covering the entire poupou may represent tattoos.
Romanticism, Realism, Photography: Europe and America, 1800 to 1870
• Romanticism: P. I. N. E. - Past - longing for the medieval past, pre-industrial Europe (Gothic architecture will be revived) - Irrational / Inner mind / Insanity - Romantic artists depict the human psyche and topics that transcend the use of reason. One Romantic artist, Gericault chose to do portraits of people in an insane asylum. - Nature - longing for the purity of nature, which defies human rationality - Emotion/ Exotic - Romantics favored emotion and passion over reason. Exotic themes and locales were also popular because they did not adhere to European emphasis on rationality.
Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe and Philip Johnson Seagram Building New York 1956- 1958
- 2 different types architecture in Modernism --Rationalism (Minimalism in sculpture) vs. Expressionism - Van der Rohe - ... - Johnson - architectural critic who helped mount first American museum show on international style Modernism in 1932 at MoMA - characteristics of 1930s skyscraper like Chrysler building -- pointy, building stepping in -- setback - early skyscrapers left such shadows on NY, required to be setback - plaza -- gave up square footage for - Miesian glass and steel box - way to get around the idea of the setback -- not cover as much ground - "Less is More" - long vertical lines -- not structural at all, just welded on - this is Rationalism
Jackson Pollock Number 1, 1950 (Lavender Mist) 1950 Oil, enamel, and aluminum paint on canvas
- Abstract Expressionism - Pollock - gestural abstraction - canvases on the floor - enamel paint, house paint - whatever was handy and gave an interesting effect - paintings are a nightmare?
Alfred Stieglitz The Steerage 1907 (print 1915) Photogravure (on tissue)
- American modernism - industrial imagery - divided into sections - wealth vs poor - leaving NY going to Germany, Ellis Island rejections - work of social history like photograph of Jacob Ries (sp) - Stieglitz's goal -- see divide -- wanted photography to be seen as an art form --- composition --- strong diagonals, X & Y forms
Pablo Picasso Les Demoiselles d' Avignon 1907 Oil on canvas
- Analytical cubism - faces - Iberian and African masks - left-right narrative - total a-typical woman in squatting position, very unfeminine - time is changing here - still-life looking to Cezanne basket of apples - Analytical vs Synthetic -- Braque - collage
William Van Alen Chrysler Building New York, New York 1928-1930
- Art Deco - streamlining, machine, new technologies, new forms of cladding (aluminum on exterior here) - chevrons - gargoyle-ish things look like hood ornaments, new technology - setback at top of building
Victor Horta foyer and stairwell of the Tassel House Brussels, Belgium 1892-1893
- Art Nouveau -- new art -- organic influences -- S-shaped curves, curvilinear, strong contrasting diagonals -- vines - sensual impression - swirling and sweeping feel - Not Gothic nor classical - rejection of old forms - metal columns -- odd sort of plant that bursts into bloom at top
William Morris Green Dining Room South Kensington Museum (now Victoria & Albert Museum), London, England 1867
- Arts & Crafts -- rejecting machine-made design, privileging hand-crafted design, rural/Middle Ages -- heavily focused on patterns -- inspired by Ruskin -- Morris is leader - good design should be available to whole public - many times only enjoyed by elite
Frank Lloyd Wright Robie House Chicago, Illinois 1907-1909
- Chicago school of Architecture -- subset: prairie school --- long horizontal lines, like prairie horizon - overhanging eaves - idea comes from Japan - barricaded against city, people cannot easily look into house - one of the first attached garages - center, fulcrum, pivot point = fireplace, hearth = symbolic (no longer needed for heating or cooking)
Aerial view (looking north) of the Forbidden City Beijing, China Ming dynasty, 15th century and later
- Chinese in power again, not Mongols - forbidden city - many areas that groups of people are forbidden to enter - enclosure with a gate - important element of Chinese design - design principles - moat - clearly defines, as well as wall and gates - coal hill - manmade structure -- provides areas to look down into the forbidden city -- makes it a city next to a mountain - important -- made from soil dug from the boat - axial design - highly balanced - pavilion - modular form - court or literati design? court. - sequential and symmetrical - strong middle axis in the center of design - buildings mark this, buildings functioning as gates as opposed to an aisle - Central axis is occupied by the most important buildings—compare to Egyptian temples where central axis is open to move along SEQUENTIAL; SYMMETRICAL
Interior and exterior views and plan of Katsura Imperial Villa Kyoto, Japan Edo period, 1620- 1663 (Photographs by Ishimoto Yasuhiro)
