ASD Final

Match each Evidence-Based Practice with its definition. 1. Antecedent Based Intervention (ABI) 2. Discrete Trial Teaching (DTT) 3. Extinction 4. Naturalistic Intervention 5. Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) 6. Prompting 7. Reinforcement 8. Scripting 9. Self-Management 10. Social Narratives 11. Tasks Analysis 12. Visual Supports

1. Arrangement of events or circumstances that precede the occurrence of an interfering behavior, and designed to lead to the reduction of the behavior 2. Instructional process usually involving one teacher/service provider and one student/client and designed to teach appropriate behavior or skills. Instruction usually involves massed trials. Each trial consists of the teacher's instruction/ presentation, the child's response, a carefully planned consequence, and a pause prior to presenting the next instructio 3. Withdrawal or removal of reinforcers of interfering behavior in order to reduce the occurrence of that behavior. 4. Intervention strategies that occur within the typical setting/activities/routines in which the learner participates. Teachers/service providers establish the learner's interest in a learning event through arrangement of the setting/activity/routine, provide necessary support for the learner to engage in the targeted behavior, elaborate on the behavior when it occurs, and/or arrange natural consequences for the targeted behavior or skills. 5. Learners are initially taught to give a picture of a desired item to a communicative partner in exchange for the desired item. This intervention consists of six phases which are: (1) "how" to communicate, (2) distance and persistence, (3) picture discrimination, (4) sentence structure, (5) responsive requesting, and (6) commenting. 6. Verbal, gestural, or physical assistance given to learners to assist them in acquiring or engaging in a targeted behavior or skill. 7. An event, activity, or other circumstance occurring after a learner engages in a desired behavior that leads to the increased occurrence of the behavior in the future. 8. A verbal and/or written description about a specific skill or situation that serves as a model for the learner. 9. Instruction focusing on learners discriminating between appropriate and inappropriate behaviors, accurately monitoring and recording their own behaviors, and rewarding themselves for behaving appropriately. 10. Stories that describe social situations in some detail by highlighting relevant cues and offering examples of appropriate responding. Stories are individulized according to learner needs and typically are quite short, perhaps including pictures or other visual aids. 11. A process in which an activity or behavior is divided into small, manageable steps in order to assess and teach the skill. 12. Any visual display that supports the learner engaging in a desired behavior or skills independent of prompts. Examples include pictures, written words, objects within the environment, arrangement of the environment or visual boundaries, schedules, maps, labels, organization systems, and timelines.

Match each behavioral description with its corresponding thinking style characteristic. 1. Difficulty understanding words with multiple meanings such as "He's a hot headed man." 2. Difficulty understanding sequences and initiating and inhibiting behavior. 3. Noticing that there is a fuzz ball on the teachers black pants and following her around trying to pick it off. 4. Being potty trained at school but not at home

1. Concrete/literal thinking 2. Executive functioning 3. Attention to detail 4. Difficulty with generalization

Order the 6 required steps for developing a behavior intervention plan according to the chapter on Positive Behavior Supports by Cathy Pratt.

1. Define the behavior; write a description of a behavior that is measureable and observable 2. Gather behavioral Information; examine the relationship between the challenging behaviors and environmental factors. 3. Develop Hypothesis statement; develop a group of informed guesses about the underlying cause of a behavior. 4. Create a Behavioral support plan; a clearly written plan that defines how the environment will be altered and person will be taught an alternative response 5. Implement Intervention; utilize an instructional program that supports and teaches the person new skills. 6. Monitor Implementation and Outcomes; team observes to and tracks data to determine if there is a reduction in targeted behavior.

Match each evidence-based antecedent based intervention (ABI) with its corresponding example. 1. Environmental enrichment 2. Incorporating special interests 3. Errorless learning 4. Environmental modification of task demands

1. Teacher provides clear physical and visual boundaries in the classroom to help the students identify where they are supposed to be. 2. Teacher utilizes car shaped erasers to teach a student who loves cars to sort different objects 3. The teacher provides hand over hand instruction to teach a student to hand a bubble wand to request that she blow bubbles for him and ensure his success in communicating effectively. 4. A teacher allows a student with ASD who has difficulty writing, to highlight information in his text to respond to comprehension questions rather than write out his answers.

What are some of the limitations of punishment or exclusion within a school or other public setting?

