ATI Nutrition for Nursing Chapter 7: Nutrition Across the Lifespan
Appropriate infant weight gain averages ______________________ per week during the first 5 to 6 months.
0.15 to 0.21 kg (5 to 7 oz)
The female adolescent growth spurt usually begins at ________ or ___________ years of age, peaks at ____________ years, and is completed by _____________ years.
10 or 11, 12, 17
The male adolescent growth spurt usually begins at _________ or _________ years of age, peaks at ___________ years, and is completed by ______________ years.
12 or 13, 14, 21
Balanced Diet and Nutrient Needs for Adults and Older Adults: Discretionary calories
132 to 362 discretionary calories are permitted per day. These add up quickly and can be from more than one food group.
Preschoolers generally grow _________ to ___________ inches in height and gain approximately 5 lb/year.
2 to 3
School-age children generally grow _________ to ___________ inches in height and gain approximately 5 lb/year.
2 to 3
Fluid Recommendations During Pregnancy
2,000 to 3,000 mL from food and drinks. Preferred fluids include water, fruit juice, and milk.
All adults should exercise at a moderate or vigorous pace for at least _____________ min/day, 3 to 7 days/week.
30
Lactating women require an increase in daily caloric intake. If the client is breastfeeding during the postpartum period, an additional daily intake of __________ calories is recommended during the first 6 months, and an additional daily intake of _____________ calories is recommended during the second 6 months.
330, 400
A daily increase of ____________ calories is recommended during the second trimester of pregnancy, and an increase of __________ is recommended during the third trimester.
340, 452
Solid food should not be introduced to infants before _____ to ______ months of age due to the risk of food allergies and stress on the immature kidneys.
4 to 6
Folic Acid Intake Recommendations During Pregnancy
600 mcg/day during pregnancy, 500 mcg/day during lactation.
What individuals see an increased prevalence of lactose intolerance?
Asian, Native American, African, Latino, and Mediterranean descent
Suggested Introduction of Foods
Birth to 4 months - breast milk (until 6 months) or formula (at 4 months) 4 to 6 months - iron-fortified rice cereal 6 to 8 months - vegetables, fruits, or strained meats 8 to 10 months - fish, poultry 9 to 12 months - table foods (cooked, chopped, and unseasoned) 12 months - cow's milk, eggs, cheese
Caffeine Consumption Recommendations During Pregnancy
Caffeine crosses the placenta and can affect the movement and heart rate of the fetus. However, moderate use (less than 300 mg/day) does not appear to be harmful.
Balanced Diet and Nutrient Needs for Adults and Older Adults: Minerals
Calcium requirements increase for older adults as the efficiency of calcium absorption decreases with age.
_______________ is characterized by persistent crying lasting 3 hours or longer per day.
Colic
________________ is the inability or difficulty to evacuate the bowels.
Constipation
________________________ is the most common fluid and electrolyte imbalance in older adults.
Dehydration
________________ is characterized by the passage of more than three loose, watery stools over a 24 hr period.
Diarrhea
Nutritional risks for adolescents
Eating and snacking patterns promote essential nutrient deficiencies and overconsumption of sugars, fat and sodium, increased need for iron, inadequate calcium intake, dieting, eating disorders, adolescent pregnancy.
___________ _____ _______________ is defined as inadequate gains in weight and height in comparison to established growth and development norms.
Failure to thrive
What are some advantages of breastfeeding?
Incidence of otitis media (ear infections), type I and type II diabetes mellitus, obesity, leukemia, lymphoma, and gastrointestinal and respiratory disorders are reduced due to the transfer of antibodies from mother to infant, carbohydrates, proteins, and fats in breast milk are predigested for ready absorption, breast milk is high in omega-3 fatty acids, breast milk is low in sodium, iron, zinc, and magnesium found in breast milk are highly absorbable, calcium absorption is enhanced, as the calcium-to-phosphorous ratio is 2:1, the risk of allergies is reduced, promotes mother-infant bonding.
