Astronomy Exam II

What total force will cause an object with a mass of 1kg to gain 5 meters per second every second?

5 newtons

When the Earth passes through the orbit of a broken-up comet, we see

a meteor shower

Galileo's approach to science is best described as based on

active construction of simplified experiments

Newton's explanation of Kepler's Laws relied upon a force that

acts on all objects.

The tail of a comet always points

away from the Sun and becomes longest and brightest at perihelion.

Relative to the distant stars, Venus

completes less than one full rotation each time it orbits the Sun

Kuiper Belt objects are usually made of

ice and possibly frozen gas

The presence of frozen water on Venus is

impossible because every part of it is too hot for water ice.

The Law of Inertia states that a moving object will

keep moving if no force stops it

unit of mass

kilogram

Which of the following types of object could reasonably be described as dirty snowballs or, for the larger ones, flying icebergs?

kuiper belt objects

During a meteor shower, shooting stars seem to be coming from

the radiant

The radiant of a meteor shower is the point in the sky that the

Earth is moving towards

An ion rocket engine produces 1 Newton of thrust. What acceleration can it give to a space probe with a mass of 1000kg?

0.001 m/s^2

A solar sail is a large sheet of light-reflecting plastic spread on an extremely low-mass framework and attached to a spacecraft. Sunlight exerts a force on the sail and moves the spacecraft. Suppose the spacecraft has a total mass of 1000kg (including the sail) and sunlight exerts a total force of 5N on the sail. What will be the acceleration of the spacecraft?

0.005

The axial tilt of Mercury is

0.01 degrees

A solar sail is a large sheet of light-reflecting plastic spread on an extremely low-mass framework and attached to a spacecraft. Sunlight exerts a force on the sail and moves the spacecraft. Suppose the spacecraft has a total mass of 100kg (including the sail) and sunlight exerts a total force of 2N on the sail. What will be the acceleration of the spacecraft?

0.02

What total force will cause an object with a mass of 1kg to gain 10 meters per second every second?

10 newtons

Suppose that you lift an object by exerting an upward force of 22 Newtons on it. If gravity exerts a force of 10 Newtons downward on the object, what is the total force on the object?

12 newtons

Suppose that you lift an object by exerting an upward force of 12 Newtons on it. If gravity exerts a force of 10 Newtons downward on the object, what is the total force on the object?

2 newtons

Suppose that you try to lift an object by exerting an upward force of 5 Newtons on it. If gravity exerts a force of 10 Newtons downward on the object, what is the total force on the object?

5 newtons downward

What total force will cause an object with a mass of 5kg to gain 10 meters per second every second?

50 newtons

An object in the Outer Oort Cloud might be at a distance from the Sun of

Between 20,000au and 50,000au is considered to be the Outer Oort Cloud.

Who discovered Newton's First Law of Motion?

Galileo

Short-period comets are thought to be

Kuiper belt objects deflected by Neptune

A horse is pulling a cart along a road. Which of the following pairs of forces is an action-reaction pair?

The force of horse on the road and the force of the road on the horse.

A book, weighing 10 Newtons, sits on a table. Which of the following pairs of forces is an action-reaction pair?

The force that the book exerts on the table and the force that the table exerts on the book.

The Inner Oort Cloud is

a doughnut-shaped region with objects above and below the plane of the solar system.

Kepler's Laws are explained by

a force that attracts each planet to the Sun.

In comparison to Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion, Newton's theory of Universal Gravitation predicted

almost the same motions but with corrections

Between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter you find

asteroid belt

The Kuiper Belt is mostly located

beyond the orbit of Neptune

Suppose that you drop two objects from the same height at the same time. Both objects are heavy enough to be unaffected by air resistance. If one object is twice as heavy as the other, Galileo predicted that

both objects will hit the ground at the same time

Galileo's approach to understanding moving objects was to

build things that he could measure

what is a short period comet

comets with orbital paths less than 200 years

In the ancient Greek theory of gravity, everything was attracted to the center of the universe. In Newton's theory of gravity, everything was attracted hint* The attraction is proportional to the mass, so small mass objects do not attract each other much, but the attraction is always there.

every other object in the universe

**Most asteroids can best be described as

flying rocks or possibly flying mountains.

