Aviation weather Final exam review
The influence of surface friction is greatest in the atmospheric _________ _________, which is typically the lowest 2,000 feet of the tropopause.
Boundary Layer
Thermal turbulence is LLT produced by dry convection in the ______ _________
Boundary layer
what sky category constitutes a ceiling to be reported?
Broken or overcast
The property of an object that allows it to float on the surface of a liquid, or remain suspended in the liquid.
Buoyance
IFR ceiling and visibility
1000 feet and 3 sm
Marginal visual flight rules have a ceiling of _______ to ______ and ____to ____ statute miles.
1000, 3000, 3, 5
Supplemental oxygen is required above ______ feet MSL
14,000 MSL
Low level turbulence is often defined as any turbulence under ________ feet MSL
15,000
There are ___ WSR-88D Doppler Radars in the nation
155
The thickness between surface and "top" of the atmosphere is approx __ Nautical miles.
27
at sea level in a standard atmosphere, the weight of the atmosphere supports a column of Mercury ________ inches high
29.92
VFR ceiling and visibility-
3,000 ft and 5 sm
What is the radius of the Earth?
3,498 Nautical Miles
Tropical depressions have wind speeds of _____ knots or less
33
Tropical storms range from ____ to ___ knots.
34,63
Jet streams of air often have what range in velocity in knots?
40 to 70 knots
The VFR visibility must be greater than ___ miles.
5
Micro bursts only last in the order of __ to __ minutes
5 to 30
LIFR ceiling is less than ___ feet AGL
500
Instrument flight rules ceiling is ____ to less than ______
500, 1000
Hurricanes are categorized by ___ knots or more?
64
The radar dome we have at SGF is a WSR-___
88D
No molecular motion is ________ _________
Absolute Zero
An ________ is a large body of air that has fairly uniform temperature, stability and moisture characteristics.
Air mass
The critical wind shear is the total shear along the ______ _______
Aircraft Path
When a climb or descent through a stable layer is being performed, the pilot should be alert for a sudden change in _______
Airspeed
variable sea level pressure is usually taken care of by adjusting the _______ to the proper setting
Altimeter
The _____ ________ is the value to which the barometric pressure scale on the altimeter is set to the altitude indicates true altitude at the field elevation.
Altimeter setting
____________ is half the distance between the lowest and highest points of the wave (Crest to trough)
Amplitude
_____ ____ ____________ is that turbulence which occurs in the free atmosphere away from any visibility convective activity.
Clear air turbulence
________ is the study of the average conditions of the atmosphere.
Climatology
______ convection refers to saturated air that is rising because it is warmer than its surroundings
Cloudy
______ ______ also called sleet are translucencent or transparent globular solid grains of ice that are formed from the freezing of raindrops or from the refreezing of partially melted snowflakes before they reach the ground.
Ice pellets
________ refers to any deposit or coating of ice on an aircraft
Icing
Do not ______ or ________ in the face of an approaching thunderstorm
Land or takeoff
The amount of heat energy that is absorbed or released when H2O changes from one state to another.
Latent Heat
_____ occurs when the same amount of molecules are leaving the water surface as are returning.
Saturation
During the summer, the land is ____ than the water
Warmer
_______ is the distance between two successive identical wave features. (Crest to crest)
Wavelength
____ is caused by pressure differences and modified by the earth's rotation and surface friction
Wind
_____ is a vector quantity
Wind
Both warm fronts and cold fronts can produce _______ _____ and turbulence
Wind shear
Micro-burst, fronts and shallow lows, air mass wind shear, elevated stable layers, jet streams are all causes of
Wind shear
The Coriolis force act 90 degrees to the left of the wind in the _____ hemisphere
Southern
A ______ system is defined as one that if displaced tends to return to its original location.
Stable
Mountain lee waves require movement of _______ air across a mountain range
Stable
The _________ _____________ is an idealized atmosphere with specific vertical distributions of pressure, temperature and density.
Standard Atmosphere.
Above 15,000 MSL each occupant of the aircraft must be provided with _____ _______
Supplemental Oxygen
TDWR stands for
Terminal Doppler weather Radar
The long wave radiation from the Earth is typically called ________ radiation
Terrestrial radiation
For an ____ _____ to form in a given source area, the area must have uniform land or water surface, the air must be stagnant, and a large divergent flow
air mass
Red shading on a WSR-88 Velocity chart shows debris moving ________ from the radar
away
Water vapor, condensation nuclei, and cooling are all components needed for the formation of _____
clouds
______ are made up of water droplets and or/ice crystals
clouds
During the winter the land is ___ than the water.
colder
the ______ level is where the cloud base forms
condensation
_______ is the state of a layer of unsaturated air when its lapse rate of temperature is less than the dry-adiabatic lapse rate but greater than the dry adiabatic lapse rate.
conditional instability
the dry monsoon season winds flow from the ______ to _______
continent to ocean
The level at which the bases of the clouds form is called the _______ ______________ level.
