Astro Final
Three layers of clouds in Jupiter's Atmosphere: 1. 2. 3.
1. Ammonia (NH3) crystals 2. Ammonia hydrosulfide (NH4SH) 3. Water crystals
Saturn similar to Jupiter in its 1. 2. 3.
1. Atmosphere 2. Composition 3. Internal structure
Venus similar to Earth in: 1. 2. 3.
1. Size 2. Density 3. Location in the solar system
One of the most pronounced differences between Uranus and Neptune is the time they take to complete one revolution around the Sun-______________ and ______________ Earth-years, respectively
84 and 165
Mercury revolves around the Sun quickly _________ days but rotates slowly on its axis.
88
. The planets fall into two groups based on: 1. 2. 3.
Location size density
.The region in the solar atmosphere from which most of the visible light escape into the space is called ____
Photosphere
T or F temperatures in the solar atmosphere is very rapid increase in temperature over a very short distance in the transition region between the chromosphere and the corona
True
Starting from the Sun, the planets are Mercury, _______________, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, _______________ , Uranus, and Neptune.
Venus, Saturn
today we realize that the source of energy for the sun is process called a nuclear fusion b kelvin-helmholtz contraction c mechanical to thermal energy conversion d radioactivity e nuclear fission
a nuclear fission
jupiter orbits sun in a 12 earth years b 12 earth days c 244 earth days d less than 10 hours e 225 earth years
a. 12 earth years
Three laws of planetary motion were discovered by a johannes kepler b galileo c tycho brahe d nicolaus copernicus
a. Johannes Kepler
Where in the Sun does fusion of hydrogen occur? a only in the core b only near the photosphere c pretty much throughout the entire body of the sun d only in the layer where there is a lot of convection going on e nowhere
a. Only in the core
our milky way is what type of galaxy a spiral b elliptical c dwarf elliptical d irregular
a. Spiral
the van allen belt is a a region of trapped charged particles in the earth's magnetosphere b a region where the ultraviolet light from the sun is blocked from getting further down c a region where industrial pollution has made a smoggy layer in the atmosphere d a zone of small orbiting meteorites high above the earth, which fall down from time to time e a piece of clothing worn by astronomers after they get their phds
a. a region of trapped charged particles in the earths magnetosphere
the time it takes for the sun to return to the same place in our sky after the earth has rotated once is called a a solar day b a sidereal day c the ante meridian time d a year e an equinox period
a. a solar day
a large body in space that consistently makes its own light (instead of merely reflecting another body's light) is called a a star b a planet c a moon d a light year e a satellite
a. a star
solar wind particles can be captured by the earth's magnetosphere. when these particles spiral down along the magnetic field into the atmosphere they are responsible for a aurorae (northern and southern lights) b tropical storms (regions of rapidly rotating air) c the greenhouse effect d the reddish color we see during sunsets
a. aurorae (northern and southern lights)
the most important function of an astronomical telescope is to a collect as much light as possible and bring it to a focus b magnify (enlarge) celestial objects so we can see them clearly c enhance the violet colors of an object, which our eyes have trouble seeing d bring distant objects closer by pulling on the light e pierce through the clouds so a cloudy night is not wasted
a. collect as much light as possible and bring it to a focus
when white light passes through a prism it is _______ and forms a continuous spectrum of all the colors a dispersed b reflected c refracted d bends
a. dispersed
the chromosphere of the sun a is hotter than the photosphere b appears yellow-white in color during the total solar eclipse c is the visible surface of the sun d produces an absorption spectrum e all of the above
a. is hotter than the photosphere
the earth is farthest from the sun in which month a july b june c september d march e january
a. july
the region around the earth where charged particles are trapped and spiral around is called a the magnetosphere b the atmosphere c the ozone layer d the mantle e the spirosphere
a. magnetosphere
to predict whether a star will ultimately become a black hole what is the key property of the star we should look at a mass b surface temperature c color d distance e diameter
a. mass
you are the captain of an interplanetary tour ship and a wealthy tourist form Texas asks you to take him to see only the largest darn planets in the solar system. which of the following would you not include in your tour. a mercury b jupiter c saturn d neptune e uranus
a. mercury
when the moon appears as a thin crescent in the evening sky, just after sunset the lunar phase is a new moon b between new moon and first quarter c between first and second quarter d between second and third quarter
a. new moon
the material that would eventually make all the major bodies in our solar system first gathered together as smaller pieces which astronomers call a planetesimals b nebuloids c satellites d differentiated objects e jovians
a. planetesimals
the slow tipping of the earth axis in a circle with a period of about 26,000 years is called a precession b ecliptic motion c retrograde motion d deferential motion e revolution
a. precession
the earliest telescopes used by astronomers were a refractors b reflectors c radio telescopes d about the aperture of the telescope on mount palomar e used late at night to look into the neighbor's windows
a. refractors
some college students decide to forma secret society that would meet each year after graduation at a time when the day and night were the same length. which of the following would be a time they meet a september 23 b december 22 c january 1 d june 22 e they can meet at any of the above times; day and night are always roughly the same length
a. september
This scientist determined the nature of the forces that kept the planets in their orbits a sir isaac newton b galileo c tycho brahe d nicolaus copernicus
a. sir isaac newton
most ultraviolet radiation does not penetrate to the earth's surface. instead it is absorbed in a the ozone layer b the ionosphere c the region between the earth and the sun d stratosphere e tanning zone
a. the ozone layer
the celestial sphere turns once around each day because a the planet on which we live is rotating b the earth is going around the sun c the phases of the moon d precession e everything in the universe turns around the earth
a. the planet on which we are living is rotating
in the far future a visiting tourist from another planetary system asks to see the most massive object in our solar system. where would you take him/her/it a the sun b jupiter c the asteroid belt d comet halley e neptune
a. the sun
one of the most pronounced differences between Uranus and Neptune is a the time they take to complete one revolution around the sun b the time they take to complete one rotation around the sun c the differences in their structure and composition d uranus, thin atmospheres of carbon dioxide or nitrogen where as e neptune, thick atmospheres of carbon dioxide or nitrogen
a. the time they take to complete one revolution around the sun
a spot where magma rises to the surface can be seen as a a volcano b fault c subduction zone d continental plate e swamp
a. volcano
Mercury ____________most of the sunlight that strikes it, reflecting only 6 percent into space.
