Avit 309 Final

Hyperventilation may cause what type of hypoxia?

Stagnant

Experiencing Zero-G environments for long periods of time may result in which of the following?

"Moon-face" and Excess intestinal gas (BOTH A AND C)

A pilot falsifying their medical application may be fined up to ___________________.

$250k

Which G-vector causes GLOC?

+Gz

What are common restraint issues?

- Head Swing - Restraints allow individuals to be controlled and maintained at the speed of the structure -Unrestrained individual's inertia will carry them forward/downward where they will strike the structure at greater speed (and therefore, greater G forces) and penetrating injuries can occur

The Push-Pull effect makes going from ____ Gz forces to ____ Gz forces dangerous

- to +

What are the CAA Strategies for monitoring?

-Assign appropriate level of attention -Plan, confirm, monitor and correct

What is the difference between "G" and "g"?

-G: gravitational constant -g: changing gravitational forces -G is the above constant and it never changes but g is the acceleration due to gravity and it changes depending on location.

Which is, by far, the least tolerant vector for humans?

-Gz

What is autokinesis and how do you minimize it?

-Seeing a stationary light move -How to minimize: Don't stare at single points/lights, Use diamond-pattern scan, 15 degrees to top, right, left, and bottom

What are the 3 rules of crash an airplane?

1) Arrive at the ground at the slowest possible groundspeed 2) Arrive at the ground under control 3) Allow the aircraft and environment to absorb the kinetic energy

What are considered low G-forces?

1-3 G's

What is the critical Risk Value above which evolved gas issues are prevalent?

1.5

Decompression sickness typically presents itself when the risk (R) factor exceeds:

1.5%

What percentage of aircraft fatalities are due to Spatial Disorientation?

1/4 to 1/3

How fast could a human become frostbitten at a temperature of -25 degrees F with 20 mph winds?

10 minutes or less

What is a pilot's most immediate need following a decompression?

100% oxygen

What is the first step one should take in treating hypoxia of any type?

100% oxygen

What is the number one step in treatment of suspected DCS?

100% oxygen

How much caffeine should be consumed every two-three hours for maximum effectiveness?

100-150 mg

What is the average experience level for pilots involved in SDO related accidents?

1000+ hours, 10 years, very experienced

Physiologically, supplemental oxygen should be used above what altitude?

10000 ft

To what altitude can humans fully physiologically acclimatize?

10000 ft

What altitudes apply to Physiological Deficient Zone?

10000-50000 ft

At what core body temperature may organ damage and loss of neural function occur?

104 degrees

To keep the deceleration less than 9 G's, and thus probably survivable, the minimum stopping distance from 50 mph needs to be at least:

12 feet

How many breaths per minutes does the average human maintain?

12-20

The Human overlapping visual field is how many degrees across?

120

How large is the human perceptible field of view?

120 x 120

For part 91 flight operations, above what altitude should a pilot be using supplemental oxygen?

14000 ft

What is the average human + & - Gx tolerance level?

15 G's

What is the partial pressure of atmospheric oxygen at Sea Level?

159 mmHg

How long does a human take to fully physiologically acclimatize to a given altitude?

18.4 days per mile of altitude

What percentage of pilots who experienced fatigue-related problems in flight actually filed reports?

20%

How long should one expect to fly straight and level for SDO symptoms to resolve?

20-30 seconds

What percentage of expended energy actually goes towards performing the actual work?

25%

Carbon monoxide has a greater affinity for hemoglobin over oxygen by how much>

250 times

When are the 11 most dangerous minutes in flight segments?

3 Minutes after takeoff, 8 Minutes before landing

How long may one last without water?

3 days

How long may one last without food?

3 weeks

What are considered medium G-forces?

3.1-5.9G's

According to the CDC, how much ionizing radiation does the average person in the U.S. receive each year?

3.11 mSv

How much temperature decrease per 1000 feet as we ascend into the atmosphere?

3.5 degrees

What is the recommendation for visual scanning inflight for instruments versus outside the aircraft?

3/4 outside 1/4 inside

Under the right environmental conditions, humans may become dehydrated in as fast as ______ minutes.

30

What is the unprotected Gz force tolerance most humans can endure?

4-6 G's

According to NASA's studies on loss of control inflight (LOC-I) accidents, what percentage occurred from the from the aircrew's "inappropriate response or interaction with aircraft equipment"?

46%

Historically, what percentage of commercial incidents and accidents happen in the approach and landing phases of flight?

50%

Where does the Space Equivalent Zone begin?

