Athletic Training Domains: Injury/Illness Prevention and Wellness Protection

what are predisposing conditions to heat illness?

-Meds -Age -Conditioning level -Hydration status

what are measures for preventing infectious disease?

-appropriate diet/recovery/sleep -use individual water bottles/towels/uniforms -frequent laundering of uniforms

what are ways of reducing risk of injury?

-assess activity areas for safety -proper equipment maintenance -documentation of treatments

what is true when fitting shoulder pads?

-axillary straps should be snug around chest to keep shoulder pads in place -AC joint should have channel of foam padding -lateral flaps cover to deltoid tuberosity -neck opening allow athlete to raise arm overhead but not allow pad to shift

what is recommended for the prevention of heat-related illnesses?

-check the humidity -drink 20oz water every 15mins -acclimatize

athlete's foot (tinea pedis) may be prevented by _____?

-daily dust feet with powder -completely drying feet after getting them wet -wearing sandals when showering in public shower -washing feet regularly

what are signs of anorexia nervosa?

-dramatic weight loss -obsession w/ weight gain -social isolation -reaching competitive weight and continuing to lose weight in off-season

what are items used to prevent internal ear damage from excessive noise?

-ear plugs -ear muffs -semi-aural devices

at the secondary school level, the athletic training student should be involved in the educational efforts involving bloodborne pathogens. these educational items should include _____?

-education/training use of universal precautions and wound care -education on access to hepatitis B virus vaccinations and testing -education of parents/guardians regarding the students risk of infection -education on modes of infection and risk of infection from the athletes they care for

what are intrinsic factors of injury?

-flexibility -age -weight

what free-weight (fw) exercises require 1 or more spotters?

-fw exercise where bar moves over the face -fw exercise where bar moves over head -fw exercise where bar is positioned on back -fw exercise where bar moves over chest

which of the following should be included in preparticipation physical examinations? -height and weight -orthopedic screening -vital signs -ear/nose/throat -blood work

-height/weight -orthopedic screening -vital signs -ear/nose/throat

the function of the pituitary gland is to do what?

-increase thyroid function -increase estrogen release (in females) -increase testosterone release (in males) -increase water absorption in the kidneys

what are neural effects of resistance training?

-increased motor unit activation and recruitment -increased discharge frequency of motoneurons -decreased neural inhibitions -increased neuromuscular efficiency

when exercising in cold temperatures, what should be done by the athlete to prevent hypothermia?

-keep clothes dry -warmup exercises/remain active -wear warm clothing

you decide to develop a seminar for the coaches and players to discourage smokeless tobacco use. which of the following are effects of the chronic use of chewing tobacco? -leukoplakia -mouth/throat cancer -increased aggression -bad breath -mood swings -gynecomastia

-leukoplakia -mouth/throat cancer -bad breath

what symptoms are considered "red flags" requiring urgent referral to a physician?

-malaise/fatigue -constant pain -insomnia -persistent headaches

what types of infection are transmitted through the air?

-meningitis -pneumonia -tuberculosis -scarlet fever

when advising a patient about the proper construction of a running shoe, which of the following criteria will help prevent foot and ankle injuries? -midsole should be somewhat soft, but should not easily flatten out with pressure -show should have good forefoot flexibility -heel counter should be shallow and firm -heel counter should be strong and fit well around foot -upper should be constructed of quality leather or rubber

-midsole should be somewhat soft, but should not easily flatten out with pressure -show should have good forefoot flexibility -heel counter should be strong and fit well around foot

what are ways for throwing athletes to prevent injuries while training?

-minimize effects of microtrauma during training -maintain cardiovascular/lower extremity conditioning -good communication between the athlete, ATC, coach, and physician during training

the label on a dietary supplement must contain what?

-name/location of manufacturer -distributor -complete ingredients list -contents of product

Which of the steps below are correct when fitting a football helmet? -place the helmet over the head, tilt it backward, and rotate it forward into position. -try to turn helmet side-to-side with head in stationary position -check to make sure helmet sits 3 finger-breadths above eyebrows -press straight down on crown of helmet to see if pressure at crown of head -check if jaw pads fit snug against jaw -check chin strap adjustment for tight fit

-place the helmet over the head, tilt it backward, and rotate it forward into position. -try to turn helmet side-to-side with head in stationary position -press straight down on crown of helmet to see if pressure at crown of head -check if jaw pads fit snug against jaw -check chin strap adjustment for tight fit

according to the NATA's position statement on lightning safety for athletics and recreation, aspects of an emergency action plan specific to lightning safety should include?

