assignment 3

Designing an observational study Many scientific studies of dietary health effects are observational. Compared to experimental studies, observational studies can extend over a longer time period, use a more representative population, and measure disease outcomes in addition to risk factors for disease.In an observational study, researchers enlist a study group, and use questionnaires and medical tests to quantify participants' health behaviors and status at the start of the study. One goal of that study was to measure the effect of dietary trans fats on cardiovascular health.

-Factor(s) that varied from the start of the study; smoking status (smoking vs. non-smoking)//percentage of different types of fats eaten//total food intake//activity level -Factor(s) kept consistent from the start of the study; sex of participant -Outcome(s) measured in the study number of non-fatal heart attacks//deaths from coronary heart disease

Scientific Thinking: How Can Scientists Assess the Health Risks of Trans Fats? One way that researchers study the effects of trans fats on people's health is by setting up controlled experiments.

-Hypothesis; trans fat have a negative effect on cardiovascular health -prediction; eating more trans fat will lead to greater cardiovascular health problems -Experiment; feed some people a diet high in trans fats and feed others a diet in a low trans fats -Data collection; take blood samples to measure fat and cholesterol levels in the two groups -practical limitation; are other lifestyles affecting cardiovascular health -ethical limitation; are we putting individuals' health at risk?

Scientific research has also explored societal impacts on diabetes. A 2014 study investigated the link between diabetes-related hospital visits and poverty in the United States. The researchers counted hospital admissions for low blood sugar in the state of California over an 8-year period. Patients were categorized by economic status as either "low income" or "high income." The data are shown in the graph.

-Most low-income people benefit from food assistance that arrives at the beginning of the month. They may therefore eat healthier at the beginning of the month but eat worse as the month progresses. -Most high-income people are eating well throughout the month.

Mutation

-cause by environmental factors - when involving a single nucleotide change -when involving multiple nucleotides -defined as changes in the sequence of DNA

Drag one structure of tissue label, one function of tissue label, and one tissue type label to each bin. Can you match these structures, functions, and examples with the appropriate type of animal tissue?

-epithelial tissue: function of tissue: lines organs and body cavities; functions in protection, absorption, and exchange// tissue type: epidermis of skin// structure of tissue: sheet of tightly packed cells; one or several cell layers thick -connective tissue; structure of tissue: sparse population of cells in an extracellular matrix// function of tissue: binds and supports other tissues// tissue type: bone -muscle tissue; structure of tissue: cells called fibers containing contractile proteins// function of tissue: moves body part// tissue type: skeletal, smooth or cardiac// -nervous tissue; tissue type: brain and spinal cord// function of tissue: senses stimuli and transmits signals throughout body// structure of tissue: neurons with branching extensions//

One genetic engineering application that relies on transgenic organisms is the production of large quantities of a desired protein, such as the human insulin protein. This process involves the use of restriction enzymes that act like molecular scissors to cut out the gene of interest. Another enzyme called ligase "glues" the gene into the target DNA. what are the steps of transgenic process ? 1 to 5

1) cut out the insulin gene using restriction enzyme. cut the bacterial plasmid with the same restriction enzyme 2) ligase paste the insulin gene into the bacterial plasmid. 3) the recombinant plasmid containing the insulin gene is taken up by a bacterium 4) the bacterium multiplies, producing many bacterial cells that make the insulin protein. 5) human insulin is isolated from transgenic bacteria.

