Astronomy 1B Final Exam

formation of the solar system phase three

rings in planetesimals were formed as instabilities in the rotating disk cores regions in it to condense into rings. Very small objects made of rocks and ice formed in these rings to accretion

Jupiter's faint rings system

an inner "halo ring", a main ring, and two gossamer rings

Uranus' system of rings

second planetary system to be discovered. In 1977

speed of rotation at Earth's equator

slightly over 1609km/h or 1000 m/hr so we don't physically feel the effects of Earth's rotation!

As the disco began to spin, the central region became hotter and denser, and the only...

solid materials that can survive these forces were rocky and metallic

planetary system

system of objects in space that orbit a star

Retrograde rotation

the clockwise spin of a planet as seen from about the planet's north pole. Only Uranus and Venus (and Pluto)

Haze layer

between the troposphere and the stratosphere of Uranus with the differing temperatures

ancient astronomers were fascinated by

by the stars which seem to wander through the night sky. Named stars planets because planet means wanderer in Greek

the suns six regions

core, radiative, corrective, chromosphere, photosphere, corona

Neptune facts

discovered by Galileo in 1613 Has rings, but they're very dark, and structure is unknown Planet never been able to see with naked eye Strongest winds in the solar system

probes

dropped onto surface and sends info back, some return samples to Earth

Mars two polar ice caps made of both

frozen water and frozen carbon dioxide

Both nuclear fusion and fission have the potential to change one element into another by

gaining or losing protons and have the potential to change atomic mass by gaining or losing neutrons

Great red spot

giant storm or cyclone that has lasted for over 300 years

What's causing its magnetic field? And unusually high core temperature?

has a metallic hydrogen layer

Weight on Saturn versus on its equator Poles vs equator

if you weighed 100 pounds on earth you would wait 107 pounds on Saturn 100 pounds on earth would feel like 91 pounds on Saturn's equator Something weighing 100 pounds at its poles actually weighs 99.8 pounds at the equator.

Both the temperature and pressure on Jupiter

increase in the direction of the core. quick rotation, hydrogen swirl, strongest magnetic field in our solar system.

Approximately 85% of Venus's surface

is composed of low lying volcanic plains with large amounts of flowing lava

Uranus satellite system

is smaller than other gas giant planets. The combined mass of the five main moons of Uranus are still less than half of a mass of Neptune's Triton

Enceladus, saturn's moon

is the most likely home to life outside of earth

Jupiter's moon Io

is the most volcanically active body in our solar system

If Jupiter had been about 80 times more massive

it probably would have been a star

Jupiter's moon Ganymede

largest planetary moon, larger than Mercury, only moon in the solar system with its own magnetic field. Ganymede, may also have an icy ocean beneath crust.

overall Venus' features have

less variation in altitude

Pluto's size and mass

make for an incredibly low gravitational pull even lower than that of our moon. Its diameter is 2371 km which is about 1/5 that of earths. Pluto's mass is 0.2% of earths as well. Gravitational pull 0.62 meters/second^2

between 1990 and 1992, the Magellan spacecraft

mapped the surface of Venus by using radar waves

Saturns atmosphere comprised of

molecular hydrogen and helium

little red spot

more recent. consists of three smaller storms and is about half the size of the great red spot

end of 17th century

nine more large bodies discovered

Atmospheric winds on Neptune

nine times as strong as those on Earth and three times as strong as those on Jupe

Photosphere

the lowest layer of the Sun's atmosphere. The upper part of the photosphere is cooler than the lower parts, which helps make the Sun appear brighter at its center. in the photosphere the energy escapes the sun and begins traveling outward to the places such as earth

three layers of Uranus' atmosphere

the troposphere, the stratosphere, and the thermosphere The troposphere is the closest part of the atmosphere to Uranus. It is the densest part of the atmosphere

The farther away an object is, The more mass an object has....

the weaker gravitational pull the stronger its gravitational pull

No one knows for sure what caused the solar nebula ...

to begin to collapse.