-promote lighting safety slogans -establish a chain of command -use reliable means of monitoring weather -identify locations safe from the lightning hazard

how can athletes prevent lower leg injuries?

-stretching -proper footwear -proprioceptive training -strength training

what are signs and symptoms of dehydration?

-sunken, soft eyes -high specific gravity -weight loss -thirst

extrinsic risk factors of athletic injury includes?

-training errors -poor/inappropriate coaching -improper technique

what are preventative measures for fungal skin infections?

-use powders to absorb moisture -shower frequently -avoid contact w/ contaminated surfaces -towel off completely following a shower

general maintenance and cleaning tasks of the athletic training facility and it's activity areas should include ____?

-wood flooring kept free of splinters/holes/nails -all areas swept/vacuumed/mopped accordingly -lighting checked/changed regularly -check that ground fault interrupters are working and appropriately located

According to the NATA's position statement on the prevention of pediatric overuse injuries suggests a pediatric athlete should have at least _____ per week from competitive practices, competitions, and sport-specific training.

1-2 days off

how long (generally) should a "warm-up" be to adequately prepare the body for athletic performance?

10-15mins

according to the American College of Sports Medicine, when performing flexibility exercises, how long should a stretch be held for optimal results?

10-30secs only as long as it feels comfortable

an athlete's diet should consist of approximately _____ protein, _____ fat, and _____ carbohydrate

12-15%protein, 40-50%fat, 55-70%carb

how much calcium should a female athlete who shows signs of low bone mass consume daily?

1500mg

if it was determined that a 25-year-old patient should work at 80% of his maximal heart rate, what would be his target heart rate be?

156BPM

on the average, a college athlete expends between _____ to _____ calories per day.

2200-4400

How far from the nose should the facemask of a football helmet be located?

3 finger widths

according to the consensus statement between the inter-associated task force for preseason secondary school athletes and the NATA's secondary school athletic trainer's committee, preseason heat acclimatization guidelines for secondary school athletics, a 1-hour maximum walk through is permitted during days 1-5 of the heat acclimatization period. how long should be the recovery period be between the practice and walk through?

3 hours

the pre-event meal should be eaten _____ before competition to ensure proper digestion

3-4hrs

According to the NATA's position statement on the prevention of pediatric overuse injuries, full effort throwing limits for player 9 to 14 years old should be as follows:

75 pitches/game, 600 pitches/season

how many glasses of water should an athlete consume on a daily basis?

8 or more

what organization sets the standards for eye protection for racket sports?

ASTM

When trying to decrease the chance of injury during activity, one should stretch thoroughly. What stretch represents bouncing type movements to achieve a stretch?

Ballistic stretching

an athlete reports to you that another member of the women's team has a recognizable problem with eating. she reports that the athlete binge eats, followed by self-induced vomiting. What is the athlete suffering from?

Bulimia nervosa

one of your patients has just purchased a bicycle helmet and found a crack in the shell. what organization should the manufacturer of the helmet report this defect?

CPSC

a patient presents to you with a suspected shoulder dislocation. what should you do?

Check neurovascular status of upper extremity, including dermatomes and myotomes

how is pediculosis spread between individuals?

Close sexual contact

a female athlete should choose a sports bra that is supportive enough to prevent stretching of what structure?

Cooper's ligament

the NATA's position statement on safe weight loss and maintenance practices in sport and exercise recommends the individual assessing body composition use a valid and reliable body composition assessment technique. these include what?

Doppler measurements

what describes a D2 pattern of an extremity?

ER+flex+abduction --> IR+ext+adduction

what is not an NCAA-mandated piece of equipment?

Gymnastics -- palm protectors for the uneven parallel bars

Genital warts is caused by what?

Human papilloma virus

while discussing general nutrition principles with a female swimmer who is a strict vegetarian, the ATC should be aware that her diet might lack what mineral?

Iron

which organization certifies football helmets to make sure they are able to withstand repeated blows of high mass and low velocity?

NOCSAE

what is the definition of power?

Power = force X distance

which drinks would be appropriate prior to a long-distance run?

Regular soda

during a preparticipation examination, what should the team physician and athletic trainer do jointly?