absorbs
the ________ galaxy is the closest big galaxy to our milky way
andromeda
____ a giant and hunter who was changed into a constellation at his death
arion
_____ is the study of object that lie beyond our planet earth and the processes by which these objects interact with one another
astronomy
the scientist who made the first telescopic survey of the milky way and discovered that it is composed of a huge number of individual stars was a isaac newton b galileo galilei c edwin hubble d harlow shapley e jill tarter
b. Galileo Galiei
the largest volcano on mars is called a the red spot b olympus mons (mt Olympus) c mariner valley d hellas e mount maxwell
b. Olympus mons (Mt. Olympus)
physicists kelvin and helmhotz in the last century proposed that the source of the sun's energy could be a radioactive rocks b a slow contraction c meteorites falling in d the annihilation of antimatter e nuclear fusion
b. a slow contraction
which of the following is not a correct statement about the ways the Jovian planets differ from the terrestrial planets a the jovians are larger b all the jovians have satellites around them and none of the terrestrials do c the jovians are made of mostly of liquid and gas d the jovians are typically colder and further from the sun e the jovians have rings while the terrestrials do not
b. all the Jovian's have satellites around them and none of the terrestrials do
where on earth do stars always circle the zenith (and never rise and set) a at the equator b at the north pole c at the latitude of washington d.c. d everywhere e nowhere
b. at the north pole
why do astronomers prefer to put infrared telescopes on high-flying airplanes or on satellites in space a because no infrared radiation can exist anywhere near the earth's surface b because the water vapor in the lower atmosphere is very good at absorbing infrared c because high up the sun's energy can be used to heat the infrared telescope d because that way they are significantly closer to the objects they observe e you can't fool me, all infrared telescopes are located on the earth's surface
b. because the water vapor in the lower atmosphere is very good at absorbing infrared
the average temperature on planet earth is higher than you would expect just from the heating of the sunlight alone. what is the explanation for this a solid material hitting the earth from space heats it up b carbon dioxide (and other gases) in the atmosphere cause a greenhouse effect c the rubbing of the continental plates warms up the earth's surface d the heat given off by living things makes our planet wamer e we have no explanation for this higher temperature and that has scientists worried
b. carbon dioxide (and other gases) in the atmosphere cause a greenhouse effect
if no one has ever visited the core of the earth how do we know that it is made of metals a core material seeps up through volcanoes in the crust b circulating liquid metals in the core set up a large (measurable) magnetic field c spectroscopy allows us to tell what the core is make of by analyzing the light we receive d the amount of radioactivity shows metals must be present; only metals are radioactive e you can't fool me; there is NO evidence that the earth's core has metals
b. circulating liquid metals in the core set up a large (measurable) magnetic field
the smaller objects in the solar system composed mainly of ices (frozen gases) that usually orbit far from the sun are called a snowroids b comets c asteroids d satellites e jovians
b. comets
the 88 sectors into which astronomers today divide this celestial sphere (the whole sky) are called a zodiacs b constellations c asterisms d epicycles e celestial states
b. constellations
the first person who regularly turned a telescope to astronomical observations (and published his observations) was a isaac newton b galileo galilei c adam refractor d edwin hubble e karl jansky
b. galileo galilei
the type of rock we find predominant in the crust of the earth continents is called a magnetospheric rock b granite c lava d basalt e metal
b. granite
atoms typically consist of electrons protons and neutrons. the most common isotope of one element only has two of these three types of particles. this element is a helium b hydrogen c uranium d carbon e silicon
b. hydrogen
by far the most abundant element in the giant (jovain) planets is a helium b hydrogen c oxygen d nitrogen e silicon
b. hydrogen
if you were to take a large sample of the four giant planets the most common element you would find in them is a iron b hydrogen c oxygen d silicon e you can't fool me, there are equal amount of all the elements in those planets
b. hydrogen
what happens to the positron created during the p-p chain of nuclear reactions inside the sun a it merges with a proton to become a deuterium nucleus\ b it quickly collides with an electron and turns into gamma-ray energy c it ultimately forms an anti-helium nucleus d it turns quickly into a neutrino, which can escape from the sun e it just sits there at the core of the sun for billions of years, unable to interact
b. it quickly collides with an electron and turns into gamma ray energy
in locating objects on the celestial sphere we call the number of degrees east or west that something is from greenwich england its a latitude b longitude c declination d meridian e seasonal displacement
b. longitude
the idea that atoms radiate energy only when their electrons move from higher to lower energy levels was first advanced by a J.J. Thomson b niels bohr c ernest rutherford d albert einstein e christian doppler
b. niels bohr
you are out on a the beach enjoying the warm sunshine with friends. as you glance up at the sun (only briefly we hope) the part of the sun that you can see directly is called its a corona b photosphere c chromosphere d core e heliopause
b. photosphere
when the sun and moon are lined up and pull together the tides they raise are called a neap tides b spring tides c low tides d differential tides e prolate tides
b. spring tides
the astronomical unit (AU) as defined by astronomers is a the distance of one light year b the average distance between the earth and the sun c the time it takes for the earth to orbit the sun once d the distance the earth travels in orbit in one day e the distance between congress and the white house
b. the average distance between the earth and the sun
once a black hole forms the size of its event horizon is determined only by a the size (diameter) of the star that collapsed into the black hole b the mass inside the event horizon c the time since the black hole formed d the composition of the material that formed the black hole e you can't fool me; every black hole has an event horizon of the same size
b. the mass inside the event horizon
Of these which is the closest to us a Mars b The Moon c the sun d the center of the milky way e the closest spiral galaxy
b. the moon
the sun' photosphere is a the central region where the energy of the sun originates b the part of the sun from which the light comes that we see when we look at the sun with our eyes c the hottest region of the sun d the outermost layers of the sun's atmosphere e the first region you would come to when leaving the core
b. the part of the sun from which the light comes that we see when we look at the sun with our eyes
when they build big new (visible light) telescopes astronomers want to put them in places where they will get the best views of the sky which of the following is not an important part of how astronomers select places for new telescopes a the place must have clear weather on as many nights as possible b the place must be near a university or college c the sky above the place must be dark (no light pollution) d the place must be dry (not too much water vapor in the air) e the air at the place must be quiet, not turbulent
b. the place must be near a university or college
Our best evidence and theoretical calculations indicate that the solar system began with a giant spinning system of gas and dust that scientists called: a the titus-bode cloud b the solar nebula c a planetesimal d the asteroid belt e the beltway
b. the solar nebula
which of the following is an important part of the reason it is hooter in summer in north America than in winter a the earth is closer to the sun in summer b the suns rays hit the earth more directly in the summer, and spread out less c the cloud cover over the entire surface of the earth is much less in summer d the nights are much longer in summer, allowing temperatures to stabilize e we see the full sun in summer, instead of one of its partial phases
b. the sun's rays hit the earth more directly in the summer and spread out less
the planet that most resembles the earth in size and internal composition is a mars b venus c mercury d jupiter e the moon
b. venus
