ATR4610 - Exam 3 Review(Ch. 17, 18, 21, 22)

A baseline in single subject research A) permits testing of all procedures B) tests initial hypotheses C) allows subjects to show how well they can do D) establishes initial rates of behavior before an intervention

D) establishes initial rates of behavior before an intervention

Tables and figures should be adapted from their paper version for use during a visual presentation. Paper versions typically contain too much information and are too small to read during visual presentations. True OR False?

True

Individuals performing well merely because they are being observed (and not necessarily because of any effect of treatment) are considered to be under the influence of the A) Hawthorne effect B) halo effect C) novelty effect D) expectancy effect

A) Hawthorne effect

"To what populations, settings, treatment variables, and measurement variables can this effect be generalized?" might most appropriately be asked in relation to A) criterion validity B) external validity C) internal validity D) construct validity

B) external validity

Which of the following is not included in a proposal? A) significance of the study B) tables of results C) literature review D) methods

B) tables of results

In the journal format for theses and dissertations, the appendixes contain A) acknowledgments B) a list of tables C) references D) an extended review of literature

D) an extended review of literature

CHAPTER 17

Physical Activity Epidemiology Research

CHAPTER 22

Ways of Reporting Research

Which of the following terms is used in connection with intensity of exercise and refers to the ratio of metabolic rate during exercise to the rate while resting? A) RPE B) BMI C) MET D) EKG

C) MET

In the journal format for theses and dissertations, the preliminary part A) contains materials that are typically required by the institution B) is left off when submitting the study for publication C) contains informed consent forms D) all of the above E) only a and b

E) only a and b * contains materials that are typically required by the institution * is left off when submitting the study for publication

According to the text, the proposal should be written in A) present tense B) past tense C) future tense

C) future tense

A table of descriptive data should include which information for each group? A) sum of X, sum of X squared, and mean B) sums of squares, degrees of freedom, and mean squares C) sum of X, number, and mean D) mean, standard deviation, and number

D) mean, standard deviation, and number

Generally speaking, an oral presentation at a conference has A) more detail than a poster B) less detail than a poster C) about the same detail as a poster

B) less detail than a poster

The results section is the most important section because it presents the study's findings. True OR False?

True

A double-blind experiment is one in which A) both experimental and control groups are exposed to identical pretesting and posttesting conditions B) neither the researcher nor the participants know which participants receive the experimental treatment C) neither the experimental nor control groups know which participants receive the experimental treatment, but the experimenter knows D) both experimental and control groups receive the same tests

A) both experimental and control groups are exposed to identical pretesting and posttesting conditions

In a research study in which the treatment involved quite intense physical training, 40% of the participants in the treatment group dropped out as compared with 5% of the control group. This threat to internal validity is called A) experimental mortality B) statistical regression C) history D) selection bias

A) experimental mortality

Of the surveys frequently used for measuring physical activity in epidemiologic research, the shortest (one to four items) is the A) global questionnaire B) short-recall questionnaire C) quantitative history questionnaire D) wellness-ratings questionnaire

A) global questionnaire

The major weakness of epidemiologic studies is A) inability to experimentally establish cause and effect B) small numbers of people as participants C) insufficient information on diseases D) insufficient time to collect data

A) inability to experimentally establish cause and effect

It is reasonable to expect volunteer participants to be similar in nature to A) other volunteers from similar populations B) randomly selected participants from similar populations C) paid participants from similar populations D) other volunteers of a similar age

A) other volunteers from similar populations

In comparison to the traditional chapter format, the body of a dissertation using the journal format is almost always A) shorter B) longer C) about the same

A) shorter

A researcher finds that the control group performs above its usual performance when compared with the experimental group. This effect is named the A) Hawthorne effect B) Avis effect C) Pygmalion effect D) halo effect

B) Avis effect

The internal validity of an experimental design is concerned with what question? A) To what extent can the findings be generalized? B) Did the independent variable really produce a change in the dependent variable? C) How representative is the setting selected for the experiment? D) Will findings provide information about situations in which variations of the independent variable are present?

B) Did the independent variable really produce a change in the dependent variable?