Review each examination for the final approval to participate

A soccer player sustains a strain the the quad muscle group. You are trying to prevent atrophy during rehabilitation. What method of treatment would you use?

Russian stimulation

during a preparticipation physical examination, what type of assessment should be utilized to document the maturity of an athlete's secondary sexual characteristics?

Tanner's 5 stages of assessment

a mega-dose of which vitamin is potentially very dangerous?

Vitamin A

a female gymnast is complaining of symptoms of premenstrual syndrome, such as irritability, anxiety, depression, and bloating. what vitamin might be helpful in alleviating these symptoms?

Vitamin B6

what athletes are most susceptible to heat stroke and, therefore, must be carefully educated regarding the the importance of adequate fluid intake during activity in, humid weather?

a defensive lineman in football

a patient who ignores his/her diagnosis of cardiac hypertrophy and continues to exercise at intense level risks what?

a fatal cardiac event

what are all of the functions that contribute to the athlete's ability to maintain a steady state during periods of increased metabolic needs while exercising?

a high-protein pre-event meal

an athlete asks you to explain the action of an antioxidant. what best describes the role of an antioxidant?

a nutrient that protects the cell from the detrimental effects of substances that may cause health problems, such as premature aging

there are 2 types of heel cups that are designed to help prevent heel bruises. of these 2 heel cups, which has an elevated heel that can compress downward so that the heel never actually makes contact with the interior of the shoe?

a rubberized padded cup

shoulder pads provide protection for which type of injury?

acromioclavicular joint separation

under what condition(s) is a patient likely to experience a stress fracture of a bone?

after a few high loads or many small loads are applied to the bone

football helmets may fall into 1 or 2 categories. these 2 types are known as _____ or _____?

air/fluid-filled or padded

When testing the physical conditioning of a patient, the coach asks the patient to sprint 50 yards. What does this test?

anaerobic capacity

To prevent the feeling of sedation during the day while taking meds for allergic rhinitis, the AT should suggest the athlete not take what medication until he/she is ready to go to bed?

antihistamines

bismuth subsalicylate (pepto-bismol) should not be taken by a patient for whom use of _____ is a precaution or contraindication

aspirin

when a football player has a possible cervical injury, what should be the first thing you do?

asses level of consciousness

patients with Down Syndrome are restricted from participation in sports such as gymnastics, diving, soccer, and high jump without documented medical clearance because of the possible presence of what condition?

atlanoaxial instability

what type of stretching is not recommended because of the potential for causing muscle soreness and possible injury when done over a period of time?

ballistic

when an ATC is performing CPR, certain steps should be taken to minimize the risk of disease transmission via bloodborne pathogens. which of the following should be used according to OSHA guidelines to protect the ATC?

barrier mask

what medication can contribute to heat-related illnesses?

beta-blockers and antihistamines

what 4 sites are skin-folds taken when assessing body fat percentage?

biceps, triceps, suprailiac, SUBscapular

a sphygmomanometer is a device that measures what?

blood pressure (BP)

According to the NATA's position statement regarding safe weight loss and maintenance practices in sport and exercise, when determining goal weight, body weight should be assessed relative to what?

body composition

when selecting and fitting protective gear and sports equipment, the ATC should do what to minimize liability?

buy protective gear or equipment from a reputable manufacturer, ensure individual who assembles the equipment is competent to do so, if athlete is wearing a cast/brace ensure that it does not violate the rules of the sport, ensure equipment is not defective

which mineral decreases the risk of osteoporosis and increases the density of the bone?

calcium

the _____ and _____ should be involved with the athlete and athletic trainer in selecting and maintaining the athlete's protective equipment

coach and equipment manager

the pre-event meal should be planned by whom?

coach, athlete, and ATC

a torus fracture is the result of what kind of force?

compressive force

Properly fitting shoulder pads should adequately cover the shoulder complex. Which structure should the epaulets and cups completely cover?

deltoids

what are the following functions of the liver?

detoxification of urine

what questions are significant when screening a young patient for an underlying cardiac abnormality?

does the patient have chest pain w/ exercise, family history of sudden cardiac death in family member under age of 50, history of racing heart, or history of heart problems

what should the athletic trainer advise his/her athletes to do to minimize the negative effects of jet lag?