50000 ft

According to FAA experts, what percentage of aviation accidents are caused by human influence?

60-80%

What percentage of landing incidents and accidents may have been prevented by initiating a go-around?

83%

Based on studies, what is the percentage of professional pilots who have had to cope with fatigue?

85-92%

According to Part 23, what is the maximum longitudinal load can a cockpit experience?

9 G's

Research by CAMI indicates that if a cabin decelerates less than ___ G's, survival is exponentially better

9 G's

When the US military first invested time and resources into aviation training, what number of pilots died from pilot error in the first 100 fatalities?

90

What is considered the limit where you can endure noise unprotected?

90 dB for 8 hours (85 dB is the "action level")

According to the FAA, what is the time frame in which aircraft should be evacuated following an aircraft crash?

90 seconds

What percentage of inflight orientation does visual orientation provide?

90%

Hypothermia occurs when core body temperature drops below _______ degrees F.

95

What is our average body core temperature range?

95-103.9 degrees

What medical professional should be standing by to receive DCS patients?

AME

What are considered high G-forces?

Above 6 G's

What are the four phases of decreasing the effects of stress on team performance?

Academic Procedure refinement Cross-training Practical training

What are the 3 major landing illusion components?

Airport environment, Runway environment, Weather conditions

What are examples of self-imposed stressors?

Alcohol, drugs, tobacco, circadian rhythm

Mental confusion is a symptom of what type of hypoxia?

All types

What are the tiny air sacs in the lungs where oxygen diffuses into the blood stream called?

Alveoli

What is the basic definition of respiration?

An exchange of gases between a living organism and its environment

Vestibular sense allow humans to sense what?

Angular accerlation

NASA research indicates stress negatively affects core cognitive mechanisms of ________________ and ________________.

Attention and Memory

What makes wire, towers, or antennas difficult to see on approach?

Background clutter

When you fall asleep, what happens to your physical body?

Becomes an antenna looking for danger and reasons to wake you up

Where is atmospheric pressure the densest?

Below 10000 ft

Below what oxygen saturation level does collapse normally occur at?

Below 60%

Most individuals (70%) who develop decompression sickness initially have symptoms of which presentation of the disease?

Bends

What are the four presentations of DCS?

Bends, skin chokes, CNS

What gas law applies to Trapped Gas issues in aviators?

Boyle's Law

What is the most sensitive organ to altered temperatures?

Brain

Proper oxygenation of what cell(s) in the respiration process are most important for aviatiors?

Brain cells/neurons

In humans, angular acceleration is sensed:

By the semi-circular canals

Which of the following is responsible for the diffusion of oxygen from the bloodstream to body tissue?

Capillaries

The primary control for respiration in humans is regulated by what gas?

Carbon Dioxide

What is the primary gas chemically controlling human breathing reate?

Carbon Dioxide

What gas content of the blood influences the primary control of the respiratory rate in normal humans the majority of the time?

Carbon dioxide

What is the most common chemical product of incomplete combustion?

Carbon monoxide

Aerobic exercise targets the __________________ system of the body

Cardiovascular

What on the aircraft is designed to filter out ozone in the atmosphere?

Catalytic ozone converter

Where is the night visual blind spot located on the visual field?

Central 2 degrees/central vision

Where is peak visual acuity located?

Central Vision, Central 2 degree cone

What is one first layer of shelter protection?

Clothing

What is the first human function lost to hypoxia?

Cognition

Pilot pressures for completing the flight at the destination is called what?

Cognitive Lock-up

For humans, gravity results in a ___________ stress

Compressive

What type of pilot response is best used in extreme stress events?

Conditioned or muscle-memory

Which of the heat-transfer mechanisms is most effective?

Conduction

What are the three heat transfer mechanisms?

Conduction Convection Radiation

What are the four core components of individual resilience-building characteristics?

Connection Wellness Healthy thinking Meaning

What does "CREEP" stand for?

Container, Restraints, Environment (inside cabin), Energy Absorption, Post-Crash Hazards

What would happen if you completely drained your oxygen cylinder?

Contamination will get into the tank

What are the three types of aircraft oxygen delivery systems?

Continuous flow Diluter demand Pressure demand

Steady State noise is defined as:

Continuous, stable noise levels

What are the three ways heat transfers from one object to another?

Convection, Radiation, Touch

What term in used to describe the ability of a structure to provide protection to occupants during impact conditions?

