Astronomy 3 Midterm (Ch. 1-8)

Ranking Task: Relative Time Line for Formation of the Solar System Provided following are stages that occurred during the formation of our solar system. Rank these stages from left to right based on when they occurred, from first to last.

First Stage:large cloud of gas and dust, contraction of solar nebula, condensation of solid particles, accretion of planetesimals, clearing the solar nebula: Last Stage

Problem 5.33 How much greater is the light-collecting area of a 6-meter telescope than a 3-meter telescope?

Four times

Problem 6.27 The composition of the solar nebula was 98%

Hydrogen and Helium

Problem 3.30 When Einstein's theory of gravity (general relativity) gained acceptance, it demonstrated that Newton's theory had been

Incomplete

Problem 4.27 Which person is weightless?

A child in the air as she plays on a trampoline.

Prelecture Narrated Figure: Kepler's Third Law, Part 1 (A)upiter orbits the Sun at an average distance of 5.203 AU and takes 11.86years to complete each orbit. Based on these facts, which statement is true? (B)You discover an asteroid that orbits the Sun with the same 1-year orbital period as Earth. Which of the following statements must be true?

A. 11.86^2=5.203^3 B.The asteroid's average (semimajor axis) distance from the Sun is 1AU.

Problem 8.46 (A)Using the data in the table Satellites of the Solar System, identify the orbital resonance relationship between Titan and Hyperion. (Hint: If the orbital period of one were 1.5 times the other, we would say that they are in a 3:2 resonance.) (B) Which medium-size moon is in a 2:1 resonance with Enceladus?

A. 4:3 B.Dione

Problem 3.38 The recently discovered Eris orbits the Sun every 557 years. (A)What is its average distance (semimajor axis) from the Sun? (B)How does its average distance compare to that of Pluto?

A. 67.7 AU B. Eris orbits farther than Pluto.

Sorting Task: Formation of Terrestrial and Jovian Planets Each of the following statements applies either to the formation of terrestrial planets or of jovian planets (but not both), based on our current theory of solar system formation. Drag the statements into the appropriate bin.

Terrestrial Planets: surfaces dramatically altered during the heavy bombardment, accreted from planetesimals of rock and metal Jovian Planets: accreted from icy planetesimals, formed in regions cold enough for water to freeze, formed in a region of the solar system with lower orbital speeds, large moons formed in surrounding disks of material, ejected icy planetesimals that are now Oort cloud comets

Problem 7.35 Which terrestrial world has the most atmospheric gas?

Venus

Problem 6.33 Are there any exceptions to the rule that planets rotate with small axis tilts and in the same direction as they orbit the Sun?

Venus and Uranus are exceptions.

Problem 6.32 What's unusual about our Moon?

It's surprisingly large relative to the planet it orbits.

Problem 8.26 Why is Jupiter denser than Saturn?

Its higher mass and gravity compress its interior.

Problem 4.32 If Earth were twice as far from the Sun, the force of gravity attracting Earth to the Sun would be

One-quarter as strong

Problem 6.29 What is Jupiter's main ingredient?

hydrogen and helium

Problem 8.28 The main ingredients of most satellites of the jovian planets are

hydrogen compound ices.

Problem 5.28 Compared to an atom as a whole, an atomic nucleus

is very tiny but has most of the mass

Problem 5.29 Some nitrogen atoms have seven neutrons and some have eight neutrons; these two forms of nitrogen are:

isotopes of each other.

Problem 2.32 If the Sun rises precisely due east:

it must be the day of either the spring or fall equinox.

Problem 1.32 The age of our solar system is about:

one-third of the age of the universe.

Problem 8.32 Saturn's many moons affect its rings through

orbital resonances

(Ch. 1) 1. (A) Ranking Task from LARGEST to SMALLEST (B) Rank the following items that describe distances from longest distance (left) to shortest distance (right)

(A) The Universe, the Local SuperCluster, the Local Group, Milky Way, Solar System, Sun, Jupiter, Earth. (B) The distance from the Milky Way Galaxy to the Andromeda Galaxy, the distance from the Sun to the center of the Milky Way Galaxy, the distance from Earth to Alpha Centauri, one light-year, the distance across our solar system (to Neptune), (one AU and average distance from the Sun to earth)

Problem 6.34 About how old is the solar system?

4.5 billion years

Problem 7.30 In general, what kind of terrestrial planet would you expect to have the thickest lithosphere?

A small Planet

Problem 3.29 Which of the following is not true about a scientific theory?

A theory is essentially an educated guess.

Process of Science Task: Earth-Centered vs. Sun-Centered Models (A) (B) (C)Consider the hypothetical observation "a planet beyond Saturn rises in west, sets in east." This observation is not consistent with a Sun-centered model, because in this model __________. (D)We never see a crescent Jupiter from Earth because Jupiter __________.

A. B. C.the rise and set of all objects depends only on Earth's rotation D.is farther than Earth from the Sun

Key Concept: Our Cosmic Origins (A) Ranking Task (B) According to current scientific estimates, when did the Big Bang occur? (C) On the cosmic calendar, which compresses the history of the universe into a single year, about when did Earth form? (D) On the cosmic calendar, which compresses the history of the universe into a single year, about when did life arise on Earth? (E) On the cosmic calendar, which compresses the history of the universe into a single year, about when did early humans first walk on Earth?

A. B. about 14 billion years ago C. in early September D. in September E. just a few hours before midnight on December 31

Seasons 3: What if Earth's Axis Tilt Were Different? (A) (B) (C)Based on what you have learned from your rankings in Parts A and B, which of the following planets would you expect to have seasons most like Earth's? (D) Which of the following planets should have the most extreme seasons? (E)Which of the following planets has essentially no seasons at all?

A. B. C. Mars (axis tilt = 25.2°) D. Uranus (axis tilt = 97.9°) E.Jupiter (axis tilt = 3.1°)

Visual Skills Check 5.1 (A) Which of the six numbered features represents emission lines? (B)Which of the six numbered features represents absorption lines? (C)Which portion(s) of the spectrum represent(s) reflected sunlight? (D)What does the wavelength of the peak labeled 6 tell us about Mars? (E)What feature(s) of this spectrum indicate(s) that Mars appears red in color?

A. 1 B.5 C.2, 3, 4 D.its surface temperature E.the fact that the intensity of region 4 is higher than that of region 2

Problem 1.42 (A) 1 light-second in kilometers Express your answer using two significant figures. (B) 1 light-second in miles; Express your answer using two significant figures. (C) 1 light-minute in kilometers; Express your answer using two significant figures (D) 1 light-minute in miles; Express your answer using two significant figures (E)1 light-hour in kilometers Express your answer using two significant figures. (F) 1 light-hour in miles Express your answer using two significant figures. (G) 1 light-day in kilometers Express your answer using two significant figures. (H) 1 light-day in miles Express your answer using two significant figures.

A. 1 light−second = 3.0×10^5 km B. 1 light−second = 1.9×10^5 mi C. 1 light−minute = 1.8×10^7 km D. 1 light−minute = 1.1×10^7 mi E. 1 light−hour = 1.1×10^9 km F. 1 light−hour = 6.7×10^8 mi G. 1 light−day = 2.6×10^10 km H. 1 light−day = 1.6×10^10 mi

Problem 4.45 (A)A planet with twice Earth's mass orbiting at a distance of 1 AU from a star with the same mass as the Sun. (B)A planet with the same mass as Earth orbiting at a distance of 1 AU from a star with four times the Sun's mass.

A. 1 year B. 6 months

Problem 4.43 (A) Compare the energy of a 1-megaton hydrogen bomb to the energy released by a major earthquake. (B) If the United States obtained all its energy from oil, how much oil would be needed each year? (C)Compare the Sun's annual energy output to the energy released by a supernova.