Interpreting data The table below shows the data collected from the 80,082 women who were part of the Nurses Health observational study of dietary fats from 1980 to 1994. Can you interpret the data and draw any conclusions from the study =A relative risk (RR) of 1 means that there is no difference in risk of coronary heart disease when compared to an equivalent intake of carbohydrates. RR of less than 1 means there is a decreased risk; RR of greater than 1 means there is a greater risk

1. A relative risk (RR) of 1 means the risk of heart disease is the same compared to an equivalent intake of carbohydrates. 2. An RR greater than 1 means the risk of heart disease is higher compared to an equivalent intake of carbohydrates. 3. An RR less than 1 means the risk of heart disease is lower compared to an equivalent intake of carbohydrates. 4. The RR for monounsaturated fat is 0.81, suggesting that increasing intake of this type of fat by 5% decreases the risk of heart disease. 5. The RR for polyunsaturated fat is the lowest among the fats tested, suggesting that these fats are most beneficial for cardiovascular health. 6. The RR for saturated fat is 1.17. For each 5% increase in energy consumed in this form of fat, there is a 17% increase in heart disease risk. 7. The RR of trans fat is the highest among the types of fats tested, suggesting that these fats pose the greatest health risk. 8. For each increase of 2% in energy from trans fats, there is a 93% increased risk of heart disease.

In this activity, you will place the key events of gas exchange in the correct sequence. Drag each label to the appropriate location on the flowchart.

1. Breathing moves air in and out of the lungs. 2. Oxygen diffuses from alveoli in the lungs into capillaries. 3. Oxygen enters red blood cells, where it binds to the protein hemoglobin. 4. Oxygen diffuses from the blood to the body's tissues, and carbon dioxide diffuses from the tissues to the blood. 5. Carbon dioxide leaves the body when exhale.

The food you eat is processed during cellular respiration to produce stored chemical energy in the form of __________, __________, and __________ as by-products.

ATP; CO2; water reasons;ATP molecules store the energy harvested from food; CO2 and water are by-products of cellular respiration.

Imagine that you have been employed as a technical consultant for a new television program in which the main character is a doctor who works with anabolic steroids. The writers have asked you for a short description to provide them with background about this class of drugs. How would you best describe them?

Anabolic steroids are synthetic versions of the male sex hormone testosterone. They can increase muscle mass and strength, but they also have dangerous side effects and are illegal without a prescription.

What is the difference between anatomy and physiology?

Anatomy is the study of the body's structures; physiology is the study of how the body's structures function.

Which experiment would best determine if low income level (an indirect measure of food security) indeed causes trips to the hospital for low blood sugar? The results from the 2014 study on diabetes showed that a correlation exists between income level and hospital visits due to low blood sugar, but they do not prove causation.

As an experimental group, give low-income people extra income so that they can eat well throughout the month. The control group would be low-income people without extra income. Measure the number of hospital visits for low blood sugar over several months.

Animal bodies are able to maintain relatively constant internal conditions, even when the external environment changes. From what you learned in the video, how does blood glucose level change (or not change) in a non-diabetic human?

Blood glucose level hovers within a narrow range.

Similar to the regulation of body temperature, blood glucose level regulation in humans involves the process of negative feedback. Drag the labels to show how blood glucose level is maintained within a narrow range.

Blood glucose level increase above normal>the pancreas release insulin, which causes glucose to enter body cells>blood glucose level decrease Blood glucose level decrease below normal> the pancreas releases glucagon which stimulates the liver to release glucose into the blood>blood glucose level increases

Similar to the regulation of blood glucose level, blood volume regulation in animals involves the process of negative feedback. Drag the labels to show how blood volume is maintained within a narrow range.

Blood volume increases above normal>kidney increases urine production, reducing the volume of the water in the blood>blood volume decreases Blood volume decreases below normal level>kidney decrease urine production, increases the volume of the water in the blood>blood volume increases

--is a long linear polymer found in the nucleus of a cell, shaped like a double helix, and associated with the transmission of genetic information.

DNA

How does HIV infection weaken the immune system?

HIV destroys helper T cells reason;HIV kills helper T cells; these cells are central to proper functioning of the immune system.

What kinds of molecules can be used as metabolic fuel to produce ATP?

Sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids

If researchers were investigating obesity levels in these two communities, what do you think their hypothesis would be?For example, poor eating habits and lack of exercise have been linked to obesity. Suppose you are looking at two communities:In community A, there is a high density of fast food restaurants and a low density of sidewalks.In community B, the opposite is true. There is a low density of fast food restaurants and a high density of sidewalks.