Crashworthiness

You are on cruise flight on heading 090, when you are instructed to enter a left turn to 360. During the turn, you drop your phone on the floor and you feel out-of-control. The first thing you should do is:

Cross-check your instruments to see what the aircraft is doing

What is designed into vehicles to systematically slow the vehicle during a crash to make the crash more survivable?

Crush Zones

What is the most dangerous gas aviator should potentially be exposed to?

Cyanide

Prior to the development of pressurized aircraft, decompression sickness (DCS):

DCS was an accepted part of high-altitude flight

What do humans suffer from when they enter a deficit of bodily fluids?

Dehydration

Visual illusions cause incidents and accidents for what reason?

Deviation from glideslope

A change in vector refers to a change in _______________

Direction

If an automated system were acting erratically, the best course of action is to _____________?

Disable to Autopilot

What is one of the main intellectual markers of fatigue in yourself?

Distraction

What is the best way to avoid ear and sinus blocks inflight?

Do not fly with a cold

What are the first lines of defense against hearing loss in aviation?

Earplugs or Noise-cancelling headsets

What two areas of trapped gas are most likely to occur on descent?

Ears, sinuses,

What are the common areas of trapped gas in humans?

Ears, sinuses, GI tract, teeth, lungs

What typically causes hyperventilation in pilots?

Emotional

Automated aircraft systems are designed to _______ safety of flight

Enhance

What physiological issue does Henry's Law apply to?

Evolved Gas

What is normally the most prolific sign of rapid decompressions?

Explosive noise

What three mechanisms contribute to contaminants in aircraft?

External, internal, aircraft systems

True or False: Water ditching in an airplane is a good idea

FALSE

For someone equilibrated to sea level, what altitude represents the threshold for evolved gas problems?

FL180

Above what altitude has shown to produce increased amount of ionized radiation exposure?

FL300

True or False: An Enhanced-Vision System assists pilot seeing through thick, moist clouds

False

True or False: Colors at the low end of the EM wavelength spectrum are the hardest focus on

False

True or False: Continuous flow masks provide adequate protection from smoke and fumes

False

True or False: Flying with a light cold is considered safe if you are not exhibiting symptoms.

False

True or False: Is it acceptable to mix pressure-demand regulators with diluter demand masks?

False

True or False: OBOGS is a popular civilian oxygen generating system

False

True or False: The Forward-Looking Infrared Devices (FLIR) we demonstrate in the vision lab can see objects through a pane of glass

False

True or False: Type 2 DCS is the more probable form of DCS

False

True or false - a pilot never has to wear an oxygen mask if the cabin is pressurized?

False

True or false: Aircraft automated systems can be counted to be 100% reliable

False

True or false: Effective Performance Times are guaranteed times a pilot can depend on to maintain consciousness at a given altitude

False

True or false: a pilot may be comfortable knowing maintenance checked their oxygen mask prior to flight

False

True or false: a smoke hood should always be used before a pilot dons an oxygen mask

False

True or false: ear blocks are always accompanied by pain

False

True or false: the lost oxygen occurring from breathing too fast causes hyperventilation

False- it is the loss of carbon dioxide

An elevation in one's core body temperature in an effort to destroy a viral species is known as a ________.

Fever

Which of the following factors could personally affect your respiration rate?

Fever Fatigue Anxiety

What can a pilot do to provide the quickest and most accurate opportunity for rescue crews to find a downed pilot?

File a flight plan

According to FAA regulations, a quick-don oxygen mask should be able to be donned, sealed and properly configured with one hand in how many seconds?

Five seconds

What oxygen system device lets you know if you have oxygen flowing?

Flowmeter

If a pilot suffers a laser strike, what is the first the to remember?

Fly the aircraft

Practicing adequate ____________ ensures the food one eats will be safe

Food hygiene

What are the 3 sound concepts?

Frequency, Intensity, Duration, (Occasionally Speed is considered a sound concept)

Which type of oxygen is typically found on commercial aircraft?

Gaseous

Which two forms of oxygen storage systems are found on civilian aircraft?

Gaseous and chemical

Which SDO illusion typically starts with a subthreshold turn?

Graveyard Spin

A sub-threshold turn (less than 3 degrees per second) often contributes to which of the following spatial disorientation illusions?

Graveyard Spiral

What are the three g-vectors humans are exposed to?

Gx, Gy, Gz

Which G-vector is least likely to occur in aviation settings?

Gy

What is the most common cause of death in all aircraft accidents?

Head Injuries

What do airbag systems attempt to prevent or minimize?

Head-Swing

What do oxygen molecules bind to in the transport process?