mountains on earth often have sharp peaks and edges to them while mountains on the moon look smooth and kind of dull in comparison. what gives the earth's mountains their dramatically sharp shapes a rocks falling from space hit the mountains and shape them b water and ice flow over the earth's mountains and erode them c the earth's magnetic field is responsible for all the shapes on the surface d earthquakes in the mountain regions break big mountains into smaller ones e this is an unsolved problem in science
b. water and ice flow over the earth's mountains and erode them
what is one way that we humans are currently making the atmosphere of the earth more like that of venus a we are adding more oxygen to the atmosphere by growing more plants and trees b we are adding carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases to the atmosphere, which is leading to global warming c we are setting up a lot of equipment at the north and south poles to cool our planet down d we have more than doubled the mass of the earth's atmosphere by making additional air in our factories e the earths atmosphere already resembles the atmosphere of venus in all ways that are significant
b. we are adding carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases to the atmosphere which is leading to global warming
a _____ star is a star system consisting of two stars orbiting around their common barycenter. System of two or more stars are called multiple star system
binary
an object whose gravity is so strong that the escape velocity from it exceeds the speed of light is called ______ _______
black hole
the astronomer who first worked out the mathematical description of black hole event horizons was a edwin hubble b jocelyn bell c karl schwarzchild d s chandrasekhar e frederik pohl
c. Karl Schwarzschild
the star that is currently closest to the north celestial pole is a arcturus b beteleuse c polaris d rigel e nicole kidman
c. Polaris
astronomers believe that jupiter's strong magnetic field is caused by a a core of molten iron and nickel b electric charges from the moon Io c a huge layer of metallic hydrogen inside jupiter d the circulation of large reddish storms containing magnetic ammonia crystals e the magnetic personalities of all the jovian movie stars that live there
c. a huge layer of metallic hydrogen inside jupiter
chapter 5 discusses that light sometimes acts like a photon. what is a photon a a charged particle in the nucleus of every atom b a kind of magnetic substance found in reflective minerals c a self-contained packet of electro-magnetic energy d a kind of sound that is too high frequency for the human ear to hear e you can't fool me. Einstein showed that photons were a mistake- they don't exist
c. a self-contained packet of electro-magnetic energy
to go from a lower level in an atom to a higher level an electron must a give off a photon of energy b lost its electric charge c absorb a photon of energy d wait until the atom has changed into another atom with more protons e get a permission slip from Niels Bohr
c. absorb a photon of energy
astronomers have concluded that growing supermassive black holes( which have millions of times the sun's mass or more) is pretty unlikely at our location in the milky way galaxy. where do they think the most likely in the milky way for such a supermassive black hole? a at the outer edge of the galaxy's disk, where there is less pull from other stars b where a neutron star has already formed c at the center of the milky way galaxy, where matter is more crowded d at the location astronomers call cygnus x-1 e no place in our galaxy is likely for a really massive black hole
c. at the center of the milky way where matter is more crowded
uranus and neptune consist in large part of compounds of a hydrogen, helium, and oxygen b carbon, helium, and hydrogen c carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen d hydrogen, methane, and nitrogen
c. carbon, nitrogen and oxygen
on the celestial sphere halfway between the celestial pole lies the a horizon b zenith for all observers c celestial equator d path of the sun on any given day e celestial hungarian
c. celestial equator
Pluto is now classified as a ________ in our solar system. a terrestrial planet b jovian planet c dwarf planet d comet
c. dwarf planet
if you are in a freely falling elevator near the top of a building as the elevator falls your weight would be a the same as your usual weight b a bit less than your usual weight c equal to zero- you would be weightless d a little more than your usual weight e so great that you would be pressed to the floor and in great pain
c. equal to zero-- you would be weightless
the scientist who first devised experimental tests to demonstrate the validity of the heliocentric model of the solar system a copernicus b ptolemy c galileo d eratosthenes e lippershey
c. galileo
the granulation pattern that astronomers have observed on the surface of the sun tells us that a the sun is a lot cooler on the inside than on the outside b the suns surface is made of a thin solid that cracks easily c hot material must be rising from the suns hotter interior d the solar wind must consist of very small (low-mass) particles e the sun accumulates a lot of dirt and dust because of its large gravity
c. hot material must be rising from the sun's hotter interior
the most common element in the sun is a helium b iron c hydrogen d water e nitrogen
c. hydrogen
jupiter and saturn are composed primarily of a nitrogen and oxygen b oxygen and hydrogen c hydrogen and helium d nitrogen and carbon dioxide e carbon dioxide and helium
c. hydrogen and helium
Any rock in the Earth's crust that has cooled from an originally molten state is called a metamorphic b sedimentary c igneous d silicate e subducted
c. igneous
what makes astronomers believe that mars once had rivers and running water a there is a grand canyon system about 2500 mi long on its surface (all of it made by running water) b the volcanoes today show evidence of water coming from their highest points and running down (implying this would have happened even more long ago) c images from orbiting spacecraft reveal ancient channels that look like dried-up river beds on earth (and our rovers show geological formations made by running water) d giant basins (like Hellas) show evidence of being filled with frozen water that was once probably a sea e you can't fool me; there is no evidence at all that mars ever had any water
c. images from orbiting spacecraft reveal ancient channels that look like dried up river beds on earth (and our rovers show geological formations made by running water)
in australia (in the southern hemisphere) when are the days the shortest and the nights the longest a in late december b in late march c in late june d in late april e days and nights are pretty much the same length throughout the year in australia
c. in late june
where would you look for the youngest stars in the milky way galaxy a in the halo b where there is dark matter c in the disk d in the nuclear bulge
c. in the disk
You are on a camping trip far away from city lights. You look up into the dark night sky and see lots of stars some brighter some dimmer. All the stars you see with your unaided eye are a in our solar system b equally close to the sun c in the milky way galaxy d outside the universe e just reflections of the sun from a shiny surface beyond pluto
c. in the milky way galaxy
two versions of an element with different numbers of neutrons are called a molecules b electron pairs c isotopes d ions e re-runs
c. isotopes
which of the following characteristics distinguished uranus from every other planet in our solar system. a it has more than one moon b its atmosphere is made of gases c it rotates on an axis tilted almost 90 degrees to the circle of its orbit d its orbit is significantly tilted relative to the orbits of the other planets e its magnetic axis does not lie in the same direction as its rotation axis
c. it rotates on an axis tilted almost 90 degrees to the circle of its orbit
the inner planets are made mostly of rock and metal because a lighter materials cannot orbit the sun; they would fall in immediately b the sun is made mostly of rock and metal and the inner planets are closest to the sun c it was so hot where the inner planets formed that the lighter materials evaporated d jupiter's large gravity immediately attracted all the lighter materials, and so there were few light atoms left by the time the inner planets were ready to form e this is an unsolved problem in astronomy
c. it was so hot where the inner planets formed that the lighter materials evaporated
which of the following is not a terrestrial planet a mars b earth c jupiter d venus e mercury
c. jupiter
the largest part of the earth is its a oceanic crust b continental crust c mantle d core e atmosphere
c. mantle
which of the following is NOT one of the fundamental particles that we find inside atoms a protons b neutrons c positrons d electrons e all four of the above
c. positrons