drink an adequate amount of fluids, especially water, to avoid dehydration

when monitoring a carbohydrate-loading program for an endurance athlete, what should the athlete do the day prior to competition?

eat a high-carb meal and perform little or no exercise

screening for marfan syndrome includes musculoskeletal and eye exams. what test is also part of the screening process?

echocardiogram

a patient with mono should not play sports until the symptoms subside because of what following problem?

enlarged spleen

the NATA's position statement on exertional heat illness recommends?

ensure appropriate medical care is available and rescue personnel are familiar with exertional heat illness prevention/recognition/treatment, plan rest breaks to match environmental conditions and intensity of practice, weigh high-risk athletes before/after practices to estimate the amount of body water lost, allow athletes to practice in shaded areas or use electric or cooling fans to circulate air when feasible

65% of the heat produced by the body during exercise is lost through what?

evaporation

a q-angle of >25° may predispose a patient to what postural deviation

excessive genu valgus

the athletic trainer should be aware of what when setting up an exercise regime for an individual who is taking beta-blockers for hypertension?

exercise fatigue

how soon after a patient sustains a concussion should he or she be allowed to return to competition or practice?

following evaluation and clearance by a physician or designee specifically trained and experienced in concussion evaluation and management

One of your basketball players comes into the athletic training facility insisting that his ankles need to be taped even though he has no known injury. The athlete should be advised of what?

for ankle taping to be effective, the athlete should rely on ankle-strengthening exercises rather than prophylactic taping if there is no injury present

a wrestler comes to the athletic training facility inquiring about a "drug that will make him lose weight quickly." He mentions a diuretic. what drug has been banned by the International Olympic Committee and causes diuresis?

furosemide

the NATA's position statement on the management of the athlete with type 1 diabetes recommends that each athlete with diabetes have a diabetes care plan. The plan should include what?

guidelines for dietary management

a baseball player complains of recurrent ingrown toenails. what might the athletic trainer suggest to prevent this problem?

have the athlete trim his toenails weekly and cut them straight across

where is the most heat lost from the body in cold weather?

head & neck

what can cause an indirect sports fatality?

heat stroke

Immunization against hepatitis B virus will also prevent the manifestation of what virus?

hepatitis D

what environmental conditions would an undiagnosed patient with sickle-cell trait be most at risk?

hot, humid, high-altitude environments

"counting the # of secs from lightning flash until the sound of thunder divided by 5" describes the "flash-to-bang" method utilized by ATCs to roughly calculate what?

how far away lightning is occuring

in order to prevent medial epicondylitis, what actions don't need to be avoided via technique modification?

hyper extension of the wrist when performing a backhand shot in tennis

in hot, wet environments, the patient's ability to adjust to a significantly increased cardiovascular workload is limited by which factor?

inability to dissipate heat by evaporation

during prolonged, intense training and conditioning of a patient, what cardiac change may occur over a period of time?

increase in heart size

what is not an effect of immobilizing a muscle?

increase in muscle tension produced

why is it important for an active individual to follow a varied diet that reflects the Dietary Guidelines for America?

individual will be making smart choices from every food group, individual will get the most nutrition out of calories, individual will stay within daily calorie needs

what does sunscreen SPF of 5 represent?

individuals can be exposed to uv light 5 times longer than he/she could without having the sunscreen before skin turns red

which of the following is a type of exercise that involves muscle contraction in which the length of the muscle is changing while the contraction is performed at a constant velocity?

isokinetic

what is true regarding hepatitis B immunizations?

it is a series of 3 shots given over the course of 9 months

During a preparticipation physical, the team physician comes across a basketball player with the following profile: athlete is tall with an arm span greater than his height, pectus carinatum or excavatum, high-arched palate, and myopia. What is the probable diagnosis?

marfan syndrome

the MMR vaccine is given in protection against which diseases?

measles, mumps, rubella

what condition is associated with the enlargement of the spleen?

mononucleosis

to prevent a hazardous electrical problem in the athletic training facility. _____ and _____ should never be used?

multiple adapters and extension cords

during a preparticipation physical, a patient is diagnosed with myopia. what is this patient's problem?

nearsightedness

how many servings of fruit should an athlete have as a minimum daily requirement?

number of servings are according to the athlete's weight and height

which patients should avoid high-volume, high-intensity plyometric exercise?

patients who weigh more than 220 pounds

what refers to the concept of dividing the annual training plan into smaller segments, phase, or cycles?