Hemoglobin

Which law dictates the mechanism behind evolved gas disorders?

Henry's Law

The very first powered aircraft fatality in history taught aviators what?

High velocity head injuries and impacts kill

What illusion does a narrower-than-normal runway create?

Higher and farther away from the threshold

Alcohol is an example of which type of hypoxia?

Histotoxic

Which type of hypoxia is caused by carbon monoxide poisonings?

Hypemic

What physiological issue does Dalton's Law apply to?

Hypoxia

What physiological issues are minimized when using pressurization?

Hypoxia, Trapped gas, Evolved gas, Fatigue, Thermal stress, Noise and Vibration

Which type of hypoxia relates to altitude?

Hypoxic

What are the four types of hypoxia?

Hypoxic, Hypemic, Histotoxic, Stagnant

What makes an aircraft susceptible to decompressions?

Improper inspections and maintenance, age and cycles of aircraft, higher differentials

What 2 methods may prevent cognitive lock up?

Increase practicing task-switching, departmental framing of go-arounds

What are the 3 types of Enhanced Vision Systems in aircraft?

Infrared, Light Intensification, Combined

What are the three distinct sections of the ear?

Inner ear, Middle ear, Outer ear

What is the most dangerous characteristic of hypoxia?

Insidious onset

Ear protection works primarily to decrease the noise:

Intensity

How is the concept of Intensity in Noise increased?

Intensity mathematically increases by a factor of 10 for every 10 units (40 db is 1000 times louder than 20 db)

What are the two pressurized cabin schedules?

Isobaric control and isobaric differential

What three steps should be taken during a lithium ion battery thermal runaway event?

Isolate, Extinguish, Cool

Management of ________ is crucial when dealing with impact forces?

Kinetic energy

What is paramount in preparing for the elements?

Knowledge of thermal preparation

What about Black Hole Approaches makes them create a visual illusion?

Lack of ambient visual cues along approach path

What is GLOC?

Lack of blood return from the legs due to pooling

When a pilot looks at the ground, lack of what terrain feature may create difficulties for a pilot to estimate altitude?

Lack of texture

What should be the speed of a turn for sub-threshold acceleration?

Less than 3 degrees a second

How many milligrams of caffeine per day is considered relatively harmless?

Less than 500 mg

What should cabin deceleration be kept to?

Less than 9 g's

What are the 2 technologies used for enhanced visual systems?

Light Intensification and Infrared

What are the three accelerative forces on aircraft?

Linear, Angular, Radial

What are the directions of vibration?

Linear, rotational, combination

What two types of vibration affect humans?

Localized or Whole-body

How would a pilot grip controls to reduce the effects of vibration?

Loosely

What is the end result of monitoring disruptors?

Loss of S/A

The defining factor in explosive decompressions is:

Lung Tissue Damage

According to IATA 2020 Safety Report, what was the main contributor for flight crew induced errors?

Manual Handling/Flight Controls

Extensive research has shown optimized diet and exercise programs provide major __________ benefits.

Medicinal

What is the most important component in successful mitigation of survival situations?

Mental state/attitude

What are the three methods humans generate heat?

Metabolic Shivering Physical activity

Proprioceptive senses allow humans to sense what?

Movement and Body position

Anaerobic exercise targets the __________________ system of the body

Musculoskeletal

If you can slow the airplane from 45 to 40 knots, how much less impact force is felt, even with the small reduction in speed?

Nearly one-fifth less impact force

Which of the following G vectors is rarely, if ever, experienced in normal flight conditions?

Negative Gy

Rhodopsin is a chemical produced by the eye that improves what type of vision?

Night Vision

Which atmospheric gas evolves into bubbles to create evolved gas disorders?

Nitrogen

Is it always possible to descend to 10000 ft in emergencies?

No

Is it safe to use petroleum-based products around 100% oxygen?

No

What is one of the main problems in self-identifying fatigue in oneself?

No biomarkers

Is it permissible to use medical oxygen instead of aviators breathing oxygen?

No, because the moisture content is higher and would freeze at altitude

Should vasoconstrictor sprays be used to clear normal ear blocks?

No- emergency use only

How much should pilots rely on vestibular and proprioceptive inputs during flight?

Not at all

What is percentage of oxygen and nitrogen in the atmosphere?

O2 21%/ N2 78%

What 3 purposes do EVS systems have in aviation operations?