convective condensation
Density ____ with altitude
decreases
Oxygen concentration ________ with height
decreases
The angle of the sun above the horizon is the solar _______ _________
elevation angle
Air flows from the poles to the _____
equator
The atmosphere is complex and moves and behaves like a ______
fluid
The higher the temperature, the _________ the radiation
greater
balls or irregular lumps of ice is called
hail
Electromagnetic radiation travels at the speed of ______
light
Strato clouds are
low clouds
LLWAS stands for
low level wind shear alert system
Alto clouds are
middle clouds
Aneroid means ___ ______
no liquid
RADAR stand for
radio detection and ranging
Radiation from the sun is called ________ radiation
shortwave
This cell is between the polar and the hadley cell
the ferrel cell
"Bubbles" of rising air are called _________
thermals
Vertical pressure differences are found in convective _________.
thunderstorms
Dust Devils are not _____
tornadoes
More dense, cold air wedges ____ the warm air masses
under
Any displacement of an air parcel will result in _________ vertical motion
upward
The height of an indefinite ceiling is
vertical visibility
precipitation that evaporates before hitting the ground.
virga
The greatest horizontal distance over which objects can be seen and identified is called
visibility
Tower visibility is
visibility as reported by the tower
______ turbulence is cause by high pressure air under the wing flowing toward lower pressure above the wing near the wingtip or flap edge
wake
Extra tropical cyclones move ____ to ____ as macro-scale eddies
west, east
A front moving in to an area always constitutes a change in ______ _______
wind direction
Wind shear is the change in __________ or speed within a very short distance
wind direction
_____________ ____________ occurs when friction slows the wind in the lowest layers causing the air to turn over in turbulent eddies.
Mechanical turbulence
Does a micro-burst always occur with precipitation reaching the ground?
No
this symbol for precip on a metar is for heavy
+
This symbol for precip on a metar is for light
-
Carburetor icing occurs when moist air drawn into a temperature less than______ degrees Celsius by adiabatic expansion of fuel vaporization.
0
LIFR visibility is less than ___ SM
1
Instrument visibility is __ to less than __
1, 3
Surface temperature is measured ___ meters above the ground
1.5
Which wind condition prolongs the hazards of wake turbulence on a landing runway for the longest period of time?
A light quartering tail wind
_________ ___________ is the balance between the downward-directed force due to gravity and the upward directed force caused by the decrease of atmospheric pressure with altitude.
Hydrostatic Balance
A type of icing that refers to the accumulation of ice on the exterior of the aircraft during flight through clouds or liquid precipitation when the skin temperature of the aircraft is equal to or less than 0 degrees Celsius.
Structural icing.
_______ ______ is the weights of a column of the atmosphere with a given cross sectional area.
Atmospheric pressure
Relief from fair weather turbulence can often be found by climbing into and above what is called the ________ stable layer
Capping
The transfer of energy through molecular motion
Conduction
Solar radiation from the sun enters the system via radiation and then must be redistributed with in the atmosphere via _______/__________ and advection
Conduction/convection
cT
Continental Tropical
cP
Continental polar
The transfer of energy through the movement of mass
Convection
an air parcel rising because it is warmer than its surroundings is an example of
Convection
CAPE stands for
Convective Available potential energy
The net inflow of air into a given area
Convergence and divergence
In the atmosphere, the temperature ________ with height.
Decreases
The altitude above mean sea level at which atmospheric density occurs in the standard atmosphere.
Density altitude
________ Temperature is always less than or equal to the temperature.
Dewpoint
The temperature at which condensation first occurs when air is cooled at a constant pressure without adding or removing water vapor.
Dewpoint temperature.
Reflective, velocity, and spectrum width are the three components that the ________ _____ measures.
Doppler Radar
A ridge or high pressure area is characterized by _____ motion
Downward
Adiabatic heating will always accompany _____ motion
Downward
An ______ _____ cyclone is a macro-scale low pressure disturbance that develops outside the tropics.
Extra tropical
Definition of Pressure
Force exerted by the moving molecules
__________ is the number of waves that pass some fixed point in a given time interval
Frequency
__________ is the force that resist the relative motion of 2 bodies in contact.
Friction
When two air masses with different characteristics do not readily mix, there is often a distinct boundary between them. This boundary is called a ____
Front
Wind shear is concentrated in the _____ zone
Frontal
________ are an interface between 2 air masses warm and cold.
Fronts
The ____ ____ Shows how temperature, density and pressure are related mathematically.
Gas Law
_______ _______ refers to the wind system that extends over the entire globe.
General Circulation
The capture of terrestrial radiation by certain atmospheric gases is called the _______ effect.
Greenhouse
This cell extends from the equator to 30 degrees.
Hadley Cell
_______,________, and slow aircraft produce larger vorticies and stronger turbulence than smaller aircraft
Heavy, clean
______ pressure moves clockwise and downward
High
mT
Maritime tropical
Definition of Density
Mass per unit volume
_____ _____ _________ is the temperature of the air as measured by a temperature probe on the outside of an aircraft.
Indicated Air Temperature
A term which applies to all icing that affects the power plant operation
Induction icing
_______________ _____________ ____________________ Refers to any state of the atmosphere where ceiling and visibility are below specific minimum values.