how do astronomers now explain the fact that the energy emitting regions for quasars are so small a quasars are just optical illusions caused by gravitational lensing effects b quasars are the result of three of four galaxies colliding: the collision squeezes the quasar to become much smaller than it normally would be c quasars are the result of matter falling into a black hole; the event horizons of even supermassive black holes are extremely small on the cosmic scale d quasars are caused by the actions of neutron stars and neutron stars have been squeezed so much that they are very, very small
c. quasars are the result of matter falling into a black hole; the event horizons of even supermassive black holes are extremely small on the cosmic scale
scientists have been concerned about a set of industrial chemicals called CFC's (chlorofluorocarbons) because they a seep into the groundwater and increase the chances of earthquakes b rise into the atmosphere and keep the earth's heat from escaping c rise into the atmosphere and destroy ozone d rise into the atmosphere and absorb x-rays from space, which we need down here e increases the chances of volcanic eruptions where the earth's crust is thin
c. rise into the atmosphere and destroy ozone
If the Earth goes around the Sun, why is the ecliptic not lined up with the celestial equator? a the ecliptic is a circle fixed in the sky, but the celestial equator is different for observers at different latitudes b the earth's orbit is not a circle but an ellipse c the earth axis is tilted by about 23.5 degrees from the vertical
c. the earth axis is tilted by about 23.5 digress from the vertical
why does mars have an overall reddish color when we see its surface from afar a this is an optical illusion caused by earth's atmosphere scattering the colors of light differently b mars is completely cloudy, and its clouds are made of red materials c the materials of mars' surface contains a lot of iron oxide, the same chemistry that makes rushing metals look reddish d the giant volcanoes on mars are constantly spewing out reddish lava e the martians are constantly at war, and spilling a lot of red blood
c. the material of mars surface contains a lot of iron oxide the same chemistry that makes rusting metals look reddish
an increase in the earth's temperature by several degrees Celsius would result in a a huge increase in the rate of motion of the continental plates and far more earthquakes b an increase in the earth's magnetism, increasing the size of the vanallen belts c the melting of many glaciers, a rise in sea levels, and more flooding of towns near the coasts of the continents d a new ice age e the moon coming closer to the earth
c. the melting of many glaciers a rise in sea levels and more flooding of towns near the coasts of the continents
in the first direct detection of gravitational waves by LIGO in 2015 the waves came from a the collapse of a nearby star into a white dwarf b a supernova explosion in a nearby galaxy c the merger of two black holes d the rapid motion of three hot jupiter planets around a nearby star e the dashed hopes of all the people in the US who want their government to work well for them
c. the merger of two black holes
the period of the moon rotation on its axis is a much longer than it's revolution around the earth b much shorter than its revolution around the earth c the same as its revolution around the earth d longer or shorter depending on what part of the year we are in e zero
c. the same as its revolution around the earth
what mechanisms do astronomers believe is responsible for making the sun's outer atmosphere so much hotter than its photosphere a stirring by comets, meteors, and other pieces of solid material being pulled in by the sun's strong gravity b light reflected back from the terrestrial planets c the suns magnetic field interacting with the charged particles that make up the atmosphere d the ionization of a new element called coronium e astronomers really don't have even a guess about what heats the sun's outermost layers
c. the sun's magnetic field interacting with the charged particles that make up the atmosphere
today a significant amount of new gas is joining the atmosphere of the earth from what source a earth is capturing gas clouds from space as it orbits the sun b much more water is evaporating from the oceans than is condensing back into water c volcanoes release gas that was trapped within the earth d large meteorites that land on the earth release a great deal of gas e the discussions in state legislatures about creationism and evolution
c. volcanoes release gas that was trapped within the earth
today a significant amount of new gas is joining the atmosphere of the earth from what source a earth is capturing gas clouds from space as it orbits the sun b much more water is evaporating from the oceans than is condensing back into water c volcanoes release gas that was trapped within the earth d large meteorites that land on the earth release a great deal of gas e the discussions the state legislatures about creationism and evolution
c. volcanoes release gas that was trapped within the earth
the light which allows you to see this very interesting exam is made up of waves. in these waves the distance between crests is called the a frequency b velocity c wavelength d amplitude e you can't fool me; in these waves, the distance between crests is zero
c. wavelengths
The hottest zone in the Sun is the ______
core
Which part of the Sun's atmosphere is the hottest? ______
corona
the ____ is the outermost part of the sun atmosphere
corona
the largest planet in the solar system (by mass) is a earth b mars c venus d jupiter e neptune
d. Jupiter
the Viking spacecraft were designed in part to search for life on mars. which of the following statements about the result of these experiments is true a viking discovered a form of life on mars that does not require water to thrive b viking did not discover larger life forms on mars, but did find some mars bacteria c viking did not discover life on mars today, but did find a lot of fossils indicating mars had life in the past d viking found that the surface of mars in the two places it searched did not have any life or even life's building blocks e viking did find a whole martian civilization, but they are hiding it from the news media
d. Viking found that the surface of mars in the two places it searched did not have any life or even life's building blocks
the largest visible light telescope in the world use what device to collect as much light as possible before the light is brought to a focus (to act as the light bucket) a a lens b a spectroscope c a CCD d a mirror e a valley in puerto rico
d. a mirror
One way in which the ozone layer is useful for life forms on the Earth's surface is that it a presses down on the continental plates, and makes it more difficult for them to slip b keeps the heat of the sun from escaping, making the earth a bit warmer c is so thick that meteors from space all burn up there, regardless of size d absorbs ultra-violet light, preventing much of it from reaching the surface e glows brilliantly at sunset, making scenes that lovers can enjoy
d. absorbs ultra-violet light preventing much of it from reaching the surface
the person who came up with the continental drift theory that led to our modern understanding of plate tectonics was a james van allen b milutin milankovich c charles richter d alfred wegener e john continental
d. alfred wegener
which of the following is a way we believe that the early atmosphere of the earth differed from the atmosphere we have today a there was little if any free oxygen early on b there was no ozone layer early on c there was probably more carbon dioxide early on than there is today d all of the above e none of the above
d. all of the above
the smaller objects in the solar system made of rock and metals (most of which orbit between jupiter and mars) are called a comets b satellites c titus-bode objects d asteroids e silicates
d. asteroids
which of the following statements about the violent events on the sun called flares is FALSE. a flares happen more often during solar maximum, and sometimes during those periods, there can be several in one day b a flare can release energy equivalent to a million hydrogen bombs c flares originate in the upper part of the corona, in the regions called coronal holes d astronomers think that flares are connected with sudden changes in the magnetic field of the sun e the visible light we see from a flare is only a tiny fraction of the energy it releases
d. astronomers think that flares are connected with sudden changes in the magnetic field of the sun
from a city in the U.S. where in the sky would you look to see a star that is not turning with the motion of the sky in the course of a night a on your horizon b at your zenith c on the celestial equator d at the north pole e you can't fool me, all stars appear to turn around the sky from locations in the U.S.