- Raised to avoid flooding - asymmetric "Flight-of-geese pattern" - summer house, vacation house - in connection with Shinto architecture - building raised - Chinese design - raised-beam architecture with posts holding up roof forms - makes walls screens - pavilions set at right angles to each other, to the waterfront in stagger form - sweeping views - maximizes views possible - rectangles - tatami mats - module the disciplines the form of the buildings - influence - Japanese residential design, West - Frank Lloyd Wright - open open (roof), plan of pavilions, general horizontality - appealing to modernists - pilotis, geometric nature, undecorated spaces
Édouard Manet Luncheon on the Grass (Le Déjeuner sur l'Herbe) 1863 Oil on canvas
- Realism - Three people eating lunch - women's clothing - woman looking straight at viewer, not ashamed of nudity, what she's doing, who she's with - illusionistic -- nothing is real, art isn't real, difference between art and reality - men wearing clothing for indoors, woman painted differently -- as if in studio where painted -- perhaps not in park - brushstrokes in front more clear than back - question what is real, what art means
Joseph Mallord William Turner The Slave Ship (Slavers Throwing Overboard the Dead and Dying, Typhoon Coming On) 1840 Oil on canvas
- Romantic landscape - 1781 slave shape from Africa to England got caught in storm - captain, to get insurance money, threw sick and dying overboard, wouldn't have gotten insurance money if they died - emotive use of color, prefigures Impressionism - Romanticism means dramatic, focus on heightened emotions, large scale, instead of grand manner, irrational, supernatural - not just inequality story and abolitionist, also an act of murder for pure greed
Judy Chicago The Dinner Party 1979 Multimedia, including ceramics and stitchery
- Superrealism - 39 place setting at this table - retell last supper from feminist perspective - all women marginalized from history and art - 3 groupings, as opposed to one group of messiah and disciples - why this particular form? - triangle -- essential geometric form, shorthand for female genitalia - many genitalic images on some of plates - each is personalized for a particular woman from history whose story was unjustly neglected - names on floor - the more research they did, the more women they found, so they added more names - women artists not just trying to make a career alongside men, questioning aspects of male-centered art world and criticism that made them second in the first place
Chuck Close Big Self-Portrait 1967-1968 Acrylic on canvas
- Superrealism - constantly reinventing himself as artist - focused on intense realism and however it could be achieved - size of canvas -- enormous - treats his image -- in no way idealized - Close's goal was to translate photo- graphic information into painted information. In his portraits, he deliberately avoided creative compositions, flattering lighting effects, and revealing facial expressions
Salvador Dalí The Persistence of Memory 1931 Oil on canvas
- Surrealism -- dreams and the unconscious - memory and the stoppage of time - background = light from never-setting sun - trying to make the irrational concrete in a painting form
Edvard Munch The Scream 1893 Tempura and pastels on cardboard
- Symbolism - echo of his scream = waves - dreadful outlook on life - distortion of color and line to emotional expression - Munch had a panic attack on bridge - two figures either coming forward or going back, can't tell
The founding of Tenochtitlán, folio 2 recto of the Codex Mendoza Aztec, from Mexico City, Mexico 1541-1542 Ink and color on paper
- Tenochtitlan - capital city of Aztecs - image in center - eagle on cactus - on mexican flag - creation myth of Aztecs -- this is place where they would found their capital, where they saw the eagle land on the cactus -- now mexico city -- topographically - swampy area in high mountain area - Codex Mendoza - ink and color on paper
Vassily Kandinsky Improvisation 28 (second version) 1912 Oil on canvas
- The Blue Rider -- sub-genre of German Expressionism - expressing the emotional character through the use of color and line - interested in physics, theosophy, wanted to bring them into painting - ****first total abstraction in painting
Wu Zhen Stalks of Bamboo by a Rock Yuan dynasty 1347 Hanging scroll, ink on paper
- Yuan Scroll Painting - Bamboo is looked at in isolation - literati author - author who paints for a small group of people -- relation to court - in opposition to Yuan Court -- led by Mongol families - bamboo is more abstract -- attracted 20th cent artists -- form of bamboo leaves = close to ideas of calligraphy - idea of perfect gentleman - someone both firm and flexible, flexibility in the face of adversity, bend in the face of changes in society but not break - literati - not connected to the Court - Court art - larger design principles - bush of bamboo in a clump - literati - more individual expression - literati - scholar artists in opposition to the Mongols, did art in distance from the court - Mongols took over Chinese society - characteristics of Chinese design -- strong connections between writing/calligraphy and design elements -- abstract leaves reflects calligraphy -- general approach to abstraction -- Chinese art - more of an interaction with the viewer - scrolls opened by 2 people as opposed to on a wall - more personal