A. 5 B.8.3×10^12 liters C. ESupernova/ESun-10^11

Process of Science: Explaining Apparent Retrograde Motion (A)Drag words from the left to the blanks at the right to complete the sentence correctly. (B)Complete the sentence correctly by dragging words representing something you can measure to the first blank and a time period to the second blank. (C)What is really happening in space during the periods when we see Mars going through apparent retrograde motion? (D)Complete the sentence correctly by dragging a word representing Mars's appearance to the first blank and a time of day to the second blank. (E)The Sun-centered system pictured in the lower window of the video offers a simple explanation for observations of apparent retrograde motion. Should these facts alone have been enough to convince the ancient Greeks that Earth really does go around the Sun?

A. At most times, Mars appears to move (eastward) relative to the stars. The exceptions are during its periods of apparent retrograde motion when Mars appears to move (westward) relative to the stars. B. If you wanted to document the apparent retrograde motion of Mars, you would need to measure and record (Mars's position among the constellations) over a period of (several months.) C. Earth is passing by Mars in its orbit around the Sun. D.Consider a time when Mars is in the middle of one of its periods of apparent retrograde motion. During this time, Mars appears brightest in our night sky and crosses the meridian around midnight. E.No, because the Greeks had an Earth-centered model that also accounted for apparent retrograde motion

Problem 2.47 (A)How many arcminutes are in a full circle? (B)How many arcseconds are in a full circle? (C)The Moon's angular size is about 1/2∘. What is this in arcminutes? (D)The Moon's angular size is about 12∘. What is this in arcseconds?

A.2.16×10^4 arcminutes B.1.296×10^6 arcseconds C. 30 arcminutes D.1800 arcseconds

Prelecture Narrated Figure: Kepler's Second Law (A)Earth is slightly closer to the Sun in January than in July. How does the area swept out by Earth's orbit around the Sun during the 31 days of January compare to the area swept out during the 31 days of July? (B)All of the following statements are true. Which one can be explained by Kepler's second law?

A.Both areas are the same B.Mars moves faster in its orbit when it is closer to the Sun than when it is farther from the Sun.

Vocabulary in Context: Jovian Moon Vocabulary Match the words in the left-hand column to the appropriate blank in the sentences in the right-hand column. Use each word only once.

1. The largest moon in the solar system is Ganymede. 2. The jovian moon with the most geologically active surface is Io. 3. Strong evidence both from surface features and magnetic field data support the existence of a subsurface ocean on Europa. 4. Tidal heating is responsible for the tremendous volcanic activity on Io. 5. Callisto is the most distant of Jupiter's four Galilean moons. 6. The fact that Europa orbits Jupiter twice for every one orbit of Ganymede is an example of a(n) orbital resonance

Problem 2.36 When we see Saturn going through a period of apparent retrograde motion, it means

Earth is passing Saturn in its orbit, with both planets on the same side of the Sun.

Problem 3.24 Earth is closer to the Sun in January than in July. Therefore, in accord with Kepler's second law

Earth travels faster in its orbit around the Sun in January than in July.

Problem 1.25 An astronomical unit is

Earth's average distance from the Sun.

Problem 4.33 According to the law of universal gravitation, what would happen to Earth if the Sun were somehow replaced by a black hole of the same mass?

Earth's orbit would not change.

Problem 1.24 Which of the following correctly lists our "cosmic address" from small to large?

Earth, solar system, Milky Way Galaxy, Local Group, Local Supercluster, universe;

Ranking Task: Astronomical Distances and Light-Travel Time (A) Shown here are astronomical objects located at different distances from Earth. Rank the objects based on their distances from Earth, from farthest to nearest.

FARTHEST: star on the far side of the Andromeda Galaxy, star on the near side of the Andromeda Galaxy, star on the far side of the Milky Way Galaxy, star on the near side close to the center of the galaxy, Orion Nebula, Alpha Centauri, Pluto Sun: NEAREST

Problem 3.23 When we say that a planet has a highly eccentric orbit, we mean that:

In some parts of its orbit it is much closer to the Sun than in other parts.

Sorting Task: Galilean Moons of Jupiter Listed following are some of the distinguishing characteristics of the four Galilean moons of Jupiter. Match each characteristic to the appropriate moon.

Io volcanoes currently erupting, hot, glowing lava visible in some photos, source of ionized gas in the donut-shaped charged particle belt around Jupiter Europa ice covered surface with few impact, craters double-ridged surface features strongly suggest a subsurface ocean below Ganymede largest moon in the solar system heavily cratered terrain adjacent to fairly smooth terrain Callisto entire surface appears heavily cratered and ancientmost distant from Jupiter of these four moons

Problem 8.29 Why is Io more volcanically active than our moon?

Io has a different internal heat source.

Problem 4.34 If the Moon were closer to Earth, high tides would

be higher than they are now

Problem 5.30 The set of spectral lines that we see in a star's spectrum depends on the star's:

chemical composition

Problem 6.30 Which lists the major steps of solar system formation in the correct order?

collapse, condensation, accretion

Problem 3.26 Tycho Brahe's contribution to astronomy included:

collecting data that enabled Kepler to discover the laws of planetary motion.

Problem 6.28 Which of the following did not occur during the collapse of the solar nebula?

concentrating denser materials nearer the Sun

Problem 2.28 The North Celestial Pole is 35∘ above your northern horizon. This tells you that you are at:

latitude 35∘ N.

Problem 3.22 Which of the following was not a major advantage of Copernicus's Sun-centered model over the Ptolemaic model?

It made significantly better predictions of planetary positions in our sky.

Problem 8.30 What is unusual about Triton?

It orbits its planet backward.

Problem 5.25 Why is a sunflower yellow?

It reflects yellow light.

Problem 7.32 Which describes our understanding of flowing water on Mars?

It was important once, but no longer.

Problem 3.25 According to Kepler's third law:

Jupiter orbits the Sun at a faster speed than Saturn.

Problem 8.24 Which lists the jovian planets in order of increasing distance from the Sun?

Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune

Problem 1.31 Could we see a galaxy that is 50 billion light-years away?

No, because it would be beyond the bounds of our observable universe.

Problem 3.27 Galileo's contribution to astronomy included:

Making observations and conducting experiments that dispelled scientific objections to the Sun-centered model.

Problem 8.25 Why does Neptune appear blue and Jupiter red?

Methane in Neptune's atmosphere absorbs red light.

Sorting Task: Characteristics of Terrestrial and Jovian Planets Listed following are characteristics that can identify a planet as either terrestrial or Jovian. Match these to the appropriate category. Consider only the planets of our own solar system.

Terrestrial Planets: solid, rocky surface, small size, located within the inner solar system Jovian Planets: low average density, numerous orbiting moons, primarily composed of hydrogen, helium, and hydrogen compounds, extensive ring systems

(Ch.6)Prelecture Overview: Our Planetary System Drag the correct object from the left to the statement that goes with it at the right. Use each choice only once.

The Sun generates energy deep in its core through the fusion of hydrogen into helium Jupiter has a famous storm known as the Great Red Spot. Uranus has an axis tilt that gives it very extreme seasons. Earth has a single moon that is surprisingly large compared to its planet. Neptune has a large moon, Triton, that almost certainly once orbited the Sun independently. Eris is similar in size to Pluto and also considered a dwarf planet. Saturn is orbited by at least two geologically active moons: Titan and Enceladus. Mercury has a greater difference in temperature between its day and night sides than any other world. Pluto was studied up close in 2015 by the New Horizons spacecraft. Mars has no surface liquid water today, but shows clear evidence of such water in the distant past. Venus has a surface hot enough to melt lead as a result of an extremely strong greenhouse effect.