d. at the north celestial pole
which part of the earth has the greatest density a oceanic crust b continental crust c mantle d core e atmosphere
d. core
the ten million tons of particles that escape the sun each year in the form of the solar wind get out mainly through regions called a sunspots b spicules c aurorae d coronal holes e transition regions
d. coronal holes
in the sun when a positron and an electron collide they will produce a a deuteron b a neutron c hydrogen d energy in the form of a gamma ray
d. energy in the form of a gamma ray
by the term universe astronomers mean a the system of the sun, its planets and moons, and small pieces of debris that surround it b the system of 200 to 400 billion stars, of which the sun is one c the collection of several dozen galaxies, of which the milky way is one d everything that we can observe e the realm inside the atom
d. everything that we can observe
As astronomers have learned more about the structure of the Sun, they have found that it: a has a small solid core inside b is made entirely of liquid, with a tiny bit of hot gas on the outside c is solid throughout, but with a large very hot atmosphere d is made entirely of hot gas e is made of billions of individual pieces of hot rock, all orbiting around each other in a whirling arrangement
d. is made entirely of hot gas
a total eclipse of the sun is only possible at a first quarter b second quarter c third quarter d new moon
d. new moon
All the planets (without exception) a have solid surfaces b have atmospheres much thicker than earth's c have satellites orbiting around them d revolve around the sun in the same direction e rotate on their axes in the same direction that they revolve around the sun
d. revolve around the sun in the same direction
main difference between saturn and jupiter a saturn more wind zones, but much stronger winds than on jupiter b saturn fewer wind zones, but much water crystals on jupiter c saturn more ammonia hydrosulfide tan jupiter d saturn fewer wind zones but much stronger winds than on jupiter
d. saturn fewer wind zones but much stronger winds than on jupiter
wien's law relates the wavelength at which a star gives off the greatest amount of energy to the star's a motion toward us or away from us b overall color c magnetic field d temperature e none of the above
d. temperature
which of the following statements about the nuclear bulge of our galaxy is FALSE a it is significantly thicker than the disk of the galaxy b it typically consists of older stars c it is difficult for us to see with visible light because of cosmic dust d the best way to learn more about it is to observe higher energy radiation, such as ultraviolet and x-rays e there is evidence that is not exactly spherical, but elongated
d. the best way to learn more about it is to observe higher energy radiation such as ultraviolet and x-rays
A light-year is a the time it takes light travel between the sun and the furthest planet b the time it takes a beam of light to go completely around the earth's orbit c the distance between the sun and the next star d the distance that light travels in one year e how long it takes a friday afternoon class in college to get finished
d. the distance that light travels in one year
the most popular theory for he origin of the moon today is a the moon and earth coalesced from an eddy in the solar nebular, forming a binary planet system b the earth captured a small planet, which is our moon c the moon was formed when mars and a comparable size planet collided, and the moon was ejected toward earth and captured d the early earth and a planet the size of mars collided, and the ejected material coalesced to form the earth's moon
d. the early earth and a planet the size of mars collided and the ejected material coalesced to form the earths moon
which of the following can you never know about a black hole a mass b rotation c electrical charge d the elements of the material that has fallen in
d. the elements of the material that have fallen in
which of the following statements about the nucleus of a typical atom (such as a carbon atom in your finger) is FALSE a the nucleus has an overall positive charge b the nucleus takes up a very small amount of space compared to the entire atom c the nucleus contains both protons and neutrons d the nucleus repels the electrons which move around it e the nucleus contains most of the mass of the atom
d. the nucleus repels the electrons which move around it
which of the following is not a way that Venus resembles the earth a its size (diameter) b its overall density c the surface gravity (which tells us how much we would weigh there) d the thickness and pressure of its atmosphere e you can't fool me; Venus resembles earth in all of the above ways
d. the thickness and pressure of its atmopshere
what would you have to change about the earth to stop our planet from having significantly different seasons a its distance from the sun b its diameter c the amount of water on its surface d the tilt of its axis e the orbit of the moon around it
d. the tilt of its axis
the reason type Ia supernoava are useful to astronomers for determining distances to other galaxies is that a they only occus in spiral galaxies, for which no other way of getting distances is available b it is easy to measure the blueshift produced by such explosions c they are much larger than many other objects that can be seen in galaxies d they are very bright, and generally reach the same peak luminosity e they produce very energetic pulsars whose radio radiation can be detected across vast distances
d. they are very bright and generally reach the same peak luminosity
which of the following types of telescopes can be used ONLY above the earth's atmosphere a reflector b visible-light telescope c radio telescope d x-ray telescope e none of the above
d. x-ray telescope
_____ ______ a body that orbits the sun is not a satellite of a planet and is massive enough to pull itself into a spherical shape but not massive enough to clear out other bodies in and near its orbit
dwarf planets
seasons result of a changing sun angle b rotation of the moon c changing length of daylight d revolution of the moon e a and c
e. A and C
the red spot of jupiter is a variable in size b a high-pressure storm system in the atmosphere c made of a reddish colored material (but we don't know what gives it the reddish color) d long-lived (observed since the 1600s) e all of the above
e. all of the above
two stars are giving off electromagnetic radiation a give off more radiation at all wavelengths b will have a higher average frequency of radiation c will radiate energy at more than one wavelength d will give off a continuous spectrum of waves e all of the above
e. all of the above
The same gas makes up most of the atmosphere of Mars and Venus. This gas is: a water vapor b nitrogen c ozone d ammonia gas e carbon dioxide
e. carbon dioxide
in the proton -- proton chain a no neutrinos are produced b energy is released because a helium nucleus has a greater mass than a hydrogen nucleus c no photons are produced d carbon serves as a catalyst for the nuclear reaction e energy is produced in the form of gamma rays and the velocity of the created nuclei
e. energy is produced in the form of gamma rays and the velocity of the created nuclei
which of the following is not part of some active region on the sun a sunspots b flares c plages d prominences e granulation
e. granulation
the prime meridian (where longitude equals zero) passes through a paris b new york c the pacific ocean, away from all land d beijing e greenwich, england
e. greenwhich england