Saturn quick facts

1.4 billion kilometers from the Sun (twice than between sun and Jupe) The windy planet Only planet with a density less than water One saturn year is 30 earth years

Gravitational pull on Neptune

11.15 m/s2. (114% greater than Earth) Mass 17 times greater -392°F A 155 pound human would only feel like they weighed about 174 pounds on Neptune. (100 pounds Earth, 113 pounts Neptune)

Neptune's moons

13 known moons. The six regular moons follow circular orbits around Neptune's equatorial zone, far away from Neptune. The seven irregular moons have "eccentric" orbit that are often retrograde.

Jupiter diameter and moons and rotation and bulge

142,984 km 53 confirmed moons fastest rotating equatorial not a solid body, so its upper atmosphere rotates differently no big season changes

Galilean satellites

1610 Galileo used a primitive telescope and discovered 4 smaller stars near Jupiter. We now know that the stars as Jupiter's four largest moons: Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Castillo.

Who discovered Uranus? How much bigger is it than Earth?

1781 William Herschel. Originally wanted to name it Gregorian Sidius. 63 times bigger than earth Appears blue Thanks to Voyager 2

Galileo

17th century first used a telescope to study stars and planets

Jupiter's gravity

24.79 m/s2

The Core of the Sun

27 million°F. Pressure 200 billion times what we experience on earthy Earth.

Solar system began forming from the great explosion when?

3.7 billion years ago

Mercury weight

39% of what you weigh on Earth. Surface gravity is less on smaller planets. If you were 150, you'd weigh 57.

Mercury

4,875km away. No moons. Richest in iron and metal. Same three layers.

How many natural orbiting satellites does Saturn have? What is saturns gravity?

53 Gravity 10.44 m/s2 because saturn is a gas giant and has low density

How many artificial satellites orbiting earth today? How many are operational

8000, 3000

Gravitational force on Earth

9.8 m/s2

Solar winds

which are really streams of charged particles Outside of these regions, these blow materials and energy outward into the solar system.

How much would you weigh on the Sun?

A 155 pound person would weight 4200 pounds on the Sun! 28 times greater than Earth!

Eris has something Pluto does not

A moon. When the planets name is changed from Xena to Eris, the moons name was also changed from Gabriella to Dysnomia.

planetesimals

which are small bodies of rock in space, up to 7 km in diameter, from which planets are created. Eventually formed rocky inner planets In the outer, cooler regions, planetesimals formed into different types of rock and frozen material such as water, ammonia, and methane which became outer planets

The direction we orbit around the sun?

All planets orbit the sun in a counterclockwise direction.

when was Juno launched, and for what?

August 5, 2011 a spacecraft that conducts in-depth examinations of Jupiter's chemistry, atmosphere, interior structure, and magnetosphere

Corona

Can reach up to 20 million K (or 36 million°F in certain places)

Internal crust similar to that of Earths

Core solid iron and nickel. Mantle rock. Crust silicate

Uranus seasons

Because of its long orbit and extreme tilt, the planet experiences long seasonal differences. Each pole experiences the summer season when pointed toward the sun, and winter when pointed away from the sun.

2006

The international astronomical union voted to reclassify Pluto and classify Eris as dwarf planets

The Cassini division

The largest gap in the rings separates A and B

Uranus moons

The largest of Uranus 27 known satellites are named Oberon and Titania

formation of the solar system phase one

The solar nebula formed. From the start, it was probably spinning very slowly and began to gradually increase in speed.

What will happen to the sun in the future?

The sun is heating up. In another billion years, it will be so hot the natural liquid water on earth will become steam.

How old is the sun?

The sun started to form about 4.5 billion years ago!

Similarities of the discoveries of Neptune and Pluto

They were based on its motion. Defined by any large body that orbits the Sun.