Problem 1.29 When we say the universe is expanding, we mean that:

The average distance between galaxies is growing with time.

Problem 3.20 Decide whether the claim could be evaluated scientifically or whether it falls into the realm of nonscience and choose the correct reasoning. A huge fleet of alien spacecraft will land on Earth and introduce an era of peace and prosperity on January 1, 2035."

The claim can be evaluated scientifically by seeing whether or not the aliens show up on the appointed date.

Problem 4.30 Compared to its angular momentum when it is farthest from the Sun, Earth's angular momentum when it is nearest to the Sun is

The same

Problem 1.33 The fact that nearly all galaxies are moving away from us, with more distant ones moving faster, helped us to conclude that:

The universe is expanding.

Problem 8.31 Which moon shows evidence of rainfall and erosion by some liquid substance?

Titan

Problem 7.34 How many of the five terrestrial worlds are considered "geologically dead"?

Two

Prelecture Narrated Figure: Kepler's Third Law, Part 2 All of the following statements are true. Which one can be explained by Kepler's third law?

Venus orbits the Sun at a faster orbital speed than Earth.

Sorting Task: Atmospheres of Venus, Earth, and Mars Listed following are characteristics of the atmospheres of Venus, Earth, and Mars. Match each atmospheric characteristic to the appropriate planet.

Venus: sulfuric acid clouds almost no surface winds runaway greenhouse effect Earth: ultraviolet-absorbing stratosphere, atmosphere composed primarily of nitrogen Mars: global dust storms, extremely low density atmosphere

Problem 4.26 Compared to their values on Earth, on another planet you

mass would be the same but your weight would be different.

Problem 2.27 Two stars that are in the same constellation:

may actually be very far away from each other.

Problem 8.27 Some jovian planets give off more energy than they receive because of

ongoing contraction or differentiation.

Problem 5.32 A spectral line that appears at a wavelength of 321 nm in the laboratory appears at a wavelength of 328 nm in the spectrum of a distant object. We say that the object's spectrum is:

redshifted.

Ranking Task: Pairs of Gravitationally Interacting Objects (A) (B) (C) (D)Consider Earth and the Moon. As you should now realize, the gravitational force that Earth exerts on the Moon is equal and opposite to that which the Moon exerts on Earth. Therefore, according to Newton's second law of motion

the Moon has a larger acceleration than Earth, because it has a smaller mas

Problem 2.35 If there is going to be a total lunar eclipse tonight, then you know that:

the Moon's phase is full.

Problem 2.34 The fact that we always see the same face of the Moon tells us that

the Moon's rotation period is the same as its orbital period.

Problem 2.30 In winter, Earth's axis points toward the star Polaris. In spring:

the axis also points toward Polaris.

Problem 1.28 The total number of stars in the observable universe is roughly equivalent to:

the number of grains of sand on all the beaches on Earth.

Problem 1.27 If we represent the solar system on a scale that allows us to walk from the Sun to Pluto in a few minutes, then:

the planets would all be marble size or smaller and the nearest stars would be thousands of miles away.

Problem 2.33 A week after full moon, the Moon's phase is:

third quarter.

Problem 7.36 Which of the following is a strong greenhouse gas?

water vapor

Problem 4.25 A car is accelerating when it is

going around a circular track at a steady 100 miles per hour.

Problem 6.31 Leftover ice-rich planetesimals are called

Comets

Problem 7.37 The oxygen in Earth's atmosphere was released by

Life

Visual Skills Check 2.1 (A)Which of the four labeled points (A through D) represents the day with the most hours of daylight for the Northern Hemisphere? (B)Which of the four labeled points represents the day with the most hours of daylight for the Southern Hemisphere? (C)Which of the four labeled points represents the beginning of spring for the Southern Hemisphere? (D)The diagram exaggerates the sizes of Earth and the Sun relative to the orbit. If Earth were correctly scaled relative to the orbit in the figure, how big would it be? (E)Given that Earth's actual distance from the Sun varies less than 3% over the course of a year, why does the diagram look so elliptical? (F)A viewed from Earth, in which zodiac constellation does the Sun appear to be located on April 21? (G)If the date is April 21, what zodiac constellation will be visible on your meridian at midnight? (H)f the date is April 21, what zodiac constellation will you see setting in the west shortly after sunset?

A. B B. D C.C D. Microscopic E.The elliptical shape is an effect of perspective, since the diagram shows an almost edge-on view of a nearly circular orbit. F. Aries G.Libra H. Taurus

Process of Science: Testing the Law of Gravity (A) (B)Assume you have completed the two trials chosen in Part A. Which of the following possible outcomes from the trials would support Newton's theory of gravity? Neglect effects of air resistance. (C) (D)f you actually performed and compared the two trials chosen in Part C, you would find that, while the basketball and marble would hit the ground at almost the same time, it would not quite be exact: The basketball would take slightly longer to fall to the ground than the marble. Why? (E)Einstein's theory, like Newton's, predicts that, in the absence of air resistance, all objects should fall at the same rate regardless of their masses. Consider the following hypothetical experimental results. Which one would indicate a failure of Einstein's theory?

A. Both balls fall to the ground in the same amount of time. B. C. D.Because air resistance has a greater effect on the larger ball. E.Scientists dropping balls on the Moon find that balls of different mass fall at slightly different rates.

Ranking Task: Jovian Planet Size, Mass, Distance (A) The following images show Earth and the four Jovian planets of our solar system. Rank these planets from left to right based on their distance from the Sun, from closest to farthest. (B)The following images show Earth and the four Jovian planets of our solar system. Rank these planets from left to right based on their size (average equatorial radius), from smallest to largest (C)

A. Closest: Earth, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune B. Smallest Radius: Earth, Neptune, Uranus, Saturn, Jupiter C.Lowest Mass: Earth, Uranus, Neptune, Saturn, Jupiter

Prelecture Narrated Figure: Kepler's First Law (A)Which of the following paths could not be a real orbit for a planet around the Sun? (B)Which of the following orbits has the largest semimajor axis? (C)Which of the following orbits is the most eccentric? (D)Which of the following orbits shows the planet at aphelion?

A. D B. A C. A D.C

Ranking Task: Tectonic Activity of the Terrestrial Planets Shown below are the four terrestrial planets of our solar system. Assume that all the planets started out equally hot inside. Rank the planets based on their expected cooling rates, from fastest cooling to slowest cooling. (B)Shown following are three terrestrial planets of our solar system. Rank the planets based on the amount of time the surface of the planet has had a moderate to high level of volcanic/tectonic activity, from longest to shortest.

A. Fastest Cooling: Mercury, Mars, Venus, Earth B.Longest Time: Earth, Mars, Mercury:Shortest Time

Ranking Task: Orbital Distance, Mass, and Radius of Planets (A)The following images show six objects in our solar system. Rank the objects from left to right based on their average distance from the Sun, from farthest to closest. (Not to scale.) (B)The following images show six objects in our solar system. Rank these objects from left to right based on their mass, from highest to lowest. (C)The images below show six objects in our solar system. Rank these objects by size (average equatorial radius), from largest to smallest. (Not to scale.)

A. GREATEST DISTANCE:Pluto, Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, Earth, Mercury:SHORTEST DISTANCE B.HIGHEST MASS:Sun, Jupiter, Earth, Mars, Mercury, Pluto:LOWEST MASS C. Largest: Sun, Jupiter, Earth, Mars, Mercury, Pluto

Problem 4.31 The gravitational potential energy of a contracting interstellar cloud

gradually transforms into other forms of energy.