Balanced Diet and Nutrient Needs for Adults and Older Adults: Protein
Includes meat, fish, poultry, dry beans, eggs, soy products, seeds, and nuts. One ounce-equivalent equals 1 oz meat, fish, or poultry (baked, grilled, broiled), 1/4 cup cooked beans, 1 egg, 1 tbsp peanut butter, or 1/2 oz nuts or seeds. Use lean meats.
________ ___________ ___________ is the most common nutritional deficiency disorder in children.
Iron deficiency anemia
Why type of cereal should you offer infants first?
Iron-fortified rice cereal
Alcohol Consumption Recommendations During Pregnancy
It is recommended that women abstain from alcohol consumption during pregnancy.
_____________ ____________ is the inability to digest significant amounts of lactose (the predominant sugar of milk) and is due to inadequate lactase (the enzyme that digests lactose into glucose and galactose).
Lactose intolerance
__________ _______________ is a risk for children younger than 6 years of age because they frequently place objects in their mouths that can contain lead, and have a higher rate of intestinal absorption.
Lead poisoning
Daily Recommended Intake (DRI) of major vitamins: Calcium
Nonpregnant - 1,000 mg Pregnant - 1,000 mg Lactating - 1,000 mg
Daily Recommended Intake (DRI) of major vitamins: Thiamin
Nonpregnant - 1.1 mg Pregnant - 1..4 mg Lactating - 1.4 mg
Daily Recommended Intake (DRI) of major vitamins: Vitamin B6
Nonpregnant - 1.3 mg Pregnant - 1.9 mg Lactating - 2.0 mg
Daily Recommended Intake (DRI) of major vitamins: Vitamin D
Nonpregnant - 15 mcg Pregnant - 15 mcg Lactating - 15 mcg
Daily Recommended Intake (DRI) of major vitamins: Vitamin E
Nonpregnant - 15 mcg Pregnant - 15 mcg Lactating - 19 mcg
Daily Recommended Intake (DRI) of major vitamins: Iron
Nonpregnant - 18 mg Pregnant - 27 mg Lactating - 9 mg
Daily Recommended Intake (DRI) of major vitamins: Vitamin B12
Nonpregnant - 2.4 mcg Pregnant - 2.6 mcg Lactating - 2.8 mcg
Daily Recommended Intake (DRI) of major vitamins: Folate
Nonpregnant - 400 mcg Pregnant - 600 mcg Lactating - 500 mcg
Daily Recommended Intake (DRI) of major vitamins: protein
Nonpregnant - 46g Pregnant - 71g Lactating - 71g
Daily Recommended Intake (DRI) of major vitamins: Vitamin A
Nonpregnant - 700 mcg Pregnant - 770 mcg Lactating - 1,300 mcg
Daily Recommended Intake (DRI) of major vitamins: Vitamin C
Nonpregnant - 75 mg Pregnant - 85 mg Lactating - 120 mg
Daily Recommended Intake (DRI) of major vitamins: Vitamin K
Nonpregnant - 90 mcg Pregnant - 90 mcg Lactating - 90 mcg
Balanced Diet and Nutrient Needs for Adults and Older Adults: Milk, yogurt, and cheese
One cup of milk or plain yogurt is equivalent to 1 1/2 oz of natural cheese or 2 oz processed cheese.
_______________________________ causes significant disability and pain in older adult clients. Can limit mobility and present difficulty in obtaining and preparing proper foods.
Osteoarthritis (OA)
________________ and ______________ are common causes of osmotic diarrhea.
Overfeeding, food intolerance
What are the major stages of the lifespan that have specific nutritional needs?
Pregnancy and lactation infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood, older adulthood
Major and Micronutrient Requirements for Pregnancy and Lactation
Protein should comprise 20% of the daily total calorie intake. The Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) for protein during pregnancy is 1.1 g/kg/day. Fat should be limited to 30% of total daily calorie intake. Carbohydrates should comprise 50% of the total daily calorie intake.
_______________ exercise can improve bone density, relieve depression, and enhance cardiovascular and respiratory function.
Regular
What are food jags?
