Autonomic nervous system
nicotine will do what to ANS systems
turn on both parasympathetic and sympathetic systems by activating all ganglionic synapses
how can the sympathetic system activate its targets?
Activate individual preganglionic neurons through connections in the CNS. This allows for fine control of individual organs Activate release of Epinephrine from the adrenal gland; this activates adrenergic receptors everywhere
agonist
A drug is an agonist if it binds to a receptor and stimulates the same response in the cell as binding the transmitter
antagonist
A drug is an antagonist if it binds to a receptor but does not create a response in the cell; it blocks the action of the transmitter by occupying the binding site
how a system regulated by only the sympathetic nervous system works
A temperature control center in the hypothalamus control body temp by controlling different sets of sympathetic axons to smooth muscle and glands at the body surface: if too hot, the control center will decrease sympathetic nerve stimulation to skin blood vessels (vasodilation, increased blood flow, flushing) and increase sympathetic stimulation to sweat glands (increase sweat) if too cold, the control center will increase sympathetic nerve stimulation to skin blood vessels (vasoconstriction, decreased blood flow, skin pales in color) and decrease sympathetic stimulation to sweat glands (no sweat). The control center will also stimulate shivering - contraction of skeletal muscle- in addition to autonomic targets.
Parasympathetic stimulation causes contraction of smooth muscle in the bronchioles creating bronchoconstriction (a narrowing of the airways) as well as secretion from glands. Parasympathetic transmitter? Receptor type?
ACh Muscarinic
Parasympathetic stimulation causes contraction of smooth muscle in the ciliaris muscle, releasing tension on the suspensory ligaments for the lens and allowing the lens to round up for near vision. Parasympathetic innervation to the ciliary body increases production of aqueous humor. Parasympathetic transmitter? Receptor type?
ACh Muscarinic
Parasympathetic stimulation decreases the heart rate. Parasympathetic transmitter? Receptor type?
ACh Muscarinic
Parasympathetic stimulation of the lacrimal gland causes tear production. Parasympathetic stimulation of the salivary glands (parotid, sublingual and submandibular) causes production of large amounts of watery, enzyme-rich saliva. Parasympathetic transmitter? Receptor?
ACh Muscarinic
Parasympathetic stimulation causes contraction of smooth muscle in the pupillary constrictor muscle to constrict the pupil. Parasympathetic transmitter? Receptor type?
ACh Muscarnic
Bladder and rectum: Parasympathetic stimulation causes contraction of smooth muscle in the organ walls, causing excretion of organ contents. Parasympathetic transmitter? Receptor type?
ACh muscarinic
Sympathetic innervation to sweat glands causes release of sweat for temperature control. Sympathetic transmitter? Receptor type?
ACh!! Cholinergic Muscarinic
role of epinephrine short term stress response
HR increases BP increases bronchioles dilate liver converts glycogen to glucose and releases glucose to blood blood flow changes, reducing digestive system activity metabolic rate increases
Bladder and rectum: Sympathetic innervation causes contraction of smooth muscle in sphincters, inhibiting release of contents. Sympathetic transmitter? Receptor type?
NE Alpha 1
Importantly, sympathetic innervation to blood vessels causes vasoconstriction and reduced blood flow to GI organs. sympathetic transmitter? Receptor type?
NE Alpha 1
Sympathetic innervation causes contraction of arrector pili smooth muscles, raising hairs on skin. Sympathetic transmitter? Receptor type?
NE Alpha 1
Sympathetic innervation causes vasoconstriction of blood vessels, reducing blood flow. Sympathetic transmitter? Receptor type?
NE Alpha 1
Sympathetic innervation to the lacrimal gland involves only blood vessels, causing vasoconstriction and decreasing fluid available to make tears. Sympathetic innervation to salivary glands stimulates release from mucous-producing cells as well as decreasing blood flow. Overall, sympathetic stimulation produces a thick, pasty mucous. Sympathetic transmitter? Receptor type?
NE Alpha 1
Sympathetic stimulation causes contraction of smooth muscle in the pupillary dilator muscle to dilate the pupil. Sympathetic transmitter? Receptor type?
NE Alpha 1
what is the sympathetic transmitter and receptor type for blood vessels?
NE Alpha 1
Sympathetic innervation increases heart rate and increases the strength of contraction of the ventricles. Sympathetic transmitter? Receptor type?
NE Beta 1
Bladder and rectum: Sympathetic innervation causes relaxation of smooth muscle in organ walls. Sympathetic transmitter? Receptor type?
NE Beta 2
Sympathetic innervation causes relaxation of smooth muscle in the bronchioles, creating bronchodilation for increases air flow. Sympathetic transmitter? Receptor type?
NE Beta 2
what nervous system are blood vessels controlled by
The smooth muscle cells are controlled by neurotransmitter released by sympathetic nerves, and also by chemicals traveling in the blood (hormones) or in the tissue around the blood vessel.
muscarine will affect which ANS system
all parasympathetic systems -except for sweat glands which uses ACh
any drugs the mimics ACh will turn on which ANS system
both systems as well as the activation of skeletal muscles
alpha 1
causes smooth muscles to contract
beta 2
causes smooth muscles to relax
role of epinephrine long term stress
kidneys retain sodium and water blood volume and pressure rise proteins and fats converted to glucose or broken down for energy blood glucose increase immune system repressed
beta 1
located on cardiac muscle cells
why is the parasympathetic system more slow
operates only by activation of individual preganglionic neurons by the CNS there is no need to go into quick relaxation
autonomic innervation of energy stores
predominantly sympathetic Sympathetic innervation to the liver causes conversion of glycogen stores to glucose, and conversion of amino acids to glucose. Sympathetic innervation to adipose tissue causes release of fat into the bloodstream. Sympathetic innervation to the pancreas decreases insulin release, reducing the signal telling the body to "store" glucose, and thus keeping glucose levels in the blood at elevated levels.
any drugs that blocks the breakdown of ACh will do what
prolong the activation of ANS stimulation
diameter of the pupil is controlled by what muscle type
smooth
skin is only innervated by what branch of the ANS
sympathetic
