Assignment 8

A new arrow labeled "lengthens" could be added between __________. "primers" → "DNA strands" "target DNA" → "primers" "target DNA" → "DNA strands" "Taq polymerase" → "primers"

"Taq polymerase" → "primers"

What provides the energy for DNA polymerization in a PCR reaction? Template DNA Deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates DNA polymerase Primers

Deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates

A source of heat-stable DNA polymerase is Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Bacillus thuringiensis. Pseudomonas. Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Thermus aquaticus.

Thermus aquaticus.

Which of the following places the steps in the PCR procedure in the correct order? 1) Incubate at 94°C to denature DNA strands; 2) Incubate at 72°C for DNA synthesis; 3) Incubate at 60°C for primer hybridization. 3, 2, 1 1, 2, 3 1, 3, 2 2; 1; 3 3; 1; 2

1, 3, 2 1) Incubate at 94°C to denature DNA strands; 3) Incubate at 60°C for primer hybridization. 2) Incubate at 72°C for DNA synthesis;

In which direction does DNA polymerase synthesize the new DNA strand? 5' to 3' Both 5' to 3' and 3' to 5' 3' to 5'

5' to 3'

What is the temperature used for the extension step? 72 °C 94 °C 60 °C

72 °C

What is the sequence of the temperatures of a typical PCR reaction? 94 °C, 60 °C, 72 °C 72 °C, 60 °C, 94 °C 60 °C, 72 °C, 94 °C 72 °C, 94 °C, 60 °C 94 °C, 72 °C, 60 °C

94 °C, 60 °C, 72 °C

The Pap test for cervical cancer involves microscopic examination of cervical cells for cancerous cells. A new, rapid diagnostic test to detect human papilloma virus (HPV) DNA before cancer develops is done without microscopic exam. The steps involved in this FastHPV test are listed below. What is the second step? Add an RNA probe for HPV DNA. Lyse human cells. Add enzyme-linked antibodies against DNA-RNA. Add enzyme substrate. The order is unimportant.

Add an RNA probe for HPV DNA.

Which of the following best describes how recombinant DNA technology currently helps patients who do NOT produce adequate amounts of growth hormone (hGH)—a condition that otherwise leads to stunted growth? Bacteria now produce rDNA coding for hGH. Recombinant vectors now produce hGH. Bacteria now produce hGH. Recombinant vectors are used to stimulate hGH production in these patients.

Bacteria now produce hGH.

Which of the following best describes why a vector is used in genetic modification procedures? The clone must be able to produce proteins from the rDNA containing the gene of interest. The vector ensures that the clone remains pure. Cells usually won't copy an isolated gene sequence. The gene of interest must be isolated from adjacent genes.

Cells usually won't copy an isolated gene sequence.

Which of the following methods could be used to identify the source of an outbreak? reverse genetics production of a recombinant protein DNA fingerprinting artificial selection

DNA fingerprinting

Which of the following attaches the target gene to a desired location? Chromosomal DNA Restriction enzymes DNA ligase Plasmids

DNA ligase

Which enzyme would cut this strand of DNA? GCATGGATCCCAATGC Enzyme Recognition Pst ICTGCG GACGTC Enzyme Recognition HaeIII GGCC CCGG Enzyme Recognition EcoRI GAATTC CTTAAG Enzyme Recognition HindIII AAGCTT TTCGAA Enzyme Recognition BamHI GGATCC CCCTAGG

Enzyme Recognition BamHI GGATCC CCCTAGG

Nearly all cells, including E. coli and yeast, naturally take up DNA from their surroundings without chemical treatment. True False

False

The term biotechnology refers exclusively to the use of genetically engineered organisms for the production of desired products. True False

False

Bt crops, including potatoes and cotton, are genetically engineered using laboratory techniques. Which of the following utilizes recombinant DNA technology to produce advantageous traits in the crops that are produced? Genetically engineered crops have natural characteristics that give them a genetic advantage. Genetically engineered crops have a genetic advantage because the parent strains have advantageous traits. Genetically engineered crops have an advantageous gene from another organism inserted into their genome. Genetically engineered crops naturally produce larger plants and bountiful products.

Genetically engineered crops have an advantageous gene from another organism inserted into their genome.

Bt crops are engineered in the lab to produce Bt toxins due to the presence of a bacterial gene from B. thuringiensis. Why is it advantageous for the plants to produce the Bt toxin? The Bt toxin will protect the plant from pathogenic bacteria. The plant will release chemicals that will repel all nearby insects. People who eat the food produced by a Bt crop will be resistant to bacterial infections. Insects that normally destroy non-toxin-producing crops will be killed when they eat plants that do produce the toxin.

Insects that normally destroy non-toxin-producing crops will be killed when they eat plants that do produce the toxin.

Why would a recombinant DNA molecule be inserted into a host cell? It can protect the recombinant DNA. Restriction enzymes can only be used inside of a cell. Plasmids cannot be isolated outside of a host cell. It can be copied, transcribed, and translated into a desired protein.

It can be copied, transcribed, and translated into a desired protein.

Why is DNA polymerase from Thermus aquaticus ideal for PCR? It does not require primers. It does not require energy to polymerize DNA. It can withstand the high temperatures associated with PCR. It can synthesize DNA 5' to 3' and 3' to 5'.

It can withstand the high temperatures associated with PCR.

Which of the following is an advantage of using E. coli to make a human gene product? Endotoxin may be in the product. It does not secrete most proteins. Endotoxin may be in the product and it does not secrete most proteins. Its genes are well known. It cannot process introns.

Its genes are well known.

Recombinant DNA techniques typically involve generating a clone. Why? Recombining the clone produces the recombinant DNA. A clone is used to get the gene of interest into a suitable cell. A clone is generated when a cell takes up the vector. Producing a clone generates many copies of the gene of interest.