Ranking Task: Matter in the Solar System (A)The materials that made up the solar nebula can be categorized into the four general types as follows. Rank these materials from left to right based on their abundance in the solar nebula, from highest to lowest. (B)The materials that made up the solar nebula can be categorized into these four general types. Rank these materials from left to right based on the temperature at which each would condense into a solid, from highest to lowest. Note: For a substance that does not condense at all, rank it as very low temperature. (C)s you've learned from Part B, hydrogen and helium gas never condense under conditions found in the solar nebula. The remaining three categories of material in the solar nebula are shown again here. Rank these materials from left to right based on the distance from the Sun at which they could condense into a solid in the solar nebula, from farthest to closest.

A. Highest Abundance: Hydrogen and Helium Gas, Hydrogen Compounds, Rock, Metals: Lowest Abundance B. Highest Temperature: Metal, Rock, Hydrogen Compounds, Hydrogen and Helium Gas C. Farthest: Hydrogen Compounds, Rock, Metals:Closest

Ranking Task: Atmospheric Pressure (A)The following images show the four terrestrial planets in our solar system (not to scale). Rank these planets from left to right based on the atmospheric pressure at the surface, from highest to lowest. (B)The following images show the four terrestrial planets in our solar system (not to scale). Rank these planets from left to right based on the atmospheric pressure at the surface, from highest to lowest.

A. Highest Pressure: Venus, Earth, Mars, Mercury: Lowest Pressure B. Most Gas: Venus Earth, Mars, Mercury: Least Gas

Visual Activity: Exploring Surface Features of Mars (A) select the statements below that are true (B)Drag words from the left to the correct blanks at the right. (C)Which of the following statements are true? (D)why was the landing site,called Meridiani Planum, chosen for the Opportunity mission?

A. Most of the northern hemisphere has much lower elevation than the southern hemisphere. There is a long, deep canyon that stretches along a region close to Mars's equator. There is a large, roundish region of low-elevation in the southern hemisphere. Several large volcanoes are found near or somewhat north of Mars's equator. B. Tharsis Bulge is a high-elevation region dotted by tall volcanoes. The tallest mountain on Mars is called Olympus Mons. The large, roundish, low-elevation region in the southern hemisphere is called Hellas Basin. The long, deep canyon running along the equator is called Valles Marineris. C. The recurring slope lineae appear to grow in spring and summer. The recurring slope lineae are found among impact craters. The recurring slope lineae look like narrow dark streaks. D. The region was already known to have minerals likely to have formed in liquid water.

Visual Activity: Basic Surface Features of Mars (A)Assuming that the features you see on Mars are similar to features found on Earth, what would a casual inspection of the interactive photo of Mars lead you to suspect about water on Mars? (B)Which of the following Mars surface features provides dramatic evidence that volcanism has played a role in shaping the surface of Mars? (C)Which geologic processes are most clearly evident in the southern highlands? (D) Which of the following statements about the Tharsis Bulge, often simply called "Tharsis," are true? Select all that apply.

A. Surface water only exists as frozen ice B.Olympus Mons C.mpact cratering and erosion D. Tharsis has a higher elevation than surrounding regions. One end of Valles Marineris is connected to Tharsis. Tharsis has several large volcanoes.

Prelecture Overview: Formation of the Solar System (A)What are four key features of our solar system that any theory of solar system formation must be able to explain? Select exactly four responses. (B)We expect a scientific theory to be able to make predictions that can be tested. Which of the following is a prediction of the nebular theory that has been verified by observations? (C)The "giant impact hypothesis" refers to the idea that

A. There are vast numbers of asteroids and comets. There are clear patterns to the rotation and orbits of large bodies in the solar system. Planets fall into two major categories. There are a few notable "exceptions to the rules." B.Many stars should have planets. C.our Moon formed when a Mars-size object collided with the young Earth

(Ch.8) Prelecture Overview: Jovian Planet Systems (A) The two jovian planets that contain the highest proportions of hydrogen compounds are (B)Match the words at the left to the correct blanks in the sentences at right. Use each choice only once. (C)Which of the following best describes the nature of planetary rings?

A. Uranus and Neptune B.Jupiter has three moons for which there is evidence of a global, subsurface ocean of liquid water, with the strongest evidence favoring an ocean on Europa. Scientists have detected lakes of liquid methane and ethane on the surface of Titan. Io is the most volcanically active world in the solar system. The two moons that are larger than the planet Mercury are Titan and Ganymede, which is also the largest of Jupiter's moons (and largest moon in the solar system). Spacecraft images show fountains of ice spraying into space from Saturn's moon Enceladus C.They are composed of countless individual particles.

Problem 5.26 Compared to red light, blue light has higher frequency and

higher energy and shorter wavelength.

Jovian Planet Compositions and Densities (A)Which of the following statements best describes the general pattern of composition among the four jovian planets? (B)Look at the average densities of the jovian planets given in Figure 1. Can you identify a trend in jovian planet densities with mass or distance from the Sun? (C)Which of the following statements best explains why the densities of Uranus and Neptune are higher than that of Saturn, even though Saturn is much more massive? (D)Which of the following best explains why Jupiter's density is higher than Saturn's? (E)Based on the leading scientific theory of solar system formation, which of the following statements best explains why Uranus and Neptune have a significantly different composition than Jupiter and Saturn?

A. Uranus and Neptune contain relatively more rock and hydrogen compounds than Jupiter and Saturn. B. There is no clear trend C. They have a higher proportion of hydrogen compounds and rock D. Jupiter is more massive than Saturn. E. Jupiter and Saturn captured more gas from the solar nebula than Uranus and Neptune

Seasons 1: What Is the Cause of the Seasons? (A)Refer to the data in the introduction. Rank the seasons for the Northern Hemisphere based on Earth's distance from the Sun when each season begins, from closest to farthest. (B)Refer to the data in the introduction. Rank the seasons for the Southern Hemisphere based on Earth's distance from the Sun when each season begins, from closest to farthest. (C)Based on what you have learned from your rankings in Parts A and B, which statement best describes how variation in the Earth-Sun distance affects the seasons? (D)You've now seen that Earth's varying distance cannot be the cause of our seasons. So what is the cause of the seasons?

A. Winter, Spring, Fall, Summer B. Summer, Fall, Spring, Winter C.The variation in Earth-Sun distance over the course of each year has virtually no effect on the seasons. D.The tilt of Earth's axis causes different portions of the Earth to receive more or less direct sunlight at different times of year.

Prelecture Narrated Figure: Phases of Venus (A)Based on the video, which Venus phase would be impossible to see (from Earth) if Venus orbited Earth as described in Ptolemy's Earth-centered model? (B)Which of the following can you observe about Venus with the naked eye? Select all that apply. (C)In Ptolemy's Earth-centered model, when would Venus appear directly behind the Sun as viewed from Earth? (D)As you learned in the video, Galileo's observations of Venus in gibbous (nearly full) phase showed conclusively that Venus orbits the Sun, not Earth. Which figure shows Venus's position when Galileo saw it in gibbous phase?

A. gibbous (nearly full) B.Venus sometimes shines brightly in the eastern sky shortly before dawn Venus sometimes shines brightly in the western sky shortly after sunset C. Never D. A

Light and Spectroscopy (A)When you listen to the radio, you are hearing (B) (C) (D) (E)Suppose you go outside and look at three stars. Star A is blue, Star B is white, and Star C is red. Which star is the hottest and which star is the coldest? (F)Which object emits more infrared radiation? (G)

A. none of the above B. C. D. E.Star A is the hottest and Star C is the coldest. F.A star that is the same size as the Sun but five times hotter G.