Obstacle avoidance, Runway alignment during approach, Runway guidance during taxi

When experiencing high sustained G-forces in an aircraft, those forces affect the following molecules in the body:

Ocular Blood Fatty body tissue

Which SDO illusion affects a pilot's ability to focus their eyes after rolling out of an extended turn?

Oculogyric illusion

When treating for suspected decompression sickness, you must first place the individual:

On a tight-fitting (crew) oxygen mask

What compensatory reflexive action typically happens to a pilot's head in a banking turn?

Optokinetic Cervical Reflex

What two components make up the vestibular apparatus?

Otolith organs and Semi-Circular Canals

The mental health of people today is in danger mostly due to:

Overwork schedule and lack of adequate, quality, sleep

Hypercapnia is caused by low amounts of what gas in the bloodstream?

Oxygen

The secondary control for respiration in humans is regulated by what gas?

Oxygen

What is the secondary gas chemically controlling breathing rate?

Oxygen

Which of the following is necessary to maintain complete homeostasis?

Oxygen Hydration

Every cell in your body continuously requires

Oxygen Water Sugar

What four elements need to be maintained in humans for homeostasis with your environment?

Oxygen, Nutrition, Rest, Hydration

You are flying from Grand Forks to Atlanta. Where do you find out how much oxygen you need for you, your crew and passengers for that flight?

POH

Why is panic worse than fear?

Panic leads to irrational decisions

What is the best way to clear GI gas?

Pass flatus or belch on ascent

What do the acute effects of thermal stress include?

Perceptual, physical, environmnetal

What are the two main components of human visual systems?

Peripheral and Central

What are the three phases of vision?

Photopic, Scotopic, Mesopic

What are the three recognized types of stress?

Physical Physiological Physchological

In 2 pilot operations, who has ultimate responsibility to ensure the aircraft flight path is maintained?

Pilot Monitoring

What are the two designated responsibilities for a 2 pilot crew?

Pilot flying, Pilot monitoring

How can aviators drastically increase their odds of surviving an aircraft crash?

Planning Ahead

What is the SCREAM check?

Preflight and inflight check of the aircraft oxygen system

What physiological issue does Charles' Law apply to?

Pressure gauge flunctuation

What aircraft system provides the best prevention measure against DCS?

Pressurization

What cell is responsible to transport oxygen in the cardiovascular system?

Red Blood Cell

Nutrients flow through the bloodstream in which of the following mediums?

Red Blood Cells

The process of denitrogenating aids the aviator in hypobaric conditions by?

Removing some of the nitrogen in the body

What is considered the most important component of individual stress management?

Resilience

What is a critical first step to for aviators to take in dealing with toxic fumes events?

Respect the emergency and protect your lungs

What physiological issue does Graham's Law apply to?

Respiration

Difference between Rods and Cones

Rods are responsible for vision at low light levels (Scotopic), while Cones are active at higher light levels and are capable of color vision and high spatial acuity (Photopic). (opposites)

What civilian aviation safety organization was the first, and when were they established?

Royal Aeronautical Society in 1866

What is the problem with instrument scanning when affected by channelized attention?

Scan discipline breaks down

Doing what prior to flight increases the probability of DCS exponentially?

Scuba Diving

What altitudes apply to the Zone of Physiology Efficiency?

Sea level- 10000 ft

What are the two types of pressurization systems?

Sealed cabins and pressurized cabins

Impulse noise is defined as:

Sharp, sudden onset of noise

Which airplane configuration is easiest to control?

Side-stick

What is considered one's best option for neutralizing a survival situation?

Signaling

Which type of decompression has caused the most fatalities in recent history?

Slow

What are the three types of decompressions?

Slow Rapid Explosive

What are the three behaviors responsible for the majority of chronic and non-communicable diseases in the world today?

Smoking, Unhealthy diet, Physical inactivity

Which SDO illusion causes a pilot to feel as if the aircraft nose suddenly pitched up during acceleration in low vis conditions?

Somatogravic Illusion

You are descending into a fog layer, as you enter the fog you get the sensation the nose of the aircraft is pitching up. You are experiencing a:

Somatogravic Illusion

Which SDO illusion causes a turning sensation following roll-out from an extended turn?

Somatogyric Illusion

What stages of sleep are the most refreshing for humans?

Stage I and REM

What form of hypoxia is produced by hyperventilation?

Stagnant

With regards to survival travel, what is the best option?

Stay with the vehicle

What illusion does an upsloping runway create?

Steep approach path

What does Tactile or Auditory stimuli do to visual processing?

