ARTHC 201 Midterm 2 Terms Swensen 2020

Know the importance of the Athenian Acropolis and the individuals who helped make it a showcase of Greek art and architecture

CULT STATUE OF ATHENA - It's a showcase of what the Greeks could do, they put a new dress on statue every year building for a god Individuals were /*Phidias*/ Kallikrates and Iktinios created/Built it (esp cult statue of athena, ivory and gold) built it too look perfect, no 90° Entasis: Building crooked columns to look straight Celebrates purity Cella in the center for the statue 1.6183999 golden ratio, 9:4, y = 2x + 1 PARTHENON East Pediment--birth of Athena The Three Goddesses with (extremely) wet drapery Funds from the Delian League ruled by Pericles Doric temple, with ionic elements, Frieze around Cella, impressive relief sculptures Marshals and Maidens of the East frieze - Showed humans become Gods and Gods becoming Human, understanding of anatomy, wet drapery

Bath Architecture (tepidarium, caldarium, frigidarium)

Caldarium - hot bath heated through the sun and through the floor (cauldron), had a cramped, crouched space underneath where workers stoked wood into the fires to warm the floor Tepidarium - lukewarm bath Frigidarium - cold bath when you arrive

The aqueduct

Carries lots of water and enabled Rome to be as big as it was. The aqueducts are an example of the Dynamic Functionalism. They were a super complex system and very well thought out with just the right amount of slope to ensure water flow It was a symbol of how peaceful the roman empire was because you can't have aqueducts during time of war as enemies can knock them over

Rome

City Emperor with lots of power that conquered surrounding areas and much of the known world. words words words

Know the meaning and use of Triumphal Arches and Triumphal Columns

Column of Trajan, Trimunphal arch of Constantine: to show victory

Engaged columns

Columns that are purely for aesthetic value--built into the walls and not actually functional

Titus

Conquered Jerusalem and made a arch about it, uses verism

Know the ways in which the Roman Republic projected its attributes through its art

Cowlic (referenced Alexander the Great),, Etruscan and Greek influences in their art show that they are powerful and focused on war (?), Aqueducts, roads (greater than nature), Narrative art because they were less focused on art and science, and more focused on showing their power verism (showed they were among the people not above them) and small household portraits, not idealizing a single leader, showing that wisdom and experience are more important than godly lineage.

Gauls

Dying Gaul image, see below Enemies of the Greeks Made to look heroic to make the Greeks better

Etruscan Funerary art - Know the elements of Early and Late Etruscan sarcophagi. What are the basic elements of Etruscan Tomb decoration, both in fresco and relief?

Early art: Very happy, jubilant, Late art: Lols we are doomed, if you don't believe us go and read the sheep liver. Sarcophaguses became consoling, the people portrayed got older and more concerned Sarcophagus of a married couple: contains cremated remains, bodies are twisted unrealistically, showed women could have titles, "archaic" smiles, man and woman enjoying the afterlife together Sarcophagus of Lars Pulena: life sized, not idealized, shows him celebrating the positions he held because he is pessimistic for his afterlife (his head is being crushed by demons on one side of his sarcophagus) Tomb of the reliefs held tons of items carved into the stone even though the remains were cremated

Apotheosis

Elevation of someone to divine status Only done after their death, symbolized occasionally by being barefoot

Trajan

Expands the empire to its greatest extent/size Brought stability - tax revenue, welfare Built lots of things - bridges and monuments Forum Romanum Conquered the Dacians

Verism

Extreme naturalism or realism Focused on upholding the values of the society instead of propping up individuals

Pompeii

Famously buried Rome town, has examples of all roman art, including bath, amphitheaters, and Romen villas.

Tellus

Female representation of peace and earth, inside of a relief sculpture made during the Pax Romana Earth Goddess

Know the importance of Etruscan metalworking. What do they tell us about their society?