Y Times Reading Quiz 2009/01/26: Elevating Science, Elevating Democracy (A)Who is Dr. Fang, according to the information provided in the article (B)Choose the statement that best reflects the author's main point in this editorial. (C)Which of the following statements is an example of science and democracy working productively together?

A. teacher, from China, now at the University of Arizona, who favors the Big Bang theory. B.Science and democracy rely on freedom and on each other to flourish. C.NASA scientists are required to make their data public within one year of acquiring the data, regardless of the status of the scientific project.

Prelecture Video: Light Absorption in Earth's Atmosphere (A)Which of the following forms of light can be observed with telescopes at sea level? Select all that apply. (B)If our eyes were sensitive only to X rays, the world would appear (C)f you had only one telescope and wanted to take both visible-light and ultraviolet pictures of stars, where should you locate your telescope? (D)The James Webb Space Telescope is designed primarily to observe

A. visible light, radio waves B. Dark because X-ray light does not reach Earth's surface C. In space D. Infrared Light

Process of Science: Testing the Nebular Theory (A)Sort the following hypothetical discoveries into the appropriate bins as follows: (B)Two hypothetical discoveries in Part A deal with moons that, like Earth's moon, are relatively large compared to their planets. Which of the following best explains why finding 1 planet with such a moon is consistent with the nebular theory, while finding 6 planets with such moons is not consistent? (C)Consider the hypothetical discovery from Part A reading: "A star's 5 terrestrial planets orbit in the opposite direction of its 3 jovian planets." This discovery would be inconsistent with the nebular theory because the theory holds that (D)Consider the hypothetical discovery from Part A reading: "Beyond its jovian planets, a star has two ice-rich objects as large as Mars." This discovery is consistent with the nebular theory, because this theory predicts that

A.Consistent with theory: A star has 20 planets, A star is surrounded by a disk of gas but has no planets, Of a star's 5 terrestrial planets, 1 has a moon as large as Earth's moon., Beyond its jovian planets, a star has two ice-rich objects as large as Mars. Not consistent with theory: A star's 4 jovian planets formed in its inner solar system and its 4 terrestrial planets formed farther out. All 6 of a star's terrestrial planets have a moon as large as Earth's moon. A star's 5 terrestrial planets orbit in the opposite direction of its 3 jovian planets. A star has 9 planets, but none orbit in close to the same plane. B.Unusually large moons form in giant impacts, which are relatively rare events. C.all the planets formed in a rotating, disk-shaped nebula D.this might have happened in our own solar system if it had taken longer for the solar wind to clear the solar nebula

(Ch.5) Prelecture Overview: Light and Matter (A)Drag words from the left to the correct blanks at the right. You may use the same words more than once. (B)What is the correct composition of a neutral atom of helium-4 (C)Which of the following type of spectrum would you expect if you view star light that has passed through a cool cloud of interstellar gas on its way to Earth? (D)

A.Each chemical element has a unique atomic number. The number of protons in an atom is called the atom's atomic number. Most hydrogen atoms have only a single proton in their nucleus, so a hydrogen atom that also has one neutron is an isotope of hydrogen. The sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atom is called the atomic mass number. An atom with more electrons than protons has a negative electric charge. B.2 protons, 2 neutrons, 2 electrons C.an absorption line spectrum D.

Prelecture Narrated Figure: Mars Climate Change (A)Each of the following statements was either true for Mars in the distant past (early Mars) or is true for Mars today. Sort the statements by dragging each into the correct bin. (B)As you found in Part A, early Mars had both core convection and a strong magnetosphere. What is the connection between these two things? (C)What key process underlies why Mars changed so much from its early conditions to its conditions today? (D)All of the following statements are true. Which one explains why Mars has lost so much more interior heat than Earth. (E)As discussed in the video, the leading hypothesis for why Mars changed holds that interior cooling led to loss of its magnetosphere, allowing the solar wind to strip atmospheric gas away. How has the MAVEN mission provided evidence for this hypothesis?

A.Early Mars (more than 3 billion years ago) Some craters held lakes of water.Strong greenhouse effect.Substantial volcanism and outgassing.Strong magnetosphere.Core convection. Mars Today Surface pressure too low for stable liquid water.Very weak greenhouse effect.Solar wind strips atmospheric gas. B.Core convection helps generate a magnetic field, and the magnetic field creates the magnetosphere. C. Interior Cooling D.Mars is smaller than Earth. E.It has measured rates of gas loss from the atmosphere today.

Ranking Task: Understanding the Greenhouse Effect in Planet Atmospheres (A)The following images represent four types (wavelength bands) of light. Rank these from left to right based on the amount of each that is emitted (as thermal radiation) by Earth's surface, from greatest to least. If you think that two (or more) types should be ranked as equal, drag one on top of the other(s) to show this equality. (B)In Part A, you found that Earth emits only infrared light. This infrared light can be absorbed by greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide and water vapor, in the atmosphere. In fact, all the terrestrial planets emit infrared light from their surfaces. The following images show the four terrestrial planets in our solar system. Rank these planets from left to right based on the total amount of infrared-absorbing greenhouse gases in their atmospheres, from greatest to least. (C)The following images show the four terrestrial planets in our solar system. Rank the planets from left to right based on the strength of the greenhouse effect occurring at their surfaces, from strongest to weakest. (D)The following images show the four terrestrial planets in our solar system. Rank the planets from left to right based on the amount by which the greenhouse effect increases their surface temperatures, compared to what their temperatures would be without the greenhouse effect, from largest to smallest increase.

A.Greatest Amount: Infrared, (All others) Lowest Amount B. Greenhouse abundance: Venus, Earth, Mars, Mercury: Least greenhouse abundance C. Venus, Earth, Mars, Mercury D. Venus, Earth, Mars, Mercury

(Ch.3) Prelecture Overview: Making Sense of the Universe (A)As a giant cloud of gas collapses due to gravity, you would expect its rate of rotation to (B)Which of the following represents a change from potential energy to kinetic energy? (C)uppose two objects are attracting each other gravitationally. If you double the distance between them, the strength of their gravitational attraction (D)Which of the following are allowed orbital paths under gravity?

A.Increase B.A rock starting from rest on a high cliff, then moving faster and faster as it falls. C. decreases by a factor of 4 D.Elliptical, Hyperbolic, Parabollic

Visual Activity: Basic Ideas of the Greenhouse Effect (A)On a cloudless day, what happens to most of the visible light headed toward Earth? (B)What happens to the energy that the ground absorbs in the form of visible sunlight? (C)The greenhouse effect raises Earth's surface temperature (from what it would be otherwise) because the infrared light radiated by Earth's surface __________.

A.It reaches Earth's surface, where some is reflected and some is absorbed. B.It is returned upward in the form of infrared light. C.is absorbed by greenhouse gases, slowing the escape of this energy to space

Key Concept: Understanding Tides (A) As shown in the video, Earth has two tidal bulges at all times. Approximately where are these bulges located? (B)Most people are familiar with the rise and fall of ocean tides. Do tides also affect land? (C)Any particular location on Earth experiences (D)Part D Part complete One tidal bulge faces toward the Moon because that is where the gravitational attraction between Earth and the Moon is strongest. Which of the following best explains why there is also a second tidal bulge? (E)s you watch the video, notice that the size of the tidal bulges varies with the Moon's phase, which depends on its orbital position relative to the Sun. Which of the following statement(s) accurately describe(s) this variation? Select all that apply. (F)You have found that tides on Earth are determined primarily by the position of the Moon, with the Sun playing only a secondary role. Why does the Moon play a greater role in causing tides than the Sun?