The nucleus of a comet consists of

frozen gas, ice, and dust

With the absents of air freely falling objects with different masses fall with the same acceleration because

gravity exerts more force on the more massive object.

The capture theory, in which the Moon forms as a separate object similar to Earth and is then captured by the Earth, would predict that

has a solar day very close to Earth's

The force of gravity explains

how the tides work but not how lightning works.

** When Newton calculated the magnitude and direction of the acceleration for a planet that was following Kepler's Laws, he found that the magnitude of the acceleration was

inversely proportional to the square of the planet's distance from the sun

Suppose that you drop a wooden ball and an iron ball, both the exact same diameter, from the same height at the same time. Aristotle would predict that

iron

If the acceleration of an object is zero, its speed

is not changing

According to Newton's Law of Gravity, the gravitational attraction of the Earth for other objects, such as the Moon, apples on trees and space shuttles in low earth orbit,

is smaller the farther away from Earth

The Law of Inertia says that if an object is not acted on by any outside force, its acceleration

is zero

The Law of Inertia says that if an object is not acted on by any outside force,

its acceleration will be zero

The planet Neptune was located because

its gravity disturbed the orbit of Uranus

what is the order of the planets in our solar system

mercury venus earth mars jupiter saturn uranus neptune

You hear a loud noise outside and go outside to find a smoking rock embedded in your driveway underneath your wrecked car. The object is probably a

meteorite

meteors?

meteoroid meteor meteorite

unit of acceleration

meter per second per second

unit of force

newton

When a bullet is fired from a gun, the bullet keeps moving after it leaves the gun barrel because

no force stops it

When an arrow is fired from a bow, the arrow keeps moving after it leaves the bow because

no force stops it

The observed magnetic field of Mercury is surprising because it was expected to have

no magnetic field at all because it rotates so slowly

Which of the following three systems is regarded as the most normal for a terrestrial planet?

no moons

The distance from the Earth to the Sun is

one astronomical unit

The Earth's magnetic field plays an essential role in

protecting the Earth from charged particles from the Sun

Aristotle said that a moving earthly or 'mundane' object with nothing pushing or pulling on it will always

slow down and stop

Aristotle said that the amount of force on a moving earthly object determines its

speed

In Newton's Theory of planetary motion,

the Sun and Earth move around each other.

The recoil or 'kick' of a gun that is firing a bullet is a force exerted on the gun by

the bullet

The force that acts on a rocket because its engine is firing is exerted by

the exhaust of the rocket

According to Galileo, a thrown spear keeps moving after it has left the spear thrower's hand because

the force of friction is not enough to stop the spear

According to Aristotle, a thrown spear keeps moving after it has left the spear thrower's hand because

the force of the air disturbed by the spear keeps it in motion.

Suppose that you drop two objects from the same height at the same time. Both objects are heavy enough to be unaffected by air resistance. If one object is twice as heavy as the other, Aristotle would predict that

the heavier one falls first

When Newton calculated the magnitude of the acceleration of Earth's Moon, and compared it to the acceleration of falling objects on the surface of the Earth, he found that

the moons acceleration was smaller

Suppose that an object with a mass of one kilogram and an object with a mass of two kilograms are both in free fall near the Earth's surface. As compared to the one kilogram object, the two kilogram object accelerates

the same because gravity pulls on it more strongly and it has more inertia.

When Newton calculated the magnitude and direction of the acceleration of Earth's Moon, he found that the direction was

towards the Earth

Galileo said that a moving object with nothing pushing or pulling on it will always

will stay the same speed

If an object is moving at constant speed in a straight line, its acceleration is

zero