Additional factors that can affect the relationship between physical activity and blood cholesterol, such as smoking, body fat, and so on, are called A) control factors B) confounding factors C) cohort factors D) construct factors

B) confounding factors

Which of the following would be included in a grant proposal but not in a thesis proposal? A) review of literature B) curriculum vitae of the author C) description of how data will be analyzed D) description of instruments

B) curriculum vitae of the author

Prevalence of disease differs from incidence of disease in that prevalence refers to the number of A) new cases of a disease, whereas incidence relates to the number who presently have the disease B) people who presently have a disease, whereas incidence relates to new cases C) new cases of a disease, whereas incidence relates to number who die in a certain period of time D) people who die from a disease in a certain period of time, whereas incidence relates to new cases

B) people who presently have a disease, whereas incidence relates to new cases

The five-chapter format for theses and dissertations differs from the four-chapter model in that a separate chapter is devoted entirely to A) the discussion B) the literature review C) the statistical analysis D) tables and graphs

B) the literature review

Measurements are frequently made and then averaged across several participants. To what degree of precision should the average be reported in a research paper? A) to the nearest whole number B) to the precision with which it was measured C) to the tenths decimal place D) to the thousandths decimal place

B) to the precision with which it was measured

Which of the following statements about constructing tables is not true? A) Similar characteristics should read vertically. B) The table should be understandable without referring to the text. C) The table should include whatever test of significance was used. D) The table should have clear and descriptive headings.

C) The table should include whatever test of significance was used.

A study design uses, for example, two groups of people representing a disease-free population who are then classified as exercisers and nonexercisers. After a period of time, the mortality rates of each group are compared. This design is called a(n) A) ex post facto study B) experimental study C) cohort study D) participant observation study

C) cohort study

A variable in an epidemiological study that is tested for its relationship with the outcome of interest. A) determinant B) characteristic C) exposure D) contributor

C) exposure

Which of the following should be included in the discussion section of a research report? A) tables but not graphs B) graphs but not tables C) implications of the results D) raw data

C) implications of the results

The lengths and contents of abstracts differ according to their intended use. The important parts of an abstract for a published research paper include the A) problem, design, analysis, findings B) problem, participants, analysis, findings C) problem, methods, results, discussion D) problem, brief review of literature, analysis, results

C) problem, methods, results, discussion

CHAPTER 21

Completing the Research Process

In the results section of a research report, the author should include A) information contained in tables B) information concerning statistical significance and meaningfulness C) conclusions D) a and b only E) a, b, and c

D) a and b only * information contained in tables * information concerning statistical significance and

A type of study that matches individuals with and without disease on factors such as age and ethnicity is the A) experimental-control study B) repeated-measures study C) split-plot study D) case-control study

D) case-control study

Interviewers may become more skilled with practice, which could cause differences between the results of participants interviewed early in the study and those of participants interviewed later. This threat to internal validity is known as A) statistical regression B) testing C) history D) instrumentation

D) instrumentation

In the alternative format for a thesis or dissertation, the body of the thesis or dissertation A) is divided into either four or five chapters B) contains an in-depth literature review C) includes a short curriculum vitae of the author D) is a paper in research journal format

D) is a paper in research journal format

The one characteristic of true experimental designs that preexperimental and quasi-experimental designs do not have is A) the use of a control group B) a pretest and posttest C) the application of parametric statistics D) random assignment to groups

D) random assignment to groups

Which of the following should not be included in the results section of a research report? A) figures B) tables C) inferential statistics D) raw data

D) raw data

Determinants of disease are often called A) symptoms B) syndromes C) epidemic stressors D) risk factors

D) risk factors

CHAPTER 18

Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Research

An abstract for a published paper is much longer than one for a dissertation, usually between 200 and 250 words. True OR False?

False * An abstract for a published paper is much shorter than one for a dissertation, usually between 100 and 150 words. (pg. 415)

The independent variable in an analysis is the outcome. True OR False?

False * The outcome is the dependent variable in an analysis. (pg. 309)

The most frequent errors in oral research presentations are spending too much time on the methods and presenting the results poorly. True OR False?

True