Producing a clone generates many copies of the gene of interest

Which of the following is an application that uses PCR? Sequencing a gene, diagnosing a disease, and providing enough DNA for cloning into another organism Diagnosing a disease Providing enough DNA for cloning into another organism Sequencing a gene

Sequencing a gene, diagnosing a disease, and providing enough DNA for cloning into another organism

Which of the following best explains how scientists are able to introduce the bacterial gene for Bt toxin into the cotton plant genome? The bacterial gene for Bt toxin is isolated, and the DNA is put into tiny bullets (like BB's) that are "shot" into the cotton plant using a gene gun. The Bt toxin gene is isolated and inserted into a Ti plasmid from Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The engineered Ti plasmid is taken up by a bacterium that infects the cotton plant. A virus is engineered to contain the Bt toxin gene. This virus is then used to infect the plant and pass on the gene. The Bt toxin gene is added to water that is sprayed on the cotton plants. The gene is taken up through the roots of the plant.

The Bt toxin gene is isolated and inserted into a Ti plasmid from Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The engineered Ti plasmid is taken up by a bacterium that infects the cotton plant.

How do the strands separate during PCR? The DNA polymerase breaks the hydrogen bonds between the two strands. The cycling of the temperatures breaks the hydrogen bonds between the two strands. The primers separate the strands during the annealing step. The high heat of the denaturation step breaks the hydrogen bonds between the two strands.

The high heat of the denaturation step breaks the hydrogen bonds between the two strands.

What is a thermocycler? The name for the DNA primers used in a PCR reaction The process of cycling through the different temperatures of a PCR reaction 30 times The machine that controls the heat of the reaction, cycling between the different temperatures of the different steps during PCR The special DNA polymerase, used in a PCR reaction, that can tolerate the high temperatures

The machine that controls the heat of the reaction, cycling between the different temperatures of the different steps during PCR

Which statement best describes restriction enzymes? They can cut only circular plasmid DNA. They are necessary for the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to occur. They randomly cut DNA molecules to generate numerous fragments. They are important for cloning applications because they can be used to cut DNA at specific nucleotide sequences.

They are important for cloning applications because they can be used to cut DNA at specific nucleotide sequences.

1)How do restriction enzymes cut DNA sequences? A) They have the ability to cut DNA randomly. B).They cut DNA at sequences that have lots of adenine bases. C). They cut DNA at sites, called recognition sites, that have specific nucleotide sequences.

They cut DNA at sites, called recognition sites, that have specific nucleotide sequences.

What is the function of the primers in PCR? They polymerize free nucleotides to form the new DNA strands. They provide energy for the DNA polymerization reactions. They provide a 3' end for the DNA polymerase. They are the monomer building blocks from which the DNA strand is synthesized.

They provide a 3' end for the DNA polymerase.

2)In general, how might recombinant DNA technology be used to prevent a genetic disorder caused by a mutation in a single gene? To replace a defective gene with a working gene To insert a desirable gene To insert a desirable gene, remove an undesirable gene, or replace a defective gene with a functioning gene To remove an undesirable gene

To insert a desirable gene, remove an undesirable gene, or replace a defective gene with a functioning gene

What is the end goal of PCR? To increase the pool of different DNA sequences To quickly increase the number of copies of a specific DNA sequence To allow cells to make DNA faster, thereby growing faster

To quickly increase the number of copies of a specific DNA sequence

A shuttle vector is a plasmid that is used to move pieces of DNA among organisms, such as bacterial, fungal, and plant cells. True False

True

Bioinformatics is the use of computer technology to compare and analyze genome sequence. True False

True

If you used a broken thermocycler that could not heat above 75°C, which of the following problems could you expect? You would not get any amplification of DNA. You would get the same amount of amplification as with a "normal" thermocycler. You would get more amplification than with a "normal" thermocycler. You would get some significant amplification, but less than if you used a "normal" thermocycler.

You would not get any amplification of DNA.

Which of the following best describes a clone in the context of genetic modification procedures? an identical copy of the gene of interest a culture of genetically identical cells a cell that is genetically identical to its parent a vector, once it contains a copy of the gene of interest

a culture of genetically identical cells

A restriction fragment is a gene. a segment of mRNA. a segment of DNA. cDNA. a segment of tRNA.

a segment of DNA.

A population of cells carrying a desired plasmid is called a vector. library. clone. Southern blot. PCR.

clone.

The use of an antibiotic-resistance gene on a plasmid used in genetic engineering makes replica plating possible. the recombinant cell dangerous. the recombinant cell unable to survive. direct selection possible. All of the answers are correct.

direct selection possible.

Foreign DNA can be inserted into cells using a variety of different methods. Which method involves the formation of microscopic pores in the cell's membrane? protoplast fusion transformation electroporation heat shock

electroporation

The reaction catalyzed by reverse transcriptase is DNA → mRNA. tRNA → mRNA. DNA → DNA. mRNA → protein. mRNA → cDNA.

mRNA → cDNA.

PCR stands for polymerization copying rapidly. polymerase chain reaction. polymerase copy reaction.

polymerase chain reaction.

Which of the following provides the specificity of the PCR reaction? heating to 94°C Taq polymerase separated DNA strands primers

primers

PCR can be used to identify an unknown bacterium because DNA polymerase will replicate DNA. all cells have DNA. DNA can be electrophoresed. all cells have RNA. the RNA primer is specific.

the RNA primer is specific.

Which of the following processes is NOT involved in making cDNA? translation RNA processing to remove introns transcription reverse transcription

translation

Self-replicating DNA used to transmit a gene from one organism to another is a PCR. library. vector. Southern blot. clone.

vector.