Tactile stimulti ENHANCE visual processing while Auditory stimuli HINDER visual processing

What two areas of trapped gas are most likely to occur on ascent?

Teeth, GI tract

What are environmental factors to consider when calculating the effects of thermal stress?

Temperature, wind, water (precipitation)

What is the 5 year average of mSv that the FAA recommends?

The FAA recommends 5 year average of 20 mSv/yr, with no more than 50 mSv in any year, therefore you can have 100 mSv every 5 years

Which presentation of DCS is most likely to occur in aviators?

The bends

Which presentation of DCS is the least likely to occur and also the most dangerous?

The chokes

What pathway connects the middle ear with throat?

The eustachian tube

SDO typically happens when an aviator cannot visually confirm orientation with what?

The horizon

Why could precipitation cause an incident or accident on approach?

The pilot spends too much time visually searching for the runway/environment, and not enough time on the instruments

When your surroundings become dark at the end of circadian rhythm, what happens to your physical body?

The pineal gland secretes melatonin, inducing sleepiness; Your core temperature begins to drop; Digestion begins to slow (ALL OF THE ABOVE)

What is arguably the most reliable "alarm" for slow decompressions?

The popping and clicking of the ears on ascent

You are on a visual approach to an airport, but even though the PAPI says you are on glideslope, you feel the approach is too steep. The most likely cause is because:

The runway has an upslope

Where does temperature stabilize in the atmosphere?

The top of the Troposphere

Why is your hearing muffled after you leave a concert or other loud event?

There has been a Threshold shift in your hearing

What is the gas expansion ratio at FL250?

Three times that of sea level

Acceleration is defined as a change in velocity with a respect to ________

Time

What is the primary purpose of pressurization?

To protect occupants from hypoxia and DCS

What is the purpose of pressure-demand regulators?

To raise oxygen partial pressure at the lung level

What are the three types of fatigue?

Transient Cumulative Circadian

What physiological issue does Boyle's Law apply to?

Trapped Gas

True or False: Hand-flying maneuvers generally produces more spatial disorientation events than flying on autopilot

True

True or False: In the winter, it's not socks that keep your feet warm, it's blood flow

True

True or false: Boredom may be a psychological stressor

True

True or false: Human respiration can be voluntarily controlled?

True

True or false: Hypoxia may be a physiological stressor

True

True or false: SDO may rapidly transition from unnoticed to incapacitating

True

True or false: Stress may be good for maximum performance

True

True or false: a lack of nutrition may affect an individual's effective performance time

True

True or false: ground crews, flight crews, and passenger may be a source of toxic fumes

True

True or false: hypoxia may affect higher cognitive function at altitudes as low as 5000 ft

True

True or false: pilots should treat hyperventilation exactly the same as hypoxia

True

True or false: the effects of medications may exacerbate the effects of hypoxia at altitude

True

True or false: the subjective symptoms of hyperventilation are similar to hypoxia

True

Ture or false: Fatigue may lead to SDO by causing routine tasks or scans to be skipped

True

What is the first symptom of +Gz forces?

Tunnel vision

What type of DCS (Type I or Type II) is most likely to occur in aviatiors?

Type I

Which type of DCS (Type I or Type II) is most likely to be life threatening?

Type II

Which direction is vibration least tolerated in humans?

Up/Down

What mechanical approach aids may assist a pilot on approach?

VASI, PAPI, ILS

What is the most effective method of clearing an ear or sinus block

Valsalva

What two physiological problems exist when experiencing +Gz forces?

Variance of Circulation, Restriction of Movement

What is the body's primary intial response to cold environmental exposure?

Vasoconstriction

When I run in the summer, why does my face turn red?

Vasodilation

Name the two methods our bodies use to cool itself:

Vasodilation, Sweating

What are the four phases of respiration?

Ventilation Respiration Transportation Utilization

What 2 physiological factors may help create approach and landing visual illusions?

Visual perspective and depth perception

What are the three primary sources of orientation in aviation?

Visual, Vestibular, Proprioception

Why should water-ditching never be considered, if you have another choice?

Water is colder than your skin temperature, sucking the warmth out; Water is as hard as concerted when at speed; Water induces a whip-like reaction once airplane parts touch the surface, often rendering the occupants unconscious while sinking (ALL OF THE ABOVE)

With regards to circadian rhythms, what are the two periods of maximum sleepiness called?

Windows of circadian lows (WOCL)

How do I interfere with a natural body-cooling mechanism?

Wipe sweat off as it appears

Can one's fear help in survival situations?

Yes