Ritualistic preference for one food.
Balanced Diet and Nutrient Needs for Adults and Older Adults: Fruits
Select fresh, dried, canned, or juices. Avoid fruits with added sugar. Make half your plate vegetables and fruits.
Balanced Diet and Nutrient Needs for Adults and Older Adults: Vegetables
Select orange and dark green leafy vegetables
Nutritional Concerns/Risks for School-Age Children
Skipping breakfast occurs in about 10% of children, optimum performance in school is dependent on a nutritious breakfast, children who regularly eat breakfast tend to have an age-appropriate BMI, overweight/obesity affects at least 20% of children.
Iron Recommendations During Pregnancy
The DRI for iron increases by 50% during pregnancy. Recommended 27 mg/day.
Fish Recommendations During Pregnancy
The FDA has issued advisories regarding fish and shellfish consumption during pregnancy due to the risk of mercury levels. Mercury can be toxic to developing fetal brain tissue.
Balanced Diet and Nutrient Needs for Adults and Older Adults: Oils
Use vegetable oils (except palm and coconut). One tbsp of oil equals 3 tsp equivalent, 1 tbsp mayonnaise equals 2 1/2 tsp dietary intake, and 1 oz nuts equals 3 tsp oils (except hazelnut, which equals 4 tsp).
_________________ is essential for bone development.
Vitamin D
Balanced Diet and Nutrient Needs for Adults and Older Adults: Vitamins
Vitamins A, D, C, E, B6 an B12 can be decreased in older adults. Supplemental vitamins are recommended.
Vegetarian Diet Recommendations During Pregnancy
Well-balanced vegetarian diets that include dairy products can provide all the nutritional requirements of pregnancy.
Balanced Diet and Nutrient Needs for Adults and Older Adults: Grains
Whole grains
The rate of growth during _________________________ is second only to the rate in infancy. Nutritional needs for energy, protein, calcium, iron, and zinc increase at the onset of puberty and the growth spurt.
adolescence
Diets of __________________ generally exceed recommendations for total fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, sodium, and sugar.
adolescents
A balanced diet for all ____________ consists of 40% to 55% carbohydrate and 10% to 20% fat (with no more than 30% fat).
adults
The loss of lean muscle mass is part of normal _________ and can be decreased with regular exercise.
aging
Do not feed infants honey do to the risk of _____________.
botulism
Constipation is not a common problem for _______________ infants.
breastfed
Older adults need to reduce total ____________ intake. This is due to the decrease in basal metabolic rate that occurs from the decrease in lean body mass that develops with aging.
caloric
The cause of __________ is unknown, but usually occurs in the late afternoon, more than 3 days per week for more than 3 weeks. The crying is accompanied by a tense abdomen and legs drawn up to the belly.
colic
Birth weight ___________ by 4 to 6 months and ______________ by 1 year of age.
doubles, triples
Energy requirements average 2,000 cal/day for 12 - to - 18 year old ___________________ and 2,200 to 2,800 cal/day for a 12 - to - 18 year old _____________________.
female, male
Attitudes toward food and general food habits are established by __________ years of age.
five
Children are at an increased risk for choking until _________ years of age.
four
Physical activity must increase _________ ______________ to be relevant.
heart rate
Generally, nutrient needs ______________ with age.
increase
Maternal nutritional demands are __________________ for the development of the placenta, enlargement of the uterus, formation of amniotic fluid, increase in blood volume, and preparation of the breasts for lactation.
increased
Growth rate during ___________ is more rapid than any other period of the life cycle.
infancy
Clinical findings of dehydration in infants
listlessness, sunken eyes, sunken fontanels, decreased tears, dry mucous membranes, decreased urine output
Aging adults are at an increased risk for developing __________________ (decreasing total bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue).
osteoporosis
Infectious diarrhea in the infant is commonly cause by _________________.
rotavirus
Growth rate ___________ following infancy.
slows
Loss of _____________ and ______________ can interfere with the interest in eating food.
smell, vision
Colic usually resolves by __________ months of age.
three