A.One faces the Moon and one faces opposite the Moon. B.Yes, though land rises and falls by a much smaller amount than the oceans. C. Two high tides and two low tides each day D.The second tidal bulge arises because gravity weakens with distance, essentially stretching Earth along the Earth-Moon line. E.High tides are highest at both full moon and new moon. Low tides are lowest at both full moon and new moon. F.because the gravitational attraction between Earth and the Moon varies more across Earth than does the gravitational attraction between Earth and the Sun

Process of Science: The Solar Spectrum (A)Which of the following procedures would allow you to make a spectrum of the Sun similar to the one shown, though with less detail? (B)In the illustration of the solar spectrum, the upper left portion of the spectrum shows the __________ visible light. (C)Which of the following best describes why the Sun's spectrum contains black lines over an underlying rainbow? (D)Notice that the Sun's spectrum appears brightest (or most intense) in the yellow-green region. This fact tells us (E)Suppose we want to know what the Sun is made of. What should we do? (F)Any spectrum can be displayed either in photographic form as shown to the left or as a graph. Which of the following graphs could represent a portion of the Sun's visible light spectrum?

A.Pass a narrow beam of sunlight through a prism. B. Lowest frequency C.The Sun's hot interior produces a continuous rainbow of color, but cooler gas at the surface absorbs light at particular wavelengths. D.the approximate temperature of the Sun's surface E.Compare the wavelengths of lines in the Sun's spectrum to the wavelengths of lines produced by chemical elements in the laboratory. F.

Problem 2.41 Suppose that you are in San Diego, California and look at the sky. (A)What are your latitude and longitude? (B)Where does the north (or south) celestial pole appear in your sky? (C)Is Polaris a circumpolar star in San Diego 's sky? Choose the correct explanation.

A.The latitude in San Diego is 32∘N and the longitude is about 117∘W B. The north celestial pole appears in San Diego 's sky at an altitude of 32 ∘ in the direction due north. C. Polaris is circumpolar because it never rises or sets in San Diego 's sky.

Key Concept: Kepler's Laws in Action (A)The video states that the planetary orbits are shown to scale. Which statement correctly describes the way the planet sizes are shown compared to their orbits (B)Kepler's first law states that the orbit of each planet is an ellipse with the Sun at one focus. Which of the following statements describe a characteristic of the solar system that is explained by Kepler's first law? (C)Kepler's second law states that as a planet orbits the Sun, it sweeps out equal areas in equal times. Which of the following statements describe a characteristic of the solar system that is explained by Kepler's second law? Check all that apply. (D)Kepler's third law states that a planet's orbital period, p, is related to its average (semimajor axis) orbital distance, a, according to the mathematical relationship p^2=a^3. Which of the following statements describe a characteristic of the solar system that is explained by Kepler's third law? Check all that apply.

A.The planets are all much too large compared to their orbits B.The Sun is located slightly off-center from the middle of each planet's orbit. Earth is slightly closer to the Sun on one side of its orbit than on the other side. C.Pluto moves faster when it is closer to the Sun than when it is farther from the Sun. D.Venus orbits the Sun faster than Earth orbits the Sun. Inner planets orbit the Sun at higher speed than outer planets

Key Concept: Making Predictions with Physical Laws (A)Drag words indicating what happens to the first blank and indicating the reason to the second blank. (B)Drag words indicating what happens to the first blank and indicating the reason to the second blank. (C)Drag words indicating what happens to the first blank and indicating the reason to the second blank. (D)Suppose that the Sun were to collapse from its current radius of about 700,000 km to a radius of only about 6000 km (about the radius of Earth). What would you expect to happen as a result? (E)Suppose that two asteroids are orbiting the Sun on nearly identical orbits, and they happen to pass close enough to each other to have their orbits altered by this gravitational encounter. If one of the asteroids ends up moving to an orbit that is closer to the Sun, what happens to the other asteroid?

A.The video shows a collapsing cloud of interstellar gas, which is held together by the mutual gravitational attraction of all the atoms and molecules that make up the cloud. As the cloud collapses, the overall force of gravity that draws the cloud inward gradually becomes stronger because the strength of gravity follows an inverse square law with distance. B.As the cloud shrinks in size, its rate of rotation speeds up because its total angular momentum is conserved. C.As the cloud shrinks in size, its central temperature increases as a result of its gravitational potential energy being converted to thermal energy D.A tremendous amount of gravitational potential energy would be converted into other forms of energy, and the Sun would spin much more rapidly. E.It will end up on an orbit that is farther from the Sun

(Ch.7)Prelecture Overview: Planetary Geology (A)Which of the following statements about our solar system's terrestrial worlds are true? (B)The existence of a core-mantle-crust interior structure tells us that a world (C)How does the amount of heat released in a planet's interior by radioactive decay change with time? (D)As a general rule, smaller planets __________ than larger planets. (E)Earth has a relatively strong magnetic field, but Mars does not. Which of the following probably explains why Mars lacks a strong magnetic field today?

A.They are all of nearly the same age. Their interiors all have a core, mantle, and crust. They are all made primarily of rock and metal. B.once had a molten interior C.It drops off with time. D.cool more rapidly E.Its core is too cool for convection.

Visual Skills Check 3.1 (A)Approximately how fast is Jupiter orbiting the Sun? (B)An asteroid with an average orbital distance of 2 AU will orbit the Sun at an average speed that is (C)Uranus, not shown on the graph, orbits about 19 AU from the Sun. Based on the graph, its approximate orbital speed is between about (D)Kepler's third law is often stated as p2=a3. The value a3 for a planet is shown on (E)On (Figure 1), you can see Kepler's third law (p2=a3) from the fact that (F)Suppose (Figure 1) showed a planet on the red line directly above a value of 1000 AU3 along the horizontal axis. On the vertical axis, this planet would be at (G)How far does the planet in part F orbit from the Sun?

A.a little less than 15 km/s B.a little slower than the orbital speed of Mars C.5 and 10 km/s D.the horizontal axis of Figure 1 E. The data falls on a straight line F. 1000^2 years G. 10 AU

Visual Activity: Three Basic Types of Spectra (A) tudy the graph of the intensity of light versus wavelength for continuous spectra, observing how it changes with the temperature of the light bulb. Recall that one of the laws of thermal radiation states that a higher-temperature object emits photons with higher average energy (Wien's law). This law is illustrated by the fact that for a higher temperature object, the graph peaks at __________. (B)Click "show" for the emission line spectrum, then click "choose gases" and study the emission line spectrum for neon. The neon "OPEN" sign appears reddish-orange because ____ (C)The absorption line spectrum shows what we see when we look at a hot light source (such as a star or light bulb) directly behind a cooler cloud of gas. Suppose instead that we are looking at the gas cloud but the light source is off to the side instead of directly behind it. In that case, the spectrum would __________. (D)What type of visible light spectrum does the Sun produce?

A.a shorter wavelength B.neon atoms emit many more yellow and red photons than blue and violet photons C.be an emission line spectrum D.an absorption line spectrum

Process of Science: Predicting Planetary Properties (A)Based on Planet Z's size, orbital distance, and rotation rate, which of the following properties is it likely to have? (B)You have found that Planet Z should have active tectonics and volcanism and an atmosphere produced by volcanic outgassing. What single factor explains why the planet should have these characteristics? (C)In Part A, you found that Planet Z should not have polar ice caps or liquid water. What single change to Planet Z's characteristics would allow it to have these things? (D)In Part A, you found that Planet Z should not have strong winds and violent storms. What single change to Planet Z's characteristics would cause it to have strong winds and violent storms? (E)In Part A, you found that Planet Z should not have seasons. What single change to Planet Z's characteristics would cause it to have seasons?

