Athletic Injuries Chapter 9 Review Questions

What is located within the subarachnoid space?

Below the arachnoid is the subarachnoid space containing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

What is anterograde amnesia as it relates to head injuries?

Anterograde amnesia involves the inability to recall events that have transpired since the time of the injury.

Describe the appropriate method for controlling a nosebleed.

Care of a simple nosebleed should include application of finger pressure directly against the nostril that is bleeding. If bleeding persists, application of a cold compress against the nasal region is usually effective in causing immediate vasoconstriction of the affected vessels. In addition, the athlete should be instructed to lie on one side (the same side as the bleeding nostril). Page: 135

When rendering first aid to an athlete with a suspected head injury, what are the top three objectives?

Determine if the athlete is in either respiratory or cardiac arrest; is the athlete conscious? Page: 120

What types of information should be obtained when treating a conscious athlete with a suspected head and/or neck injury?

Determine the presence of any signs/symptoms of head injury. Page: 122

What is the cause of the majority of dental injuries?

Direct Blows 132

What are the correct names of specialized tissues known collectively as the cerebral meninges?

Dura mater, Arachnoid, and Pia mater

Describe the condition known as anisocoria

Some people normally have pupils of unequal size, known technically as anisocoria

Briefly describe the process leading to the condition known as cauliflower ear.

Trauma can lead to the development of an auricular hematoma. If this condition is not treated properly or is repeatedly irritated prior to treatment, a serious cosmetic problem known as cauliflower ear can occur. Page: 136

True or False: The single most important indicator of the severity of a head injury is the level of consciousness.

True

True or False: Experts agree that 90% of eye injuries could be prevented if athletes wore adequate eye protection.

True 133

True or False: The majority of sports-related eye injuries occur in basketball.

True. See Table 9.3. Page: 133

True or False: With the exception of aquatic sports, the majority of sports-related medical problems with the ear involve the auricula.

True. With the exception of aquatic sports, the majority of sports-related medical problems with the ear affect its external parts. Page: 136

What are the four categories of signs and symptoms for a concussion? Name one in each category.

headache, nausea, poor concentration, and excessive drowsiness

How long can athletes experience signs and symptoms if they are diagnosed with post-concussive syndrome?

symptoms related to a concussion may take days or even weeks to be resolved.

What is the recommended method of removing a small, nonimbedded object from an athlete's eye?

If the object can be seen, it can usually be carefully removed with a moist cotton swab or Q-tip. Page: 134

According to the chapter, what is a cerebral concussion?

"a clinical syndrome characterized by immediate and transient impairment of neurologic function secondary to mechanical forces."

List the names of the 8 cranial bones and give a description of their anatomic relationship.

- Frontal, Occipital, two Temporal bones, two Parietal, Sphenoid, and Ethmoid - The brain (encephalon) is housed in the cranium and is afforded considerable protection via an ingenious system of bony and soft-tissue structures. The bones of the cranium form a rigid housing for the brain and are held together by specialized articulations known as suture joints.

Define subdural, epidural, and intracerebral hematomas; also define cerebral contusion.

1. Epidural hematoma: bleeding between the dura and the cranial bones 2. Subdural hematoma: bleeding below the dura mater 3. Intracerebral hematoma: bleeding within the brain tissue 4. Cerebral contusion: bruising of the brain tissue

What is the approximate weight in pounds of an adult human's brain?

3 - 3.5 lbs

How many days does it take for the typical concussion to resolve?

80 - 90% will resolve in less than 10 days

Loss of Consciousness in combination with a concussion occurs only about

9% of of the time, amnesia about 27%

Why are facial wounds of greater significance than wounds on other areas of the body?

Facial wounds take on greater significance than injuries to other parts of the body primarily because of cosmetic reasons. Page: 137

What is an orbital blowout?

Fracture of the socket (orbit) of the eye (can't move eye up or down) Page: 134

What is the major difference between a grade 2 and a grade 3 concussion as described in the chapter?

Grade 2 involves loss of consciousness lasting less than one minute; PTA lasting longer than 30 minutes but less than 24 hours. Grade 3 involves loss of consciousness lasting more than 1 minute; PTA lasting longer than 24 hours. Page: 117

What conditions must be assumed present whenever treating an unconscious athlete?

Grade 2 or 3 concussion Page: 122

What is the most likely mechanism of a sports-related injury to the cervical spine?

Most experts now agree that the mechanism known technically as "axial load" produces the majority of serious cervical spine injuries. Page: 123

What is a simple, practical form of dental protection in sports?

Mouth Guard 132

Define the term epistaxis

Nose bleed Page: 135

What are the three basic components of the human brain?

The brain consists of three basic parts: cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem

What materials should the coach have available in a first aid kit for treating problems related to athletes wearing contact lenses?

The coach should have the necessary materials handy in the first aid kit, including commercially prepared wetting solution, a small mirror, and perhaps even a contact-lens case. Page: 135

What are some of the differences between a child and an adult brain?

The young child brain appears to be three to four times less stiff than adult brain; therefore, children's brains are far more plastic or impressionable than the adult brain. This clearly has positive effects during maturation, but can have negative effects associated with brain injury, as the child's brain is less resistant to trauma. The child's brain may also have a slower recovery due to lower quantities of myelin (fatty cells that cover nerves) and metabolic sensitivities. Because myelin is much more highly concentrated in the adult brain, it allows for quicker repair to nerves after injury and more con-trolled metabolic responses.

List the correct number of cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal nerves

There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves: 1. Cervical = 8 2. Thoracic = 12 3. Lumbar = 5 4. Sacral = 5 5. Coccygeal = 1 Page: 115