ATP Production in the Mitochondrion
NADH unloads protons and what and turns into what?
Unloads electrons and turns into NAD+
Cell respiration starts with?
an energy molecule-glucose or other sugar, fat or even protein
Why is energy released in exergonic reactions?
because the new bonds are stronger
Protons and electrons for cellular respiration
come from the energy molecule that we eat.
What is ADP?
cycling supplies the energy needed to do work in a biological system, the thermodynamic process of transferring energy from one source to another
ADP flows where?
into mitochondria
The energy stored in ATP
is the energy taken from the bonds in sugars and fats-chemical free energy
What is the importance of the ETC?
it is a system of molecules through which electrons are transferred to generate ATP. It has an important role in both photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
What are the two spaces in the membranes of the mitochondrion
matrix and intermembrane space
How is a proton gradient maintained?
proton pumping by electron flow and proton capture in matrix by oxygen.
What flows from the intermembrane space, through ATP synthase, into the matrix?
protons (H+)
what happens with a living cell?
recycles organic molecules into CO2 and H2O, using O2 and releasing energy
What has to make ATP?
ADP
What happens after they are water molecules?
ADP is phoshorylated to become ATP which is called oxidative phosphorylation
All cellular processes run on what?
ATP
What is made in the matrix by a protein structure called ATP synthase?
ATP
What happens after the rotation converts ADP into ATP?
ATP synthase is driven by the energy of a proton electrochemical concentration gradient
ATP is made by what?
ATP-synthase
What is ATP?
Adenosine Triphosphate - is the primary energy carrier in all living organisms on earth. Microorganisms capture and store energy metabolized from food and light sources in the form of ATP.
ATP flows where?
Back out into your cells
A living cell is like a what?
Burning fire
What is the balanced chemical equation of energy extraction?
C6H12+6 O2--> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy
What does cell respiration end with?
CO2 amd H2O, and with energy stored in ATP as protein energy
Can you store up ATP?
No
What is also embedded in the mitochondrial inner membrane?
Proteins of the electron transport chain
What maintains the concentration gradient of lots of protons in inter-membrane space?
The ETC
The proton gradient supplies what?
The energy to drive ATP-synthase
What happens at the end of the flow?
The protons and electrons come together with oxygen to make water molecules.
What happens to the C-C and C-H bonds?
They are broken down and their atoms combine with oxygen, leaving only CO2 and H2O
Physiological respiration
We breathe in oxygen to our mitochondria and we breathe out carbon dioxide from our mitochondria
What does ATP do?
When the cell requires energy, ATP is broken down through hydrolysis. The high energy bond is broken and a phosphoryl group is removed. The energy released from this process is used to drive various cellular processes. ATP is constantly formed and broken down as it participates in biological reactions and it is central to the health and growth of all life. Without it, cells could not transfer energy from one location to another, making it impossible for organisms to grow and reproduce!
the matrix
Where ADP is converting to ATP
ATP-synthase
a complex protein embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane
What are the proteins of the ETC?
electron-powered, membrane-bound proton pumps
Where is the ATP synthase
embedded in the inner membrane
Intermembrane space
has all the protons (H+)
What are the two membranes of the mitochondrion
inner and outer
Cellular respiration
the O2 diffuses into the mitochondrial matrix, and it is used to scavenge protons to electrons.
Why do the same atoms have more energy in one molecule than another?
the electrons are shared less equally, the new bonds are shorter and stronger.
Instead of the cell turning into heat and light like a fire, what happens?
the energy is efficiently harvested and transferred to ATP
What happens during the process of breaking down the atoms to combine and be left with CO2 and H2O?
the free energy of fats and sugars is used to make ATP and ADP
The electrons come from what?
the high energy C-C and C-H bonds in sugars and fats
The electron flow drives what?
the maintenance of the proton gradient.
respiration
the movement of oxygen from the outside environment to the cells within tissue |tissues, and the transport of carbon dioxide in the opposite direction.
What happens after rotation in ATP synthase
the rotation converts ADP into ATP.
Exergonic reaction
the same atoms are present before and after the reaction
Combustion and cellular respiration
the same beginning and ending molecules. The difference is the rate that the energy in the high energy bonds is released. In combustion, energy is released explosively and the energy in cellular respiration is released in tiny controlled steps that involve transferring high-energy electrons that were in C-C and C-H bonds along the chain of temporary locations, from molecule to molecule, where each location is slightly lower in energy than before.
Electrons flow how?
through proteins, coming from matrix and returning to the matrix
Protons flow how?
through the proteins, coming from the matrix and going to the inter-membrane space.
Where does ADP come from
various proteins that use ATP as an energy source hydrolyze it to form ADP + phosphate, thereby extracting energy. Also mitochondria
How does rotation happen?
when the protons flow into the intermembrane space