A act of punishment procedures are simply a immediate response solution for a behavioral problem in a difficult situation. In other words it is a short term intervention or crisis management to avoid diverse behavior. They do not address long term systems of support and do not teach students ways of responding in stressful or difficult situations.

What is the purpose of preference assessment?

A preference assessment is a procedure that is done in order to help predict what kinds of consequences can be delivered to the leaner in a way that are likely to work as reinforcers. They also can help the test technician create a preference hierarchy. A preference hierarchy indicates a child's highly preferred items, moderately and low preferred items. Then these items can be used to reinforce appropriate behaviors in the child. To identify the reinforcers that are motivating to a child, so that one does not assume what is reinforcing/motivating and offer a reward that isn't effective in eliciting the desired behavior

Evidence for Evidence Based Practices comes from

All of the above

From the cultural/cognitive theoretical perspective, the goal of professionals is to

All of the above

Genetic studies have indicated

All of the above

It's important to monitor progress for each learning objective identified for a student with ASD in order to

All of the above

The advantage to using a curriculum based assessment according to your text is

All of the above

What screening tool(s) would be appropriate to administer to young children who may be suspected of having ASD?

All of the above

Who is known as the founder of the principles of Applied Behavior Analysis?

B.F. Skinner

What is the process that the educational team implements to identify the purpose of a problem behavior (e.g. running away, become aggressive, etc.)?

Functional Behavioral Analysis

The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) provides an educational definition of autism for children ages 3 - 21. Which of the following is/are included as criteria for an educational diagnosis of autism under IDEA.

Both A and B.

In the Refrigerator Mother's video, Dr. Robert Cole recognized that mothers were feeling overwhelmed and being judged when they sought medical support. What strategy did he identify as a critical element for professionals in working efffectively with families?

Collaborate with parents as they have an enormous amount to teach the professionals.

According to the chapter on Positive Behavior Supports by Cathy Pratt, which of the following would not be considered a strategy for structuring classroom environments and instruction in a positive and effective way?

Develop strict routines that are the same every day

According to the chapter on positive behavior supports by Cathy Pratt, punishment is an effective way to teach a student with autism a more appropriate way to behave.

False

According to the video, Loving Lampposts, use of secretin and specialized diets have been proven to cure autism.

False

According to your text, Facilitated Communication is an evidence-based practice

False

According to your text, although TEACCH strategies are widely utilized, there have been no scientific studies supporting their effectiveness at teaching new skills or increasing student engagement in learning.

False

According to your text, researchers agree that there is probably one ASD gene and that it has yet to be discovered.

False

According to your text, the prevalence of ASD is the same across the 50 states and the majority of developed countries.

False

Ami Klin, in the TED Talk video about detecting ASD in very young children with ASD, indicates that the main purpose of early detection is to provide early intervention to cure ASD.

False

In the article by Charman and Gotham (2013) about screening for and diagnosing ASD, the authors indicate that one of the main limitations of current screening instruments is that they are only useful for young children (ages 8 years and younger).

False

The narrator's purpose in creating the video, "Loving Lampposts" was to convince viewers of the importance of identifying ASD as a medical disorder and to motivate researchers and clinicians to identify and implement interventions to cure affected individuals.

False

A parent completes the M-CHAT, an ASD screening assessment, on their young child. The score from the M-CHAT indicates that the child has a high risk for autism but the child really does not have autism. This is an example of a/an ________________.

False Positive

Which of the following has been shown to be a protective factor in the cause of ASD (reduces risk of ASD)?

Folic acid

Outside of the United States, the primary diagnostic tool for ASD is

ICD 10

Mortality risks for individuals with ASD are 2.8 times higher than others who do not have the disorder. What are at least 2 reasons this may be so

One reason could be because of accidents that are a result of wandering into dangerous situations such as traffic or even drowning. Also another one such as health factors like seizures can also be a greater risk to those with ASD.

You are interested in using "social stories" to help a person with ASD you are interacting with better understand the expectations for a new procedure that they will be completing. You make the decision to use social stories or social narratives after reading the evidence based practice document from the National Professional Development Center on Autism. In this case, what type of "evidence" are you utilizing.

Research evidence

What are the three components of Evidence Based Practices and why is it important to consider all three when implementing a comprehensive educational/training program for individuals with ASD.?