Fibula - shows that sometimes small things can be important like big things. See terms below Payed attention to detail While they didn't make great marble structures, and they imported lots of greek stuff, but they REALLY REALLY KNEW THEIR METAL

Julius Caesar

First dictator of Rome, overthrew the triumvirate, ruled until assassinated A populares Elected Consul Conquest in Gaul Crosses the Rubicon - "The Die is Cast" Declares himself as the "Dictator for life" (Dictator Perpetuus) Key transitional figure from the Republic to Empire Deified by the Senate Caesar synonymous with Czar, Kaiser

Republic

Form of democracy where the people have representatives. In Rome, they were ruled by a republic that was greater than the individuals. "The rule of many" — Lots of people have power and art focuses on presenting ideals of the republic

Darius and Issus

(also called "alexander the great conquers darius iii at battle of issus) Battle of Issus - penultimate battle in battle of Darius III vs Alexander the Great (In the art piece) Darius depicted in fear, Alexander was shown as young and dashing - wide eyes representing the height of the action Leaping into action with very little armour because he b cra-cra. Horse butt by Darius' face

Octavian

Grand nephew of Caesar, from Gaius Octavianus to Augustus Defeated Cleopatra and Marc Antony Battle of Actium Emperor Augustus as Pontifex Maximus - depicted as acting as priest He had a calic in the front of his hair to show a connection to alexander the great

Hadrian & his Villa

Hadrian was his own architecture for much of his stuff, made lots of pumpkin domes Bedroom with moat

Marcus Agrippa

He built a pantheon and later Hadrian built a new pantheon on top of it and dedicated the new pantheon to Agrippa. Do we need to know anything about the village of agrippa?

Hadrianic Architecture - How is the architecture of Hadrian the pinnacle of Roman Architecture?

He built the pantheon and his great villa with the pond for his dead lover

Art of Constantine - How is he a throwback to the Emperors of the past? How is he a talisman of the future?

He still puts himself up. He still is the emperor and behaves like one. He still uses art as propaganda to promote his power. He steals things from the other arches. The level of skill has fallen. Shows victory of the battle of

Mausolus

He was a ruler

Know the importance of Alexander the Great and his connections to and use of art.

He was really good at utilizing propaganda Dashing, long (leonine) hair, cowlick, eyes always looking up, eternal youth Took on aspects of Zeus, Ammon, Athena Claimed to be descended of Hercules, Zeus, and Achilles. Also somehow a lion. People connect their images to him in later periods with the cowlick (called an anastole)

Virgil

He wrote Aeneid. the Aeneid talked about how the Romans left art to the cultures the conquered and just focus on army strength and such Part of Rome's Golden Age

In which ways is the sculpture and architecture of the Hellenistic Period a break away from the Classical Greek Style and Late Classical Style?

Hellenistic: wild hair, theatrical and overdramatic (Dying Gaul), questioning real and ideal, began portraying the old and the young, women, and emotion (Old Market Woman, Seated Boxer) Broke away from rules of classical design with architecture Temple of Apollo had no roof and had a smaller temple within it What else changed with Hellenistic Architectures? Ionic columns. Front and back entrances to the temples (common for all Greek temples). Review temple layout

The Golden House

His palace was very very excessive, he had his own pleasure pool where people would throw rose petals at him, he had an 80 foot nude sculpture representing him as the sun god Nero's excessively fancy house that everybody hated

Stoicism

I cannot control what happens out there, the only thing I can control is my reaction to it

The menorah

In the Triumphal Arch of Titus, it shows them bringing the menorah and the table they stole from the Jerusalem temple Very important and recognizable sacred piece of Jerusalem

Dome

Indicates Roman architecture, uses the concepts of the arch (360 degrees)

Keystone & Voussoirs

Keystone - the center top piece of the arch Voussoirs - The tapered/wedge shaped stones on the sides of the keystones

The Greek Tragedy

Kind of acting, form of drama. Genre of tragedies. Plays in the amphitheaters Age of Sophocles, Aeschylus, Euripides

Attalos I

King over Pergamunese Baroque era, Ruler

Pergamum

Kingdom, Athena attacking Giants (from Pergamon) Located from Pergamon Altar Hellinistic emblems: lots of painful emotions, anguish of a mother wild and curly hair, very theatrical (super dramatic) Design elements help it be theatrical, including lots of diagonals and drapery, it's not wet drapery anymore you understand what they feel like Connects with the audience as a human

Socrates

Known to be ugly, executed for corrupting youth (drank poison), sculpture emphasizes thought Famous Philosopher

Oculus

Large circle at the top of the dome, gives illusion of the sun crossing inside

Halicarnassus

Location of the Mausoleum The Mausoleum was the large stately building

Marc Anthony & Cleopatra

Lovers that ruled over Egypt as part of the Roman empire, lost a war and comitted suicide