A.an atmosphere produced by outgassing, active tectonics, active volcanoes B.has a large size for a terrestrial planet C.a greater distance from its star D.a faster rotation rate E.a larger axis tilt

Venus in the Sky: Phases and Implications (A)n Ptolemy's Earth-centered model for the solar system, Venus's phase is never full as viewed from Earth because it always lies between Earth and the Sun. In reality, as Galileo first recognized, Venus is (B)Imagine that Venus is in its full phase today. If we could see it, at what time would the full Venus be highest in the sky? (C)When would a new Venus be highest in the sky? (D)When would you expect to see Venus high in the sky at midnight? (E)In Ptolemy's Earth-centered model for the solar system, Venus always stays close to the Sun in the sky and, because it always stays between Earth and the Sun, its phases range only between new and crescent. The following statements are all true and were all observed by Galileo. Which one provides evidence that Venus orbits the Sun and not Earth?

A.full whenever it is on the opposite side of the Sun from Earth B. At noon C.At noon D. Never E.We sometimes see gibbous (nearly but not quite full) Venus

Visual Activity: Weight and Weightlessness in a Moving Elevator (A) Suppose you are in an elevator. As the elevator starts upward, its speed will increase. During this time when the elevator is moving upward with increasing speed, your weight will be (B)uppose you are in an elevator that is moving upward. As the elevator nears the floor at which you will get off, its speed slows down. During this time when the elevator is moving upward with decreasing speed, your weight will be (C)In Part A, you found that your weight will be greater than normal when the elevator is moving upward with increasing speed. For which of the following other motions would your weight also be greater than your normal weight? (D)When you are standing on a scale in an elevator, what exactly does the scale measure? (E)Suppose you are in an elevator car when the elevator cable breaks. Which of the following correctly describes what happens and why.

A.greater than your normal weight at rest B.ess than your normal weight at rest C.The elevator moves downward while slowing in speed. D. The force you excert on the scale E.You float weightlessly within the elevator car because you and the elevator both begin to accelerate downward at the same rate.

Key Concept: Lunar Phases Basics — Orbital Scale, Illumination, and Synchronous Rotation (A)Start at the beginning of the Moon Orbit video, which shows the Sun and part of Earth's orbit. If we wanted to show the Moon's orbit on the scale of this starting frame, we would need to draw a circle that (B)As you play the Moon Orbit video, notice how the arrows representing the Sun's rays are at first spread apart but become parallel as the video zooms in on the Moon's orbit. Why do the Sun's rays become parallel at the end of the video? (C)Play the Moon Orbit video through to where you see the Moon orbiting Earth at correctly scaled sizes. Notice that Earth's daylight side (white) is on the right in this view, and its night side (gray) is on the left. Where along its orbit would the Moon also have its daylight side on the right and its night side on the left? (D)Although the Causes of Lunar Phases video is very useful for learning about phases of the Moon, it is inaccurate in some ways. Which of the following correctly identify inaccuracies with this video? Check all that apply. (E)Watch the Causes of Lunar Phases video. To understand phases of the Moon, you must imagine the view from Earth looking out to the Moon as it orbits. At what position(s) in its orbit would we see all of the Moon's daylight side and none of its night side? (F)Look again at the Causes of Lunar Phases video. At what position(s) in the Moon's orbit would we see exactly half of the Moon's daylight face and exactly half of its night face? (G)Look again at the Causes of Lunar Phases video. As the Moon orbits, notice how the astronaut's head always points toward Earth. What do we see from Earth that occurs for the same reason? (Be sure you are viewing the first portion of the video, with the rotating Moon, not the hypothetical, non-rotating view, shown afterward.)

A.is smaller than one of the green dashes that show Earth's orbit B.The Sun is so far away compared to the size of the Moon's orbit that all the rays reaching the orbit come from essentially the same direction C.everywhere along its orbit D.The Moon is too big compared to its orbit. The astronaut is too big compared to the Moon. The Moon is too big compared to Earth. Earth is too big compared to the Moon's orbit. E.at the point on the far left F.at the two points at the top and bottom G.We always see the same face of the Moon.

Prelecture Video: Tidal Heating (A) Io experiences tidal heating primarily because (B)As you saw in Part A, Io's elliptical orbit is necessary to its tidal heating. This elliptical orbit, in turn, is a result of the orbital resonance among Io, Europa, and Ganymede. This orbital resonance causes Io to have a more elliptical orbit than it would otherwise, because (C)We cannot see tidal forces or tidal heating; rather, we predict that they must occur based on the orbital characteristics of the moons. What observational evidence confirms that tidal heating is important on Io? (D)Orbital resonance also gives Europa an elliptical orbit, so it experiences tidal heating, too. However, Europa experiences less tidal heating than Io, because Europa __________ than Io. (E)We now know of many Jupiter-size planets around other stars. Suppose that future observations show that one of these planets has two orbiting moons. What additional information, if any, would we need to decide whether these moons experience tidal heating?

A.its elliptical orbit causes the tidal force to vary as Io orbits Jupiter. B.Io, Europa and Ganymede periodically return to the same orbital positions, creating the same gravitational tugs C.active volcanoes on Io D.s farther from Jupiter E.We need to know their orbital periods.

Prelecture Overview: Telescopes: Portals of Discovery (A)What are the two most important properties of a telescope? (B)How much more light does an 8-meter telescope gather than a 2-meter telescope? (C)Suppose that two stars are separated in the sky by 0.01 arcsecond, and you observe them with a telescope that has an angular resolution of 1 arcsecond. What will you see? (D)Match the words at the left to the correct blanks in the sentences at right. (E)What is the primary reason that we launch X-ray telescopes into space rather than building them on the ground?

A.light-collecting area angular resolution B. 16 times more C.The light from the two stars will be blended together so that they look like one star. D.A camera is an example of an instrument used for imaging observations. Spectroscopy refers to telescopic observations in which we separate an object's light so we can measure its intensity at different wavelengths. If we want to confirm that a star's brightness alternately dims and brightens, we need time monitoring observations of the star. The familiar twinkling of the stars is caused by atmospheric turbulence, which also blurs telescopic images. Human civilization is responsible for what astronomers call light pollution. E.X-rays from space do not reach the ground.

Visual Activity: Rings of Saturn (A)Saturn's rings are composed of (B)Saturn's rings look bright because (C)Which of the following statements correctly describes the motion of the particles in Saturn's rings?

A.lots of individual particles of ice and rock B.light from the Sun reflects off the material in the rings C. Particles in the inner rings orbit Saturn at a faster speed than particles in the outer rings.

Visual Activity: Condensed Materials in Different Regions of the Disk of the Forming Solar System (A)What substances were found in the innermost regions (within about the inner 0.3 AU) of the solar system before planets began to form? (B)What substances existed as solid flakes within the innermost regions (within about the inner 0.3 AU) of the solar system before planets began to form? (C)Where would you expect terrestrial planets to form in the solar nebula? (D)The Jovian planets are thought to have formed as gravity drew hydrogen and helium gas around planetesimals made of

A.rocks, metals, hydrogen compounds, hydrogen, and helium, all in gaseous form B. none C.anywhere outside the innermost regions (within about the inner 0.3 AU) D. Rocks, Metals, and Ices

Visual Skills Check 4.1 (A)What do the three black arrows represent? (B)Where is it high tide? (C)Where is it low tide? (D)What time is it at point 1? (E)The light blue region represents tidal bulges. In what way are these bulges drawn inaccurately?

A.the Moon's gravitational force at different points on Earth B. Points 1 and 3 C. 2 and 4 D. Cannot be determinded E.They should be much smaller compared to Earth.