Research evidence, professional experience, Personal Family Preferences and experiences. It is important to consider all three of these into an educational/ training program because one, research evidence gives the screener information to back up their reasoning behind their method of treatment and can help prove why it is helpful. Professional Evidence is important because it gets advice from professionals that work with children on the ASD scale on a daily basis, which makes them very good at what they do anf they can offer very helpful advice. Family refrences are important because it'll give you information that is specific just to that patient rather than comparing them to a lot of people, which can be inaccurate since everyone is different.

The DSM 5 criteria used for ASD include persistent deficits in these two areas:

Social Communication and restricted routines/behaviors

Identify the two assessment tools discussed in class that are considered a gold standard for diagnosing individuals with ASD. Identify how data is gathered for both.

The Autism Diagnostic Interview - Revised or the ADI-R and this is an instrument that is administered through a parent interview. The diagnostician interacts with the parent/s and asks a series of questions. The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule or the ADOS. This is an assessment that you administer directly to the person who is suspected of having autism.

All but which of the following are reasons why people "bought" the Refrigerator Mother's theory of ASD.

There was strong clinical evidence that it was true.

All but which of the following are antecedent focused evidence based practices discussed in the PPT for Module 5?

Token Economy

According to the DSM-5, individuals must have deficits in all three subcategories of social communication and social interaction and two of four subcategories of restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior in order to receive a diagnosis of ASD.

True

According to your text, activity schedules can be used to prevent prompt dependence and help students become more independent.

True

According to your text, stimulus control is achieved when the frequency of a response is altered concurrently with the presence of a discriminative stimulus.

True

Evidence suggests that ASD is something that someone is born with, not something that develops later in life.

True

If the M-CHAT was used to screen a group of young children for ASD, it would be considered to have good sensitivity if it accurately identified the children with ASD, and would also be considered to have good specificity if it excluded children who did not have ASD.

True

In ABA, reinforcement is the consequence that increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated in the future.

True

In the Lai et al. (2014) article, one suggestion for the higher number of males identified with ASD compared to females is that females might be under-recognized, and therefore under-diagnosed.

True

One of the main attention differences between people with and without ASD is that is it generally more difficult for people with ASD to fluidly engage and disengage their attention.

True

Research on the brain structure of children with ASD indicates that children with ASD have too many neuropathways (connections comprised of "white matter) which affect how efficiently the brain regions communicate with each other.

True

Structured Teaching is a social-cognitive-behavioral approach, meaning that it deals with observable behaviors and the learning environment systematically incorporates meaningful positive consequences for productive learning and acceptable behavior and places importance on increasing the individual's understanding of the world

True

The US Department of Education indicates that States, school districts, and school personnel must select and use methods that research has shown to be effective, to the extent that methods based on peer-reviewed research are available when addressing IEP goals/objectives.

True

All but which of the following are ASD specific Evidence-Based Practice resources.

US Department of Education, What Works Clearninghouse.

ASD is described as a problem with brain "connectivity". What does this mean? Be specific

When ASD is said to be a brain connectivity problem what it means is that the connections that are happening in someone with ASD's brain, it is atypical compared to a normal functioning person not diagnosed with ASD. All of the different regions of the brain are connected to one another and pretty much communicate with each other. It has been shown that in some regions of the brain there is an overconnection and in others there is an underconnection.

A visual schedule helps a person with ASD know

When they are going to participate in different activities.

There are robust and replicated findings about the difference in brain size between young children with and without ASD in the literature that document

children with ASD have accelerated brain growth in the first year of life when compared to children who do not have ASD.

According to your text, the definition of a screening is

a brief assessment aimed at identifying a child who may be at risk for developmental delays when compared to standard expectations for all children.

You are using the following visual support with a person with ASD. You are most likely using what Evidence Based Practice (discussed in your text)?

a token economy

You read about a randomized, controlled research trial that was conducted to determine the effectiveness of gluten and casein free diets for children with ASD in your text. The results of this study

indicated that there were no significant behavioral or medical differences in children who did and did not receive the gluten-free, casein-free diet on any measure

A teacher revisits and reteaches skills that she taught her students with ASD throughout the school year. This tells us that she is remembering to include a specific focus on ____________________ of skills for her students.

maintenance

An adult is teaching a child the brand new skill of tracing letters of his name. What type of prompt would result in the most accurate resonse on the part of the child initially?

physical prompt

Which of the following was not one of the 6 critical items identified by Stenberg and colleagues (as described in your module 4 lecture) as being one of the early signs of ASD?

unusual finger movements