Plebeians & Patricians

Plebeians were the ordinary lower class citizens of the roman republic. Patricians were the upper class of the roman republic, they had more power. Patricians had portraits in their houses of older ancestors. Wax death masks paraded through the streets after their death

Dacia

Province of the Roman Empire

Ptolemy

Ptolemy XIII Co Ruler in Egypt with Cleopatra (her younger bro) Example of how they used royal portraits to connect to the people, not be an exact likeness

Apelles

Renowned painter, painted supposed did the mosaic of Darius at the Battle of Issus

In which ways is art used to support a Republic and/or an Empire

Republic - propaganda, uphold ideals and virtues Empire - propaganda, uphold the emperor as god, Marcus Aurelius (he can control the horse that is bigger than him, therefore he can control the empire), art focuses on lifting up the one rather than a group

Pompey

Roman general and statesman Member of the first Triumvirate Portrait shows verism - even fatter and plumper because he is richer Shows cowlick - implies Alexander

Sulla

Roman general, consul, and dictator of Roe Social Wars

Toga

Roman outfit, could be accessorized for meaning. (Kids and trim, royals could have fancy colors)

Oligarchy

Rule of the Few - elected positions

Triumvirate

Rule of three people, originally Gaius Julius Caesar, Marcus Licinius Crassus, and Gnaeus Pompey

Corinthian Order

SUPS fancy swirly swirlies, resembles plants. Adopted and used mostly by Romans

Battle of Actium

Showdown between Octavian and Anthony

Dynamic functionalism

Skill and precision - Innovation Engineering and an understanding of materials Romans made things that not only were super helpful but beautiful

Phalanx

Soldiers in ranks with 30 foot long spears, drilled them so much they could stay in rank even in rivers: Lead to the end of the Polis

Alexander the Great

Son of Philip II, conquers world by 25, dies at 31, tutored by Aristotle, Founding of Alexandria, Cowlick on the front of his head

Art of the Tetrarchy - What is its basic message? How is it unique?

Supporting up the system, equality of the four rulers, they don't care about getting the proportions right, they just care about getting the message across, they are shown exactly the same and connected They are all holding their swords showing that they are unison but will come against you if you go against the system.

Erechtheion

Temple that housed the Cult Statue of Athena Ionic, house of the peplos Kore (weeping women) Porch of the Maidens (Caryatid Porch) - contrapposto, individualised features, Kallikrates, Temple of Athena Nike - Nike, god of victory, amphiprostyle, ionic, Nike adjusting her sandal - shows drapery and a god doing a mundane, earthly task very gracefully (gods being brought to the level of men, men being brought to the level of gods)

The Roman Forum & the Sacred Way

The Forum is the center of civic life (the public square), only for pedestrian traffic. Via Sacra (The Sacred Way) The Sacred Way led to the Roman Forum and the Arch of Titus was on it. Pathway that Titus took after conquering Jerusalem. Main and widest street road in Rome, leading into the Republican Forum

Etruscans and Romans - How does the art of the Etruscans change with the annexation and conquest of the Etruscan city-states?

The Romans blended the Etruscan art into theirs, think of the Orator which was technically made by the Etruscans but is also Roman. Orator: Face: Roman, Stance: Greek, Writing: Etruscan art becomes much more grim. The view of the afterlife changes from a positive one (see Tomb of Hunting and Fishing) to a negative one (see Sarcophagus of Lars Pulena)

Herculaneum

The city covered and preserved by the eruption of Mt Vesuvius It was wealthier than Pompeii

Imperial Art - What is its message and its aims? Know Augustus, his history, and his deft use of art and architecture as propaganda