Saturns rings

Thickness: 1 km Span 282,000 km which is three fourth the distance between Earth and the Moon

Jupiter's Europa

Water vapor discovered. Later, use radar to cut through the icy frozen crust

great white spot

Storm in northern hemisphere on Saturn. A white oval close to the equator and observed on Saturns atmosphere by the Hubble space telescope in 1991.

largest volcanic system largest mountain in the solar system

Tharsis region, thousands of kilometers Olympus mods, Is an extinct shield volcano similar to Mauna Kea

The outer planets are often called

The Ice Giants because of their composition of ices. Water, ammonia and methane

Solar nebula

The big bang created a gigantic cloud of dust and gas. Several times the mass of the sun that condense and collapse into a dense flat spinning disk with an extremely hot center. This center became the sun

Uranus weather Axis of rotation

The coldest planet. Its extreme cold is a product of its motion. Takes 84 years to go around the Sun. 98°

Whose axis is similar to Earths? similar in color than earth

Mars slightly different chemical composition

Great Dark Spot

Neptune's anti-clonis storm 1989, voyager 2 notes the presence of a large, dark storm. Storm was as large as Earth. 1994 Hubble space telescope found that it disappeared

Mercury temperatures

-292 to 806. No seasons. Poles permanently cold.

Saturn's ammonia clouds The second deck is made of The bottom deck

->give the planet its yellow color ->Ammonium hydrogen sulfide clouds ->where you find clouds of water. 32°F

up to the 17th century, how many bodies were known in the universe?

Eight- MV EM JS, sun, earth's moon

Why is Eris a prob for Pluto?

Eris is slightly larger than Pluto. If Pluto was considered a planet than Eris should also be considered a planet.

Uranus and Neptune are both

Ice giants, with heavier elements (not just hydrogen and helium) Blue, because methane is found in the atmosphere They don't have the same exact composition

Mercury surface and atmosphere

Impact craters blanket mercury surface. Thin and temporary atmosphere because the mass of the planet is too small for an atmosphere to continuously stay around the planet

differential rotation

In the equatorial zone, planet rotates at around 18 hours. At polar regions, rotates around 12 hours

Problems of pluto

It is so far away from earth that scientists had a little detail to go by

Neptune's structure

Its mass is 17 times as great as earths, but smaller than other gas giants four layers: the core, mantle, atmosphere, and upper atmosphere

Gas giants, outer planets

Jupiter , Saturn , Uranus and Neptune are also referred to as Jovian planets because of the characteristics they share with the planet Jupiter

Triton

Largest of Neptune's moons. 2700km. Little larger than the dwarf planets Pluto and Eris. One of the few moons geographically active. One of the coldest celestial bodies in the SS. Only moon with retrograde orbit. Originally an independent body that was somehow captured by the gravity in orbit of Neptune.

Three arches of Neptunes rings

Liberty, Fraternity, Equality

What does the sun use in order to create energy?

Nuclear fusion. It occurs when two atomic nuclei combine, or "fuse", to form one heavier nucleus. During this process, hydrogen is converted into helium

The sun's luminosity radius distance from earth

Or total power input, is 3.8 x 10^26 watts. ~695,000 km radius 150 million km from earth. One million Earths could fit inside

Neptune's motion

Orbit take 164 years. 4.5 billion miles from the sun. Intersects with Pluto's orbit for 20 years. 28% axial tilt, seasonal changes similar to Earth. Season lasts 40 years tho

Ceres

Out of the dwarf planets, Ceres is the closest to Earth. Makes up 25% of asteroid belt's total mass. Has water!

extrasolar planets

Planets outside of our solar system, first came from the distortion of the proplyd disks EXAMPLE: Upsilon Andromeda system

First five classified dwarf planets

Pluto, Eris, Ceres, Makemake, and Haumea

Less dense outer ring, called

Proplanetary disk, aka proplyd

formation of the solar system phase two

Prosun formed. where matter in the solar nebula condenses into a dense central region

Kuiper belt

Region beyond Neptune. Similar to the asteroid belt and is filled with smaller icy celestial bodies. Discovered 1992

formation of the solar system phase four

Rocky planets formed as the planetesimals attracted to each other by gravity and formed planets

Mars facts

Roman god of war. Most studied planet. Solid iron core. Silicate mantle. Rock crust.

Titan

Saturn's giant moon. Complex chemical environments. Atmosphere continually produces hydrocarbons that rain down the moons icy surface, cloaking it in suit informing liquid methane and ethane lakes. No lakes similar to Earth! extremely cold with a surface temperature of -290°F

oblate spheroid

Saturn; more elliptically shaped than round system 1, equatorial part, rotates 10hrs 14mins system 2, north/south of equatorial zones, rotates 10hrs 38 mins