Instrument Meteorological conditions
A layer of charged particles that extends from the lower mesosphere upwards through the thermosphere.
Ionosphere
A ______ _____ is a narrow band of high speed winds that reaches its greatest speed near the tropopause.
Jet Stream
About 2/3rds of Clear air turbulence occurs in and around the ____ _______
Jet stream
Flight through the boundary layer at midday in the summer will expose you and your aircraft to frequent and uncomfortable ___ due to thermals
LLT
Friction near the ground causes the air to slow down as compared to higher up. This is an example of ________ turbulence
Mechanical
____ pressure moves counterclockwise and upward
Low
Wind shear below 2000 feet AGL along the final approach path or along the takeoff and initial climb-out is known as ______ _____ ____ ____
Low Level wind shear
Mechanical, thermal, and turbulence in fronts are all classified under ______ ________ ___________
Low level Turbulence
Meso Scale circulations are typically associated with _____, highs, and fronts.
Lows
1000 feet agl to 3000 ft agl & 2 to 5 sm constitutes what flight rules category?
MVFR
The largest scale of circulation is called the ______ scale
Macro
mP
Maritime polar
Professor T. Fujita defined the term ______ for a down burst with horizontal dimensions of ___ nautical miles or less
Microburst, 2.2
____________ can occur in single cell, multi- cell, and super-cell thunderstorms
Microbursts
Doppler radar systems can provide information regarding the ______ of targets as well as their _____.
Movement, position
Wind is expressed in
Nautical Miles
This type of stability, when displaced it neither returns or accelerates away from its original position.
Neutral Stability.
The VFR ceiling in feet AGL is
None or > 3000
The Coriolis Force acts 90 degrees to the right of the wind in the _____ hemisphere
Northern
an _________ front happens when a cold front overtakes a warm front.
Occluded
The wet monsoon season winds flow from the _______ to _______
Ocean to continent
Air forced upward due to terrain effects such as a mountain.
Orthographic lifting
_______ is found from 50,000 to 100,000 feet.
Ozone
This layer is found in the lower stratosphere
Ozone layer
The ______ ____ is the line separating air-masses at 60 degrees attitude.
Polar Front
5,398 NM is the distance from _____ to ______
Pole, equator
The main affect of induction icing is loss of ____ due to ice blocking the air before it enters the engine.
Power
In the atmosphere, air parcels are accelerated across the surface toward low pressure when a horizontal _____ ______ ______ exists.
Pressure Gradient force
The strongest shears are often associated with sharply curved contours on the constant __________ __________
Pressure chart
The transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves
Radiation
Larger droplets that fall faster, and usually falls at a steady rate.
Rain showers
RH stands for ________ ______
Relative Humidity
Slow moving fronts have less ___ along the edge
Slope
What instrument measures air pressure?
The barometer.
This cell extends between 60 degrees latitude and the poles
The polar cells
TDS stands for
Tornado Debris Signature
Micro scale circulations are smaller than meso-scale and typically contain dust devils, ______, _______ clouds etc.
Tornadoes, cumulus
Green shading on a WSR-88 Velocity chart shows debris moving ______ the radar.
Towards
A ___________ cyclone is a mesoscale, cyclonic circulation that develops in the tropical easterlies.
Tropical
The sea breeze front acts like a cold front T/F?
True
True or false: water has a higher heat capacity than dry land.
True
True/false... At any one time, different scales of circulation can be embedded within one another.
True
When a cold front is moving in, there is a better chance for thunderstorms due to the steeper slope along the front...t/f?
True
A pilot exposed to ____________ for a long period of time will experience greater fatigue
Turbulence
PIREPS of ______ can be highly subjective and dependent on the type of aircraft and the pilot
Turbulence
This occurs in these three areas: Within thunderstorms, below thunderstorms, and around or over thunderstorms.
Turbulence
The ozone layer protect from harmful ___ Rays.
UV
An _____ system tends to move away from its original location when displaced.
Unstable
Adiabatic cooling is always accompanied by _____ motion.
Upward
Any object that has a temperature above absolute zero degrees kelvin emits ____________ radiation
electromagnetic
The dimensions of a thermal is proportional to its height _________ _____ _________.
above the ground
The daily variation in temperature is called the ___________ _________
diurnal variation
Very small droplets are called ______
drizzle
Hangars and other large buildings near runways can cause turbulent _____
eddies
Saturation vapor pressure increases rapidly as the temperature _______
increases
_______ ________ is the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of a substance 1 degree
heat capacity
Cirro clouds are
high clouds
air flows from _____ to _____ pressure
high to low
Thermal turbulence is more common over _______ terrain
higher
The Frontal zone contains both _________ and ______ shear
horizontal and vertical
precipitation composed of ice crystals is called ____
snow
Horizontal pressure differences are related to wind _____
speeds
The leading edge of a cold front is very ____
steep
Mountain lee waves and warm down-slope winds are produced when
strong winds interact with local terrain
Relative humidity is dependent on ______
temperature