which of the following is not a way that jupiter differs from terrestrial planets a its average density is lower b it is farther away from the sun c it includes much more gas and liquid d it is larger in diameter e its surface has many more craters from early collisions
e. its surface has many more craters from early collisions
when white light passes from air into a different medium such as glass it a it dispersed into different colors b is reflected backwards c is refracted (bent) d is doppler shifted e more than one of the above
e. more than one of the above
the most abundant gas in the earth atmosphere is a oxygen b ozone c water vapor d argon e nitrogen
e. nitrogen
when a large nucleus breaks apart into two smaller pieces this is called a nuclear fusion b nuclear binding c the p-p chain d the equilibrium breaking e nuclear fission
e. nuclear fission
according to the theory of plate tectonics a the continents are moving but the ocean floor in not, leading to great friction b the rubbing of the waters of the earth across its crust is speeding up its rotation c the liquid metal inside the earth is developing plates of solid metallic material, which contribute to the earth's magnetic field d earthquakes are caused by huge waves that come up from inside the molten core of the earth e slow motions within the mantle of the earth move large sections of the crust around
e. slow motions within the mantle of the earth move large sections of the crust around
astronomical observatories have been available since ancient times and many cultures set aside special sites for astronomical observations. the thing modern observatories have that was missing from these older observatories until about 1610 was a a dark site, where lights did not get in the way b graduate students or other assistants for sharing the astronomer's work c a method of keeping good records d a way of measuring from what general direction in the sky a beam of light was coming e telescopes
e. telescopes
when a knowledge amateur astronomer tells you that she has a 14 inch telescope a the number of times the image is magnified (how much bigger it looks) b the length of the main telescope tube c the focal length d the length of the eyepiece tube e the diameter of the primary lens or mirror
e. the diameter of the primary lens or mirror
which of the following statements about electromagnetic radiation is FALSE a it always spreads out at the speed of light b it is given off by all objects that are not at a temperature of absolute zero c it is typically produced when charged particles oscillate d different waves of electromagnetic radiation differ in their wavelength or frequency e the radiation consists of tiny charged particles given off by the nuclei of atoms
e. the radiation consists of tiny charged particles given off by the nuclei of atoms
Sunspots are darker than the regions of the sun around them because a they consist of different elements than the rest of the sun b they are located in the corona and not on the photosphere c they move much faster around the sun than other material and thus heat up d they are the shadows of the planets and asteroids seen on the bright surface of the sun e they are cooler than the material around them (although still very hot compared to earth temperatures)
e. they are cooler than the material around them (although still very hot compared to earth temperatures)
how do astronomers know what the outer layer of the sun are made of a we send graduate students there to get samples b several spacecraft with good shielding have approached the sun and obtained samples c the surface layers of mercury have been laid down by the sun and are thus made of the same material as the sun d the suns wind gives us an accurate measure of all the different elements in the sun e we take an absorption line spectrum of the Sun, and the absorption line tell us what elements are present in the outer layers
e. we take an absorption line spectrum of the sun and the absorption lines tell us what elements are present in the outer layers
which of the following can a black hole not eat (swallow) a a planet b a cloud of gas and dust c a star d another black hole e you can't fool me black holes can eat anything
e. you can't fool me black holes can eat anything.
on which of the planets (other than earth) could a human being step out of a spacecraft and survive without any protective gear (special suit, oxygen tanks ect) a venus b mars c jupiter d neptune e you can't fool me; there is no other planet on which we could survive unportected
e. you can't fool me there is no other planet on which we could survive unprotected
which of the following is the earth not located in a the solar system b the milky way c the local group of galaxies d the virgo supercluster e you can't fool me, we are located in all of the above
e. you can't fool me we are located in all of the above
the type of galaxy that consists almost entirely of old stars and is thus less blue (more yellow and reddish) than the other types is ______
elliptical
in the ptolemaic system planets orbited in small circles called ______ while revolving along large circles called ____
epicycles and deferent
on march 21 and septemerber 21 the sun sends ____ amounts of time above and below the horizon in both hemispheres
equal
T or F a barred spiral galaxy is a type of spiral galaxy without a central bar or one that is not a barred spiral galaxy
false
T or F a binary black hole did not support the idea that black holes can grow to enormous masses in the center of galaxies by merging with nearby galaxies
false
T or F all the light paths near a massive object expect the one straight up curve back to the surface. When the star shrinks inside the event horizon and becomes a black hole
false
T or F an alpha particle is a low moving packet containing two protons and two neutrons (a helium nucleus)
false
T or F blackbody a hypothetical perfect radiator that absorbs and distributes all radiation falling upon it
false
T or F ceres is the smallest object in the asteroid belt that lies between the orbits of mars and jupiter
false
T or F coronal holes are part of the sun's corona and are constantly changing and reshaping because the corona is uniform
false
T or F earth is farthest from the sun perihelion in july
false
T or F elliptical galaxy a galaxy with an elliptical shape little interstellar matter and spiral arms
false
T or F globular clusters are tight groups of hundreds of thousands of very young stars
false
T or F in summer the sun appears high in the sky and its rays hit earth more directly spreading out more
false
T or F infrared light has more energy that the colors we see in visible spectrum
false
T or F infrared waves cannot penetrate places in the universe from which light is blocked
false
T or F jupiter bands are aligned parallel to earth's equator
false
T or F mantle plumes produced large volumes of lave, but plate tectonics allowed it to accumulate to make enormous volcanoes
false
T or F mars crust broken into tectonic plates
false
T or F most large professional telescopes have a cassegrain focus is which light is refracted by the secondary mirror down through a hole in the primary mirror to an observing station below the telescope
false
T or F rift and subduction zones are the regions ( mostly beneath the continents) where new crust is formed and old crust is destroyed as part of the cycle of plate tectonics
false
T or F saturns ring system is more like a large rotating disk of same density and brightness than a series of independent ringlets
false
T or F the halo stars is the name given to the young formation of stars which encircle the outer edge of the milky way galaxy
false
T or F the magellanic clouds are two irregular dwarf galaxies visible in the southern hemisphere; they are members of the local group and are orbiting the milky way galaxy.