Visual Skills Check 8.1 (A)What do the colors represent in the right image? (B)Which color in the right image indicates regions with the highest temperature? (C)The right image was obtained when only part of Io was in sunlight. Based on the colors, which part of the surface was in sunlight? (D)By comparing the two images, what can you conclude about Io's volcanoes?

A.the intensity of the infrared light B.White C. The right side D. here are more black spots in the visible image than bright spots in the infrared image, so many of Ios volcanoes were inactive when the photos were taken.

Key Concept: Understanding the Nebular Theory (A)Observations show that interstellar clouds can have almost any shape and, if they are rotating at all, their rotation is not perceptible. However, the nebular theory predicts that a cloud will rotate rapidly once it shrinks to a relatively small size. What physical law explains why a collapsed cloud will rotate rapidly? (B)The nebular theory also predicts that the cloud should heat up as it collapses. What physical law explains why it heats up? (C)The nebular theory also predicts that the cloud will flatten into a disk as it shrinks in size. Which of the following best explains why the collapsing cloud should form a disk? (D)As you've seen, the nebular theory predicts that a cloud that gives birth to planets should have the shape of a spinning disk. Which observable property of our solar system supports this prediction? (E)The solar system has two types of planets, terrestrial and jovian. According to the nebular theory, why did terrestrial planets form in the inner solar system and jovian planets in the outer solar system? (F)Based on the nebular theory as it explains our own solar system, which of the following should we expect to be true for other star systems? Check all that apply.

A.the law of conservation of angular momentum B.The law of conservation of Energy C. Colliding cloud particles exchange angular momentum and, on average, end up with the rotation pattern for the cloud as a whole. D. All the planets orbit the Sun in the same direction and in nearly the same plane. E. Ices condensed only in the outer solar system, where some icy planetesimals grew large enough to attract gas from the nebula, while only metal and rock condensed in the inner solar system, making terrestrial planets. F.Jovian planets always form farther from their star than terrestrial planets. Planetary systems should generally have all planets orbiting in nearly the same plane. Planetary systems should be common. Many extrasolar planets should fall into the terrestrial or jovian categories.

Visual Skills Check 6.1 (A)Compare the graph in (Figure 1) to (Figure 2), which shows the decay of potassium-40. Which element is more radioactive (undergoes radioactive decay more quickly)? (B)What fraction of the original uranium-235 should be left after 3.5 billion years? (C)You find a mysterious rock on the ground and determine that 60% of its uranium-235 has been converted into lead-207. What is the most likely origin of the rock, based on its radiometric age?

A.uranium-235 B. 1/32 C.It's a volcanic rock nearly a billion years old.

Process of Science: How Past Climate Data Helps Us Understand Global Warming (A)The average temperature over the past 1000 years has been about 15∘C. From the graphs, you can conclude that Earth's average temperature during the past 800,000 years has (B)varied between about 7∘C and 19∘C (C)Notice that the peaks and troughs on the temperature graph occur at the about the same times as peaks and troughs on the carbon dioxide graph. What can we infer from this fact alone? (D)Although the data show only a correlation between the carbon dioxide concentration and the global average temperature, scientists have other reasons to think that a rise in the carbon dioxide concentration actually causes a rise in the global average temperature. All of the following statements are true. Which statements lend support to the idea that carbon dioxide is a cause of planetary warming? Check all that apply. (E)Based on the evidence that atmospheric carbon dioxide is a cause of planetary warming, what aspect of the graphs should most concern us? (F)Make a prediction: If the rise in carbon dioxide concentration continues at its current pace, the concentration in the year 2050 will be about _____ parts per million.

A.varied between about 7∘C and 19∘C B.a trough (bottom of a dip) on the temperature graph C.There is a correlation between the carbon dioxide concentration and the global average temperature. D.Models of the greenhouse effect successfully predict the temperatures of Venus and Mars from their atmospheric carbon dioxide amounts. We understand the physical mechanism of the greenhouse effect, through which carbon dioxide can increase a planet's temperature. Models of Earth's climate that include recent increases in the carbon dioxide concentration match observed temperature increases better than those that do not include it. E.The carbon dioxide concentration today is significantly higher than at any time in the past 800,000 years and is rapidly rising. F. 460

Key Concept: The Greenhouse Effect (A)The energy that warms Earth's surface comes primarily in the form of (B)Earth's temperature remains fairly steady, which means that Earth must return nearly the same amount of energy to space that it receives from the Sun. In what form(s) does Earth return most of this energy to space? Check all that apply. (C)Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, such as carbon dioxide and water vapor, make Earth warmer than it would be otherwise because these gases __________. (D)According to scientists, the naturally occurring greenhouse effect makes Earth about 31∘C warmer than it would be if there were no greenhouse gases in our atmosphere. How do scientists "know" what Earth's temperature would be without greenhouse gases? (E)All of the following statements are true. Which one provides strong observational support for the claim that greenhouse gases make a planet warmer than it would be otherwise? (F)Based solely on an understanding of the greenhouse effect (as displayed in the figure), which one of the following statements is true?

A.visible light from the Sun B.infrared light emitted by the surface and atmosphere. visible light reflected by the surface. visible light reflected by clouds C.absorb infrared light emitted by the surface D.They calculate this temperature from Earth's reflectivity and distance from the Sun. E.Venus has a higher average temperature than Mercury. F. We should expect an increase in the greenhouse gas concentration to lead to global warming.

Problem 6.25 How many of the planets orbit the Sun in the same direction as Earth does?

All

Problem 4.28 Consider the statement "There's no gravity in space." This statement is:

Completely false.

Problem 5.31 A star whose spectrum peaks in the infrared is:

Cooler than the Sun

Problem 7.38 Where is the most CO2 that has outgassed from Earth's volcanoes?

Locked up in rocks

Problem 7.33 What do we conclude if a planet has few impact craters of any size?

Other geological processes have wiped out craters.

Sorting Task: Characteristics of Reflecting and Refracting Telescopes Listed following are distinguishing characteristics and examples of reflecting and refracting telescopes. Match these to the appropriate category.

REFLECTING TELESCOPES:Most commonly used by professional astronomers today, world's largest telescope, The Hubble Space Telescope REFRACTING TELESCOPES: Galileo's telescopes, incoming light passes through glass, The world's largest is 1-meter in diameter, very large telescopes become "top-heavy"

Problem 7.29 Which heat source continues to contribute to Earth's internal heat?

Radioactive Decay

Problem 3.28 Which of the following is not true about scientific progress?

Science advances only through the scientific method

Problem 7.31 Which of a planet's fundamental properties has the greatest effect on its level of volcanic and tectonic activity?

Size

Problem 3.21 In the Greek geocentric model, the retrograde motion of a planet occurs when:

The planet actually goes backward in its orbit around Earth.

Problem 1.26 The star Betelgeuse is about 600 light-years away. If it explodes tonight

We won't know about it until 600 years from now.

Problem 1.30 If stars existed but galaxies did not:

We would not exist because we are made of material that required recycling in galaxies.

Problem 2.31 When it is summer in Australia, the season in the United States is

Winter

5.34 The Hubble Space Telescope obtains higher-resolution images than most ground-based telescopes because it is:

above Earth's atmosphere.

Problem 8.33 Saturn's rings

are continually supplied by impacts with small moons.

Problem 6.26 Planetary orbits in our solar system are:

fairly circular and in the same plane.

Problem 4.29 To make a rocket turn left, you need to:

fire an engine that shoots out gas to the right.

Problem 5.27 Radio waves are a

form of light

Problem 2.29 Beijing and Philadelphia have about the same latitude but very different longitudes. Therefore, tonight's night sky in these two places:

will look about the same.