There is a higher level of obesity in community A

Can you complete this concept map about the structures and functions of the circulatory system? Drag the labels to their appropriate locations on this concept map.

a) cardiovascular system b) blood c) heart d) arteries e) capillaries f) veins g) body tissue h) double circulation

Can you label this diagram of a human heart? Drag the labels to their appropriate locations on the diagram.Drag labels of Group 1 to trace the flow of oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood.Drag labels of Group 2 to identify the heart chambers.

a) oxygen-rich blood to body b) right atrium c) oxygen-poor blood to lungs d) left atrium e) oxygen-rich blood from lungs f) oxygen-poor blood from the body g) right ventricle h) left ventricle

--describes a set of defenses that is customized to each infectious agent, providing a stronger response when an agent has been encountered before.

adaptive immunity

include cancer-causing factors called

carcinogens

Thinking about the biological levels of organization contributes to our understanding of anatomy and physiology. Rank the items from the simplest unit of organization to the most complex unit of organization.

cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

The--system is a set of proteins that circulate in the blood, stimulating other defenses to help destroy an invader.

complement

Compact, complex animals have specialized internal-- that provide a large surface area.

exchange surfaces

--defenses are always at the ready and are the same whether a particular infectious agent has been encountered before or not.

external

what are mutation when involving multiple nucleotides

frameshift mutation which include insertions and deletion

Within each red blood cell, the molecule-- is a protein that binds oxygen.

hemoglobin

--is the regulation of internal conditions within a range that supports life's processes.

homeostasis

A--system is a collection of cells and organs that protect an organism's body from agents that can cause disease.

immune

The protective covering of the body is called the--

integumentary system

point of mutation that changes one amino acid to another

missense mutation

caused by environmental factors called

mutagen

defined as changes in the sequence of dna

mutation

when involving a single nucleotide change

mutation to point mutation

Most of the control mechanisms that maintain an internal steady state are based on-- , in which a change in a variable triggers mechanisms that reverse that change

negative feedback

point of mutation that changes an amino acid to a stop codon

nonsense mutation

Each spring, high school students, college interns, and retirees count and weigh tiny glass eels in streams that feed into the Hudson River. They report their observations to the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Hudson River Estuary Program and the National Estuarine Research Reserve System, who depend on volunteers to help build a database of information about glass eels. The observations that these volunteers make would best be described as __________

observational studies reasons;Observational studies involve the analysis of observations with the goal of uncovering patterns or correlations.

A stomach is an example of which level of organization?

organ

are groups of several organs that work together to perform the functions of the

organ system

--are usually composed of several types of tissues that together perform a specific task.

organs

A--is an agent in the environment that has the potential to cause disease.

pathogen

--describes the process of engulfing and destroying a foreign particle.

phagocytosis

The liquid portion of your blood is called

plasma

--are cell fragments involved in the process of blood clotting.

platelets

A--is made up of hundreds or thousands of smaller units called amino acids, attached to one another in long chains.

protein

During digestion, __________ are broken down into __________ through __________ reactions.

proteins; amino acids; hydrolysis

Erythrocytes, also called-- , are packed with hemoglobin and transport oxygen to body tissues.

red blood cells

A--serves as the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm.

ribosome

The principal role of-- is to act as a messenger carrying instructions from DNA out of the nucleus for the synthesis of proteins.

rna

point of mutation that does not change an amino acid

silent mutation

--are a group of cells with a common structure and function.

tissue

is the first step of gene expression, during which a particular segment of DNA is converted into RNA.

transcription

What do you call an organism that has been genetically engineered to contain a gene from a different species?

transgenic

--is the process in which mRNA codons are converted into an amino acid sequence.

translation

Leukocytes, also called-- , function in fighting infections.

white blood cells