false
T or F the solar cycle or solar magnetic activity cycle is a nearly periodic 11 year change in the sun's activity
false
T or F when rutherford allowed a particles from a radioactive source to strike a target of gold foil he found that although most of them went not on the straight through some
false
_____ is the force resisting the relative motion of solid surfaces fluid layers and materials elements sliding against each other
friction
________ forces caused the gas in the thin disk to fragment into clouds or clumps with masses like those of star clusters
gradational
the stellar ________ is a nearly spherical population of field stars and globular clusters. it surrounds most disk galaxies as well as some elliptical galaxies
halo
______ the circular boundary between the sky and earth
horizon
the ____ is home to the coldest temperatures anywhere in the atmosphere
mesosphere
Asteroids are made up of _________________ and ________________ material
metals and rocky
Neptune, blue-green color from _________in the atmosphere.
methane
if the axis were ____ inclined we would have no seasonal changes
not
Highland _______ than Maria
older
rainbows caused by sunlight always appear in the section of sky directly ____ the sun
opposite
a quantum of electromagnetic energy that carries an amount of energy that depends inversely on its wavelength is called
photon
A large, bright, gaseous feature extending outward from the Sun's surface, often in a loop shape is called a ____
prominence
all ________ have in common is that they appear to be small sources of energy with redshifts that indicate they are far away
quasar
a _____ telescope uses a lens sort of like those in magnifying glasses and a ______ telescope uses a mirror. there are also the catadioptric telescopes which uses a combination of lenses and mirrors
refracting and reflecting
turning or spinning of a body on its axis is called
rotation
. The Nebular theory proposes that the bodies of our solar system evolved from an enormous rotating cloud called the __________ _____ ____________
solar nebula
a flattened rotating galaxy with pinwheel-like spiral arms winding outward from the galaxy's nuclear bulge is called ____ galaxy
spiral
the rotational center of the milky way is the _____ center
spiral
_______ ______ black hole a black hole whose mass exceeds 1000 solar mass
super massive
a large explosion that takes place at the end of a star's life cycle is called _____ _______
super nova
T or F Aurora: the colorful glow in the sky results from charged particles in a solar wind interacting with earth's magnetic fields
true
T or F Our star's spectrum is crossed by dark lines produced by atoms in the solar atmosphere that absorb light at certain wavelengths.
true
T or F a dwarf galaxy is a small galaxy composed of about 100 million up to several billon star
true
T or F a dwarf planet is a planetary mass object that does not dominate its region of space (as a true planet does) and is not a satellite
true
T or F a globular clusters are very tightly bound by gravity which gives them their spherical shapes
true
T or F a solar flare is a sudden flash of increased brightness on the sun usually observed near its surface and in close proximity to a sunspot group
true
T or F a solar flare is a sudden flash of increased brightness on the sun usually observed near its surface and in close proximity to a sunspot group.
true
T or F a stellar black hole (or stellar mass black hole is a black hole formed by the gravitation collapse of a star
true
T or F a total solar eclipse occur when the new moon passes between the sun and the earth and totally blocks out the sun
true
T or F almost all planets rotate counterclockwise, exceptions venus, uranus, and pluto rotates clockwise
true
T or F any water present on venus surface rapidly evaporates feedback through enhancement of greenhouse effect
true
T or F astronomers us the red shift and hubbles law to find the distance to a remote quasar
true
T or F collapsar is the shortened form to describe a collapsed star. when an old star no longer has enough fuel for significant fusion reactions
true
T or F comets are made up of ice dust and rocky material
true
T or F dwarf elliptical galaxies are elliptical galaxies that are smaller than ordinary elliptical galaxies
true
T or F each type of glowing gas (each element) produce its own unique pattern of lines so the composition of a gas can be identified by its spectrum
true
T or F earth's magnetic field is the magnetic field that extends from the earth's interior out into space
true
T or F eight major planets orbit the sun in roughly the same plane
true
T or F everything in venus is orange because of the thick atmosphere of venus absorbs the bluer colors of light
true
T or F formation of an image by a simple lens parallel rays from a distinct source are bent by the convex lens so that they all come together in a single place (the focus) to form an image
true
T or F gravitational forces caused the gas in the thin disk to fragment into clouds or clumps with masses like those of star clumps
true
T or F jupiter's appearance is mainly attributable to the colors of light reflected from its three main cloud layers
true
T or F luminosity is an absolute measure of radiated electromagnetic power (light) the radiant power emitted by a light-emitting object
true
T or F lunar eclipse: when moon moves within the shadow of earth
true
T or F mars has seasons similar to earth growth and shrinking of polar ice cap
true
T or F moon moves in a line directly between earth and the sun
true
T or F neutrino a subatomic particle with no charge and little mass that is important in many nuclear reactions and supernovae
true
T or F nicolaus copernicus concluded earth was a planet
true
T or F nicolaus copernicus was the first to propose a heliocentric model for the solar system
true
T or F prism spectrometer the light from telescope is focused on a split. A prism (or grating) disperses the light into a spectrum which is then photographed or recorded electronically
true
T or F reflecting telescopes have different options for where the light is brought to focus
true
T or F retrograde motion: the appearance that the plants stop and reverse direction for weeks or months
true
T or F spiral galaxy a flattened rotating galaxy with pinwheel like spiral arms winding outward from the galaxy's nuclear bulge
true
T or F supernova a star that suddenly increase greatly in brightness because of a catastrophic explosion that ejects most of its mass
true
T or F the Cassini spacecraft imaged Jupiter on its way to Saturn in 2012. the giant storm system called the great red spot is visible to the lower right
true
T or F the andromeda galaxy is a spiral galaxy approximately 2.5 million light years from the earth and the nearest major galaxy to the milky way
true
T or F the bubbles in the galaxy may be evidence that the supermassive black hole at the center of our galaxy was a quasar a few million years ago
true
T or F the colors in jupiter are thought to be by-products of chemical reactions occurring in Jupiter's atmosphere
true
T or F the colors of the galaxy change form the yellowish light of the old stars in the center to the blue color of hot young stars
true
T or F the hotter temperature more energy (in the form of photons) is emitted at all wavelengths
true
T or F the material inside the sun is in the form of a plasma( plasmas a hot ionized gas)
true
T or F the milky way is a spiral galaxy
true
T or F the milky way is the galaxy that contains the solar system with the name describing the galaxy's appearance from earth
true
T or F the pockmarked face of the terrestrial world of mercury is more typical of the inner planets than the watery surface of earth
true
T or F the process of fusion that keeps our sun shining begins with two protons
true
T or F the relative positions of the sun earth and moon constantly change
true
T or F the spiral arms of M100 shown here are bluer than the rest of the galaxy indicating young high mass stars and forming regions
true
T or F the warmest and lowest layer in jupiter is composed mainly of water ice and appears blue-gray generally not seen in visible light images
true
T or F venus atmosphere is 97 percent carbon dioxide
true
T or F when the star get s closer still, the tides become stronger than the gravity holding the star together and it breaks up into a streamer
true
T or F when we pass a beam of white sunlight through a prism we see a rainbow colored band of light that we call a continuous spectrum
true
T or F winds on the giant planets , a positive velocity means that the winds are blowing in the same direction as but faster than the planet's the planet's internal rotation
true
Venus orbits the Sun in a nearly perfect circle once every _________ Earth-days.