The goal of Imperial art is to solidify the rule of one person by making the Emperor look like a perfect and godly human who is meant to rule, establish a visual presence throughout the empire, and discourage insurrection by making the emperor look very powerful Find any work that he commissioned and ask yourself, "how does this make Augustus look good?" and that's your answer. For example, in the Ara Pacis statue he shows himself as being very devout and as the head of religious worship. In the Prima Porta statue he looks super strong, shows his connection to the gods, and displays important battles that he won. Idealized, Ex - Emperor Augustus as Pontifex Maximus - depicted as acting as priest, he had a calic in the front of his hair to show a connection to alexander the great Ara Pacis Augustae (Altar of Augustan Peace) - everything is about prosperity, used the Tellas to promote fertility Horologium Augusti - Obelisk from Egypt stolen to create a sundial pointing to Augustus Prima Porta Augustus Shown with cupid to show divine bloodline, dolphin is a symbol of venus Holds up weight bearing leg Youthful, idealized, allusion to Alexander the Great (calic), health is a measure of wealth Depicted in extensive, elaborate armor of a general Depicted with drapery as a symbol of his authority Hand points upward to the heavens - he sees himself as a living god and is deified, pointing addressing to troops He has bare feet - barefoot implies that he has become a god - shows that this was made after he died Looks like Doryphoros - showing Augustus is perfect and the measure of all things Breastplate Sky god Caelus Sol in his Chariot Return of the Standards from the Battle of Carrhae to Tiberius (loss of Crassus and 20000+ Roman Soldiers) (or Augustus' victory over the Parthians in 20 BC) Apollo, Arttemis, Aurora Earth goddess Tessus with two children (Romulus and Remus) and cornucopia in her hand - represents his fertility/posterity Crazy detailed

Amphiprostyle

The style of Greek building in which the colonnade was placed across both the front and back, but not along the sides

Fasces

The symbol of power, bundle of sticks with an axe. The sticks symbolize holding lots of things together, while the ax represents punishment and ability to kill - symbol of republic

Romulus

The twin of Remes, Romulus founded Rome (first king)

Parts of a Greek theater (orchestra, proscenium, skene, theatron)

Theatron: Semicircular seating (could seat 12000 people) Orchestra: Center Proscenium: What precedes the stage Skene: (scene, scenery) The stage

Etruscan Temple - know the basic components and decoration.

They had terracotta statues on the roof, porch columns, only one entry point rather than a stereobate, they were painted in bright colors (Greeks felt that their architecture and art was inferior to them) Podium lead to the temple and was the only thing made of stone. Everything else was wood. Three cells at the back

Fall of Jerusalem

They were finally annoying enough for Rome to totally sack Riches were carried away, lots of bloodshed

In which ways does a discussion of Etruscan Art and Architecture revolve around the notions of originality and conventionality

They weren't a nation they were connected by culture and geography Had their own order Tuscan order, had statues on the roofs, no central cella (and generally three cella), columns only on the porch, only on entry point, they used terra cotta, not focused on proportions or ideals Blending Greek art with their own styles and materials. Emphasis on the story/meaning, not on the perfect representation of things. Emphasizing mysticism (reading sheep livers to learn about the future, etc). Blends functionality with spirituality: decorating tomb with objects needed for afterlife.

Basilica

Three story building with a center and aisles, becomes the basis of the Christian church, long as a football field

Vesuvius

Volcano that exploded and covered a rich town, most people escaped but some people were found by the harbors Natural disasters do not discriminate - both rich and poor were killed Preserved much of the city

Concrete (& its parts)

Aggregate (stone, tufa...), water, sand and Lime (ground limestone) They knew how to use concrete very well--there are still no cracks in their works They used concrete and brick as the bones of their architecture and used Greek marble to decorate the outside

Centaurs

Also on pediment, half horse, barbaric power Battle of the Greeks (Lapiths) vs the centaurs (embodiment of the savage - Persians)

Know the innovations of Roman Architecture

Arches Arch and barrel vault Groin vault Dome Brick and concrete Most use of the Corinthian order

Arch

Architectural element that disperses weight. The Romans did not create the arch but were the first to realize its potential

Cameos

Art pieces The Julio-Claudian Family: The new empire line after caesar//augustus Depicted on the North Frieze of the Ara Pacis Augustae (Altar of Augustan Peace)

Mosaic

Artwork made of several really small pieces individually placed

Pontifex Maximus

head of the principal college of priests. Augustus held this title

Imperial Portraiture - How does it differ from Emperor to Emperor (Augustus to Vespasian to Caracalla to the Soldier Emperors of the 3rd Century)? Know its various guises - equestrian, general, religious, etc

Augustus was depicted as youthful and idealized (a never aging god), while Vespasian was more focused on verism, he was simpler and wanted to show everyone he was for the people rather than above the people as Nero was. Caracalla's face shows ferocity, he wants to be feared rather than adored. The soldiers were depicted in verism, but nervousness was expressed in their faces because they knew they would be killed on the throne, they also did not focus on perfect bodily proportions (wrestler type body to show brute force). Equestrian - Marcus Aurelius showed on a horse so he could be depicted as controlling something larger than him, therefore he could control an empire. K General - Religious - Augustus was depicted as a priest, they were god-like

Vitruvius

Author, artitecture, civil engineer, part of Rome's Golden Age

Phillip II & Macedonia

Barbarians, mountain men Phillip II - very talented and ambitious, conquers the Greek city states The Phalanx

Vault (three different types)

Barrel vaults — extended arches like a tunnel Annular — barrel vault in the shape of a ring, instead of a straight line Groin — intersecting barrel vaults that lead to large open spaces

Athena Polias

the temple that the Porch of the Maidens is attached to

In which ways is the sculpture and architecture of the Late Classical Period a break away from the Classical Greek Style?

