attention test 2
What distinguishes targets from distractors in feature searches—a unique feature ; when it has a unique feature you instantly get target without processing it. and what distinguishes targets from distractors in conjunction searches
—distractors share features with target
How does the relationship between set size and reaction times relate to the concept of search efficiency
more efficient when set size small reaction time will be slow; when large set size, you get a trade off
What are illusory conjunctions and how does feature integration theory explain them.
Illusory conjunctions are psychological effects in which participants combine features of two objects into one object. May see red shirt and yellow hat when someone passes by, but quickly becomes person oath red shirt and yellow hat .
According to feature integration theory, how does the visual system assign features to objects
Stage 1 perception occurs automatically, unconsciously, effortlessly, and early in the perceptual process. During this stage, the object is analyzed for details such as shape, color, orientation and movement, with each aspect being processed in different areas of the brain.Stage two individual features of an object combine in order to perceive the whole object
What is a "feature" in visual search paradigms
pre categorical info (precategorical info about BASIC features the hasn't made it to semantic info (so like blue, shiny) while not semantic yet to from meaning "this object is a desk") something that pops out and makes it unique
In a conjunction search, how do search slopes differ when a target is present versus absent
(twice as steep) absent is steeper because it takes longer to decide if it is absent; this is because you have to look at every item to decide this
Describe the experimental evidence that inhibition of return operates in visual search.? Why does inhibition of return only occur during inefficient searches? Why is inhibition of return adaptive for inefficient searches?
...Participants are slower to detect probes presented at search item locations than probes presented at empty locations, but only when searches are inefficient.(conjunctive.) IOR states that if we cue yo uno one side and then don't for while you move back to center and will be slower to RETURN to that spot then you would the other side that was never cued. Can be top down
What is visual search?
:looking around for something;
An experimenter is interested in investigating inhibitory tagging in visual search. Participants in the study perform two types of visual search tasks. In Task 1, they search for the presence of an upright blue "T" among red "L" distractors. In Task 2, they search for the presence of an upright blue "T" among blue "L" distractors. Which of the following RT difference measures would we expect to be largest?
A. RT to detect probe at red "L" location for target-present trial - RT to detect probe at empty location for target-present trial B. RT to detect probe at red "L" location for target-absent trial - RT to detect probe at empty location for target-absent trial C. RT to detect probe at blue "L" location for target-present trial - RT to detect probe at empty location for target-present trial D. RT to detect probe at blue "L" location for target-absent trial - RT to detect probe at empty location for target-absent trial answer is b
Q:Why was visual search important to our ancestors and why is it still important to us today
A:many people believe a big part of our brains is to help us be good at visual search tasks, ancestors good at foraging. We are more likely to survive and pass down those skills at finding something to each. Foraging facilitator hypothesis; visual search good for help us find desirable items
What is visual marking
How is visual marking different from inhibition of return? Set-size effects are reduced when some distractors are presented before the entire display. New objects prioritized by top-down inhibition of "old" objects
Describe the grouping principles that influence attentional selection and visual search
Proximity- things that are close together. Similarity- things that look the same. Continuity- same patterns"continuing on." Closure-brought together by illusion of eye. Common Fate- Regions of a scene that move together are seen as grouped together
How does feature integration theory explain reaction time differences between feature and conjunction visual searches
The features in feature searches stand out so much that they do not need further processing---Treisman distinguishes between two kinds of visual search tasks, "feature search" and "conjunction search". Feature searches can be performed fast and pre-attentively for targets defined by only one feature, such as color, shape, perceived direction of lighting, movement, or orientation. Features should "pop out" during search and should be able to form illusory conjunctions. Conversely, conjunction searches occur with the combination of two or more features and are identified serially. Conjunction search is much slower than feature search and requires conscious attention and effort.
Describe how set size influences search reaction times in feature searches.
There is hardly a difference because still has that unique popping out feature, and distractor items are all similar, anything that is not that unique feature is filtered out. and in conjunction searches—-takes longer because you have to look at both features so have to scan longer, move spotlight more,you need to pay attention; move spotlight of attention till find what looking for. (postcategorical -have to identify object when combining features)