225
One Venus day is equivalent to about __________________Earth days.
243
. A ____________________is a large depression formed when a volcano erupts and collapses.
Caldera
The layer in the solar atmosphere between the photosphere and the corona is called ____
Chromosphere
________ bright gases just above the photosphere of the sun.
Chromospheres
Similar Sedimentary rock on Mars and Earth is called________
Conglomerate
Plates move toward each other are called ________
Convergent
The surface of Venus cannot be seen directly from Earth because of its________________ cloud cover.
Dense cloud cover
Largest Jovian satellite is called _________
Ganymede
A continental transform fault that extends roughly 746 miles through California is called _________ __________
San Andreas
A temporary cool region in the solar photosphere created by protruding magnetic fields is called ___
Sunspot
T or F Uranus: no liquid metallic hydrogen
True
T or F in general theory of relativity the einstein field equations relate the geometry of space time with the distributions of matter within it
True
T or F neptune: blue green color from methane in the atmosphere
True
T or F the milky way is the galaxy that contains the solar system
True
what planet can come closest to the earth in its orbit and look brightest in our skies a venus b mars c mercury d jupiter e none of the above
a. venus
astronomers learn what elements are present in each star by looking at the _____ lines in its spectrum
absorption
how fast do electro- magnetic waves travel a at the speed of sound b at the speed of light c at the speed of charge d at different speeds, depending on the temperature of the atoms that produce them e they always have zero speed
b. at the speed of light
the star that provides energy for life on earth is a the moon b the sun c alpha centauri d the milky way star e beyonce
b. the sun
the point in the sky directly above your head at any given time is called the a nadir b zenith c celestial pole d horizon point e bald spot
b. zenith
which of the following objects do many astronomers believe to be a black hole a the nebula in orion where new stars are seen to form b the crab nebula c cygnus x-1 d the open cluster called the pleiades e bayonne, NJ
c. Cygnus X-1
to break up light into the component colors that it contains astronomers use a device called a a telescope b a CCD c a spectrometer d cassegrain splitter e interferometer array
c. a spectrometer
in which region of the earth's atmosphere have you spent most of your life a the ionosphere b the stratosphere c the troposphere d the ozone layer e the mesosphere
c. the troposphere
which of the following if not one of the key reasons that so many spacecraft from earth have visited venus and mars a they are the two planets closest to the earth b the resemble the earth in a number of significant ways c their atmospheres are very similar to the earth in terms of their chemical make-up d both have tantalized us when seen through a telescope-- one because it is perpetually covered by clouds, the other because it shows seasonal changes e they each have a solid surface on which we can trace their geological history
c. their atmospheres are very similar to earth in terms of their chemical make up
at the end of the p-p chain of nuclear fusion in the sun hydrogen nuclei have been converted into a carbon nuclei b heavy hydrogen nuclei c antimatter and nothin else d a helium nucleus e a lithium nucleus
d. a helium nucleus
a fashion designer decides to bring out a new line of clothing which reflects the longest wavelength of visible light. what color will these articles of clothing be to the human eye a yellow-green b blue c violet d red e black
d. red
the focal length of a lens is the ____ from the lens to the point where is focuses parallel rays of light
distance
terrestrial planets: a small, dense, and rocky b large cores of iron and nickel c low escape velocities d thin atmospheres of carbon dioxide or nitrogen e all of these
e. all of these
the sun's apparent path around the celestial sphere is called a the horizon b the circumpolar zone c the celestial equator d the celestial hot-zone e the ecliptic
e. the ecliptic
of these which is the largest a earth b the solar system c jupiter d the milky way galaxy e the universe
e. the universe
T or F cepheus is a constellation in the southern sky
false
T or F nuclear fusion a nuclear reaction in which atomic nuclei of high atomic number fuse to form a heavier nucleus with the release of energy
false
T or F one hypothesis for the moon's origin suggests that a mars sized object collided with earth to produce the moon about 4.5 million years ago
false
T or F penumbra the region of a shadow that is totally shaded
false
energy is generated in the sun's core by the fusion of hydrogen to form ______
helium
most galaxies are so far away that the only way to get distances to them is to use _________ ___________
hubbles law
______ equilibrium says that there is a balance between two forces at every point within a star. one force is the inward force of gravity. the other forces is the pressure in the gas caused by its temperature
hydrostatic
an asymmetrical galaxy having neither spiral arms nor an elliptical shape is called ___________ galaxy
irregular
T or F the closer the electron is to the nucleus the more tightly bound the electron is to the nucleus
true
a quasar might not be much larger than our solar system it releases as much energy as billions of stars
true
the small magellanic cloud is a dwarf galaxy near the milky way
true
an oscillation in a pool of water creates an expanding disturbance called a
wave