ATP and Cellular Respiration

What are the parts of ADP?

adenine, ribose, 2 phosphate groups

What are the parts of ATP?

adenine, ribose, 3 phosphate groups

What does ADP stand for?

adenosine diphosphate

What does ATP stand for?

adenosine triphosphate

what are the reactants for ATP?

adp and phosphate

Why do our cells need to constantly break down and synthesize ATP/constant cycle?

b/c our cells constantly need energy to function and constantly do biological processes

Why can't we just use glucose for energy without ATP middleman?

because there would be so much energy released if the bonds broke that the body would be overwhelmed, and it is less efficient of an energy carrier compared to ATP, so the transfer would be inefficient and the cells would only get little amounts of energy. The cell also has to recognize the form of energy. Cells don't recognize glucose, but they do recognize energy in the form of ATP.

What does the breakdown of ATP into ADP+P supply energy for +specifically when?

biological processes ATP and water react to form ADP + P, this reaction provides the energy for many different cellular processes

Anaerobic Respiration

cell respiration occurring without oxygen

Inside each cell, what is there a constant cycle of?

constant cycle of synthesis and breakdown of ATP

what does mitochondria do to glucose?

converts the energy in glucose into a usable form (ATP)

What process makes ATP and water from ADP+P?

dehydration synthesis

what stage do NADH and FADH2 oxidize (lose electrons) becoming NAD+ and FAD+

electron transport chain

which stage of respiration makes the most ATP?

electron transport chain

in which stage of respiration does oxygen come into play?

electron transport chain hydro atoms carrying electrons are joined to oxygen, making water (oxygen like babysitter for extra energy carriers w lots of energy)

laws of energy

every energy transferred ormation is inefficient energy cannot be created nor destroyed (law of conservation of energy) but can transform from one type to another heat is produced whenever energy is transformed from one type to another

Why do we need to eat?

food provides us w energy- it provides our bodies with macromolecules that we can break down into monomers with the help of digestive enzymes. we can digest food into monosaccharides to get energy

how do the cells in your body get glucose for cellular respiration?

from food molecules (carbs, fats, proteins)

reduction

gain of electrons

What are the three stages of aerobic cellular respiration?

glycolysis, krebs cycle, electronic transport system

Where do we get energy from to do our biological processes?

hydrolysis of ATP

Where is chem energy?

in our food

energy transfer is...

inefficient (not all energy transferred from hydrolysis of ATP)

cristae

inner membrane of mitochondria

parts of mitochondria

inner membrane, outer membrane, cristae, matrix function bc different compartments allow different reactions to happen

inputs and outputs- krebs cycle

inputs: Acetyl-CoA (made from pyruvate) outputs: 6CO2, 2 ATP, electron carriers- NADH (8) and FADH2 (2)

inputs and outputs- electron transport system

inputs: NADH, FADH2, oxygen (that we take in) outputs: LOTS of ATP (not 100% efficient but 34 if), water

inputs and outputs- glycolysis

inputs: glucose, 2 ATP (need energy to start) outputs: 2 pyruvate molecules (splitting of six carbon glucose), 4 ATP (net gain of 2), 2 NADH

inputs and outputs- after glycolysis before krebs

inputs: pyruvic acid outputs: carbon dioxide, NADH, Acetyl Co-A (comes off) ***each makes one

If there is no glucose or less glucose, how does it affect ATP?

less energy

oxidation

loss of electrons

where does cellular respiration primarily take place?

mitochondria

why do we need to breathe all day and night?

need to bring in oxygen to react with glucose need to get rid of carbon dioxide as a product of the reaction

explain why your body gets warmer when you are physically active

not all energy is used to do work (free energy), some is transferred to thermal energy (heat)- inefficient

What biological macromolecule is ATP an example of?

nucleic acid

coupled reactions

one reaction provides the energy for another, represented by arrows (breakdown of ATP provides energy for muscle contraction)

Why do our bodies need energy?

our bodies need to function in order to stay alive: transport communication movement to grow

after glycolysis before krebs

pyruvic acid can't enter the krebs cycle converting pyruvic acid to Acetyl Co-A (2 carbon mol) moving to mitochondria out of cytoplasm

ATP-ADP energy...

released

example of a real life item that shows example of energy type transfer

roller coaster going up a hill-potential, at top- most potential, drop-kinetic

Free Energy

similar to kinetic energy, energy that is available to DO WORK

Chemical Energy

similar to potential energy, energy that is stored in chemical bonds (break bonds to release energy)

ADP-ATP energy...

stored

Energy

the ability to do work

What are calories and how do they relate to cellular respiration?

the amt of energy in a particular serving size of food (measure of energy)- how much can be released during a process of cellular respiration

Where do cells get the energy to make ATP from ADP+P and why do we need it?

the breakdown of glucose/glycolysis need energy to force negative/ like charges of phosphate groups together

What is ATP?

the primary energy carrier for all living organisms

Aerobic Respiration

the process in which glucose (food molecules) are turned into usable energy for the cell (ATP). This process REQUIRES OXYGEN

Where does all energy come from?

the sun/sunlight

What do our cells use energy for?

to grow, divide, defend against diseases, change shape, and move

how does the cell first use the energy released when glucose is broken down?

to make AtP from ADP (using energy to join phosphate groups together)

How does ATP relate to cellular respiration?

usable form of energy glucose is converted to

Glycolysis

1st stage of aerobic respiration splitting of glucose purpose= to split glucose into smaller molecules that are required occurs in cytoplasm of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

Krebs or Citric Acid Cycle

2nd stage of aerobic respiration purpose: to create energy carrying molecules that can be used to generate ATP in the electronic transport chain occurs in matrix of mitochondria

how many times does the krebs cycle and the pre krebs cycle happen

2x each

electron transport chain

3rd stage of aerobic respiration purpose: to capture energy from electrons in NADH and FADH2 to make ATP occurs in inner membrane layer of mitochondria

ATP hydrolysis occurs in blank cells...

ALL cells all need to constantly actively transport, synthesize molecules, and move and contract molecules

Using ATP

ATP is broken down into ADP + P to provide the energy for most biological processes. (Hydrolysis + energy released from breaking of bonds)

Why is ATP compared to currency?

ATP is compared to currency because: It changes chem energy into free energy and is then useful It converts glucose into a form of energy that the body can recognize (like conversion of money in foreign country) Cells have to pay 'debt'- some energy converted to heat energy/not used

What does ATP do that makes it so efficient at converting energy?

ATP uses little pockets that use and break down glucose one at a time so the body isn't overwhelmed with energy

equation of cellular respiration

C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

Making ATP

During cellular respiration, energy from the breakdown of glucose is used to make ATP from ADP + P (Dehydration synthesis + need energy to bond 2nd and 3rd phosphate groups)

What are the big ideas of energy?

Energy cannot be created nor destroyed. Energy can be transformed from one type to another. Every energy transformation is inefficient.

what are the electron carriers

FADH and NADH- go to electronic transport chain/system (electrons have lots of energy**)

Why does a cell need to constantly break down and synthesize ATP?

Our cells are constantly carrying out cellular respiration to make ATP and using ATP to provide the energy for biological processes

Cell Respiration

a decomposition pathway that provides the energy cells need to function a series of reactions that release energy as they break down sugars and other substances to CO2 and H20 each step in this decomposition is catalyzed by an enzyme