Timothy O'Sullivan A Harvest of Death Gettysburg, Pennsylvania July 1863 Negative by Timothy O' Sullivan Original print by Alexander Gardner
- after the battle of Gettysburg, highest number of casualties - survivors loot (out-turned pockets) - bodies bloated from hot sun - one of the first instances of battlefield photography - challenging ideas of borders, not everything happens in frame - new technology - challenge to painting -- composition, pushes painters to be more experimental, take more chances/be more innovative, because you can get clear likeness from photography
Le Corbusier Notre Dame du Haut Ronchamp, France 1950-1955
- basing ideas off Mollusk shell - rural images - barn and silo - organic images - mushroom - boat - religious images - church and steeple - nun's wimple (sp) - pilgrimage chapel - roof-- like billowing tent - ceiling of cave - windows -- rough cast concrete on side - stain glass - Romanesque church - joint between roof and wall - slim gap - steel pillars within the concrete that are holding up the form of the roof - roof is about to raise off with inspiration - extremely Expressionistic approach
Walter Gropius Shop Block, the Bauhaus Dessau, Germany 1925-1926
- grows out of, not nececcarily De Stijl -- void of romantic embellishments - Bauhaus -- school to train artists -- Bauhaus - 1919 - Weimar - head of German republic - location of German government, scene of great unrest/economic dislocation --- to escape this, moved to Dessau, close to industries that might directly produce designs --- ended 1933 when Nazis shut it down. forced students and faculty to flee, which meant wide dispersement through world, took ideas with them - school meant to train artists for new 20th century movements - art that incorporates living environments -- artists can interact - economy of space, open plan - shop block, central to design, most imp. part of school, group workshops as opposed to individual studios
Modernism in Europe and America, 1900 to 1945
- impact of war and economic instability as catalysts for change in art - rejection of representational art and pictorial illusionism in favor of abstraction and spatial distortion - primitivism - avant-garde - fauvism
Thomas Cole The Oxbow (View from Mount Holyoke, Northampton, Massachusetts, after a Thunderstorm) 1836 Oil on canvas
- important early American landscape - Cole = founder of American painting school, the Hudson River School - important American Romantics - civilization, settled areas vs blasted wilderness - manifest destiny - cyclical view of history repeating itself - romantic landscape
White Heron Castle near Osaka, Japan Momoyama period, 1581; enlarged 1601-1609
- influences - similarities with Korean design - strong stone base - superstructure above - made of wood - white - walls are made of stucco - tile roofs - turmoil characterizes this period - 2 dozen of these castles built, one of handful that survived - purpose of stucco - keeps from incendiary attacks - fire proof -- thick enough stucco - prevents problems from Portuguese muskets
Shen Zhou Lofty Mount Lu Ming dynasty, 1467 Hanging scroll, ink and color on paper
- literati - shen zhou has never visited loft mount lu - literati landscapes - element that gives us scale - what's the purpose? -- show how large it is -- honoring his teacher --- image of important place --- elements of calligraphy which connect teacher to landscape - establishes scale -- tiny figure at foot of the image at foot of waterfall
Caspar David Friedrich Wanderer above a Sea of Mist 1817-1818 Oil on canvas
- man gazing out onto foggy landscape, contemplating unforeseen future - Romantic landscape - subject has back facing viewer = ______ -- have the viewer experience the same experience as subject - Germany - German romantic poets of that time period - superior individuals able to see above the crowds
Nail figure (nkisi n'kondi) Kongo, from Shiloango River area, Democratic Republic of Congo ca. 1875-1900 Wood, nails, blades, medicinal materials, and cowrie shell
- nail figure - most important person in village after the king -- healer, shaman - figures studded with blade and screws, metal elements - those have mystical powers - might be used as part of healing/prayer ritual - dabbed with medicinal properties - cowrie shell represents navel -- important symbolic element - Only priests using ritual formulas could consecrate Kongo power figures, which embody spirits that can heal or inflict harm. The statue has simplified anatomical forms and a very large head.