Began questioning real and ideal Focused more on the real world, humanized deities, brought people up to god's level (Aphrodite bathing, weary Hercules, athletes: The Scraper) The scraper is an example of being more engaged with the viewer Corinthian capital, broke monopoly of Doric and Ionic Orders (Late Classical)

Sparta

Bellicose Greek City-State, less art more murder

Lictors

Bodyguards who carried bundles of Fasces - symbol of Republic

What were their primary contributions

Brick and concrete, arches (mastered them)

Exedra

A room with a bench or seat where people converse A room for hanging out, generally found in gymnasium or homes

- Know the basic elements of the Four Pompeian Styles of fresco wall decoration

1 - Incrustation (Republic) House of Sallust - painting looks like marble or stone Painting facade to save money (painting something to look like marble when it's not so as to look wealthier) 2 - Architectonic (Straddles Republic and Empire) Perception of seeing beyond (painting fantastical architecture or outside within your little wall) Villa of the Mysteries Stagelike depth, used in some sort of ritual (possibly for a woman to be prepared for her wedding--encountering gods along the way) Shows understanding of drapery, (fresco) painting and and has pompeian red 3 - Ornamental (Empirical) Completely decorative, fanciful style 4 - Intricate (Empirical) Has all three styles integrated Ixion Room of the House of the Vetii

Empire

More tyrannical, ruled by one generally, art focuses on lifting up the one, lots of land

Forum architecture - know the basic elements and purposes of the Forum and their basilica (nave, aisles, exedrae. . . )

Nave - first thing you encounter, flanked by the aisles (always come in even numbers) Apse - focal point - image of Constantine replaced by image of Christ or Mary or whoever the main figure was to remind them of their savior (the purpose of a church is to remind you of your Savior) Transept Exedrae

Nero

Neckbeard man Depicted fat on the coins - shows he is well off period of excess Performs in the olympics, a thespian Played fiddle while rome burned, blamed the Christians Severus and Celer, Domus Aurea (Golden House) of Nero The only part that survives is the concrete and brick of the dome Has an oculus (open circle in the ceiling for light to come through - they would rotate the ceiling and drop rose petals through) Nero commits suicide as they storm his palace - "what an artist dies in me"

Nerva & the Five Good Emperors

Nerva - adopts Trajan to be the next emperor, very old when elected so died after a short time Trajan - Spaniard, brought stability Hadrian - adopts Antoninus Pius, wears a beard, Hadrian's wall (Rome as everlasting and limitless virgil), LOVED Greek anything (Hadrian's Villa) Antoninus Pius - wears a beard like Hadrian, Descursio (floating ground artwork) Marcus Aurelius - Eyes are droopy, characteristic eyes, hair, longer beard--wanted to show that he was a philosopher he is stoic 90 Years of stability because they chose emperors based off of people who are already successful and have proved themselves (usually in the military)

Giants

On the East, Gala's children being fought on the pediment, slain by Athena/Greek gods

Amazons

On the west pediment, overcome by the Greeks. WARRIORS

Consul

One of the two annually elected chief magistrates who jointly ruled the republic

Plato & his cave

People in the cave only see the shadows, someone sees the truth, comes back but they don't understand. Age of thought and reason - how does this relate to art? Ideal vs. real

Pax Romana

Piece brought in by Augustus

What are the basic artistic and architectural elements of the Roman Coliseum? What is its message to the public?

shows that the new ruler (Vespasian) cared about the Roman people. Became a monument to the people instead of a monument to the ruler. Gained favor for Vespasian because it showed how different he was from Nero. Basic artistic and architectural elements - double amphitheater, built on the site of Nero's lake--Face of Nero was replaced with Vespasian's face, arches and engaged columns Base level - Tuscan, Second - Ionic, Third - Corinthian, Retractable roof system to protect from weather and heat