periodization

during a preparticipation physical examination that utilizes stations, what personnel is able to perform an examination for adenopathy, abnormalities of the genitalia, and hernias in an athlete?

physician or physician assistant

when instructing a patient in proper technique of applying an elastic wrap to control pain and edema of an extremity, the ATC should instruct the patient to remove the wrap if all except the following occurs at the distal end of the extremity

pink hue to the skin

when using an ice pack at home to decrease pain ans welling of an injured limb, what should the athletic trainer recommend to the athlete to prevent a cryotherapy injury?

place a damp towel between the athletes skin and the ice pack

what are factors in lower extremity overuse syndromes in runners?

poor footwear, poor posture, change in surface

How may a UTI (urinary tract infection) be avoided in a female athlete?

practicing sanitary bowel and bladder habits

One of your athletes has been diagnosed with impetigo. What should the AT recommend to the athlete to prevent spread of the infection to other individuals?

prevent others from borrowing his clothing or using his towels

thermomoldable plastics, such as orthoplast or aquaplast, may be indicated for many different situations. Which of the conditions might benefit from the use of this type of material?

quadriceps contusion

what are the conditions that would disqualify a patient from athletic competition?

renal disease, uncontrolled hypertension, acute mononucleosis, HIV

a flak jacket is a piece of equipment designed to protect the athlete after what type of injury?

rib injury

What stage of disease prevention focuses on early detection and appropriate referral?

secondary stage

when counseling an athlete about the adverse effects of anabolic steroids on females, all of the following effects should be included

severe acne, increased libido, development of a deep voice, change in menstrual cycle

which types of programs appear to be effective anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) abuse deterrents for adolescent student-athletes?

sex-specific, sport-centered, coach-facilitated educational programs that promote performance-enhancing alternatives (sports nutrition/strength training)

to prevent the possibility of an acute compartment syndrome, athletic trainer should advise his/her field hockey players to wear what piece(s) of equipment?

shin guards

all of the following arrhythmias require limitations of activity (in asymptomatic patients without structural heart disease) except:

short QT syndrome

a shoe with _____ and _____ cleats has been shown to reduce the risk of knee injuries?

shorter and more

according to the NATA's position statement on anabolic-androgenic steroids, "stacking" of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) is defined as:

simultaneously administering multiple AAS

what is the most common type of cerebral palsy?

spastic

According to the NATA's position statement on anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS), an athletic trainer can offer specific support to an athlete suspected of abusing AAS through all of the following means except:

supporting the athlete's self esteem; it is important to compliment his/her physical appearance and strength gains as changes become evident

according to the NATA position statement, Pre-participation Physical Examination and Disqualifying Conditions, who should make the final decision regarding an athlete's participation in a sport?

team physician and institution

prevention of a chronic or debilitating illness or injury through appropriate care and rehab is called what?

tertiary prevention

what is true about hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?

the incidence of sudden death from HCM is 2-3x higher in children/adolescence than in adults

what states that muscle strength, power, endurance, and hypertrophy increase only when muscles perform

the overload principle

while assisting an athlete in stretching exercises, the ATC should follow some guidelines. What is not true?

the stretch should be unilateral

what helps prevent the cause of a weight-training injury?

the use of a spotter

what is the primary job purpose of the achilles tendon tape job?

to restrict the amount of dorsiflexion at the ankle

alpine skiing world championships are scheduled in japan. jet lag is bound to occur as a result of crossing several time zones. what should the ATC recommend to the team members prior to their flight to combat the jet lag effect?

upon arrival, adjust all training, eating, and sleeping schedules to the local time of the country in which they are competing in

keratoderma can be prevented by _____?

using an antifungal ointment

a diet that is very low in carbohydrates may result in _____?

very high blood pH levels

when is it best to have athletes practice outdoors in an urban environment?

very late afternoon/early evening

A patient's pulmonary function is tested via spirometry. Several measurements are taken during this test. What is the max amount of air that can be expired after a max inspiration?

vital capacity

when working on a bleeding patient, what should the ATC always do?

wear gloves

when is maximum protection provided by a properly fitting mouth-guard?

when it is made of a flexible, resilient material and is form fitted to the teeth and upper jaw

The dangers of possible hypothermia during exercise in very cold weather are significantly pronounced by _____ and _____

wind and wet weather