Eugène Delacroix Liberty Leading the People 1830 Oil on canvas
- not real, propaganda/ish - identified as Romantic - different classes of people fighting -- working class, upper class - holding French flag -- center of innovation and art at time
Osei Bonsu Akua'ba (Akua's child) Asante, Ghana ca. 1960 Wood and glass beads
- only in the past few decades that we've recovered the names of African artists - used by women, often carry it around so they can conceive a child, carry during pregnancy so they can bear a child - importance of fertility ___ .... - stylistic characteristic of Asante fig- ural art is the preference for conventionalized, flattened heads
Mictlantecuhtli and Quetzalcoatl, folio 56 of the Borgia Codex from Puebla or Tlaxcala, Mexico ca. 1400-1500 Mineral and vegetable pigments on deerskin
- painting of the gods of life and death above an inverted skull symbolizing the Underworld - Spaniards ruined them because everything is Pagan - Take apart culture and make colonialism work - systematically destroyed temples, books, killed priestly class - decapitation of culture and artistic works - few pieces survived
Thomas Jefferson Monticello Charlottesville, United States 1770-1806
- represents Palladian ideal and Neoclassicism in America - redid after being in France - influence of Palladio - central plan, lower building, triangular pedimented portico - domestic setting
María Montoya Martínez jar San Ildefonso Pueblo, New Mexico ca. 1939 Blackware
- she trained the whole pueblo in how to produce particular designs - black ware - black on black - trademark and highly sought after in 20s, 30s 40s, led to preservation of pueblo
Modernism and Postmodernism in Europe and America, 1945 to 1980
- shift of the Western art center and the growing interests in multiculturalism in art - art world focused in Europe - France, Paris - art capital of almost every movement - 1940s - moves to America, specifically New York - part of the effect of the war - America being established as the center of the art world for many reasons - Much of next art: Reactions to war
Machu Picchu (view from adjacent peak) Inka, Peru 15th century
- small Inca city high in the mountains - lost track of, Spanish/Europeans halted in conquest with diseases - early 20th century - discovered - how was it used -- summer retreat for Incan emperors -- buildings are situated so the windows will frame important vistas across the landscape, particularly astronomical views -- central altar that focused on the astronomy of the place
Paul Gauguin Vision after the Sermon or Jacob Wrestling with the Angel 1888 Oil on canvas
- theme of dreams, the subconscious, other states of being - people who just came out of Church and having vision if Isaac with angel - coming together of 2 worlds - Cloisonné handicraft technique with gems of pure color set in metal frames - unspoiled environment in which he can see the true human condition - ... painting life but also the spiritual function - tree draws lines between women and village and the image they're seeing, also strong diagonal element in composition
Ancestral screen (nduen fobara) Kalabari Ijaw, Nigeria late 19th century Wood, fiber, and cloth
The hierarchical composition and the stylized human anatomy and facial features in this Kalabari ancestral screen are common in African art, but the shrine's complexity is exceptional. - heads of stones he vanquished