BA325 Exam 2

The Mullahs in Iran is an example of the power of government derived from:

A religious authority.

When the market fails to adjust for the full costs of a firm's behavior, this is called:

Market failure.

Policies that affect the supply, demand, and value of a nation's currency are:

Monetary policies.

In 2017 mobile payment usage was largest for which type of purchase?

Physical goods.

A critical characteristic of a successful CIO is:

A leader with the ability to speak the language of the business.

Many rapid changes in technology over the past few decades were facilitated by:

Artificial intelligence. Wireless networks. Processing of enormous amounts of data.

The typical public affairs executive spends most of the day:

Coalition building. Direct lobbying. Fund raising.

This Act makes it a crime to circumvent antipiracy measures built into most commercial software agreements between the manufacturers and their users:

Digital Millennium Copyright Act.

The digital divide describes the gap between those:

individuals who have Internet access through technology and those who do not.

Emission fees are accurately characterized by which statement(s)?

Each business is charged for the undesirable pollution that it emits. Companies emitting more pollutants end up paying more pollution taxes Revenues from emission fees can be used to support environmental efforts.

M-Commerce is facilitated primarily by:

Mobile or cell phones.

Under U.S. sentencing guidelines, how would firms facing environmental violations typically be treated if they had an active compliance program and fully cooperated with investigators?

Their sentence would likely be lighter.

MIT researchers determined that 90 percent of shopper's credit-card transactions could be used to:

Uniquely identify an individual's shopping habits and preferences. Identify an individual shopper using only four bits of secondary information.

As of 2016 what was the average cost of a data breach in the United States?

$7 million.

Firms in the chemical industry, which must contend with frequently changing environmental regulations and the risk of dangerous accidents, usually have:

A sophisticated political strategy.

According to an Oxford University study, what percentage of current jobs were expected to be overtaken by robots in the next two decades?

About 50 percent.

The fastest growing region for Internet usage growth from 2000 to 2017, was:

Africa.

When managers become personally involved in developing public policy, the firm is at what level of business political involvement?

Aggressive organizational involvement.

Air pollution is accurately described by which of the following?

Air pollution occurs when more pollutants are emitted into the atmosphere than can be safely absorbed and diluted by natural processes.

In the United States, the federal government regulates which of the following major areas of environmental protection?

Air pollution. Water pollution. Solid and hazardous waste.

Depletion of the ozone layer, destruction of the rain forests, and species extinctions all have an impact on:

All of society.

Antitrust laws protect consumers from:

Anticompetitive practices by business.

The ability of a digital computer or computer-controlled robot to perform tasks commonly associated with intelligent beings is called:

Artificial intelligence.

Government's role is to create and enforce laws that:

Balance the relationship between business and society.

A technological application that uses biological systems or living organisms to make or modify products or processes for specific use is called:

Biotechnology.

One type of digital currency that operates outside the banking system using encrypted technology is:

Bitcoin.

Studies have shown that green marketing has been most successful at what level?

Brand.

Public policies and government regulations are shaped by:

Business. Special interest groups. Government.

An organization that produces net zero emissions of greenhouse gases is achieving:

Carbon neutrality.

Both large and small businesses have adopted sustainable practices to what advantage?

Cost savings from operational efficiency. Opportunity to serve emerging economies. Reduction of regulatory risk.

Companies that reduce pollution and hazardous waste, reuse or recycle materials, and operate with greater energy efficiency achieve a competitive advantage due to:

Cost savings.

Since 2008, the total amount spent on lobbying activity has:

Decreased slightly.

With respect to fresh water, according to one estimate, if it were possible to eliminate pollution, capture all available fresh water, and distribute fresh water equitably:

Demand would exceed supply within a hundred years.

A corporate political strategy does not:

Determine the legal limits allowed for campaign financing.

The commitments of the Convention on Biological Diversity include:

Developing national conservation strategies.

Buying and selling goods and services electronically is called:

E-business.

The amount of land and water a human population needs to produce the resources it consumes and to absorb its wastes given prevailing technology is called:

Ecological footprint

Which of the following are examples of natural monopolies?

Electric utilities and railroads.

Which of the following is not a constituency-building strategy tool?

Expert witness testimony.

The idea that companies have a continuing responsibility for the environmental impact of their products or services, even after they are sold, is called:

Extended product responsibility.

According to the discussion case, Hydraulic Fracturing—Can the Environmental Impacts Be Reduced?, the primary purpose of fracking is to:

Extract crude oil and gas.

An example of a regulatory agency charged with enforcing social regulation is:

Federal Trade Commission.

In a survey of 105 companies in 2017, the most frequent public affairs tactic was related to:

Federal government relations.

Patterns of government taxing and spending that are intended to stimulate or support the economy are:

Fiscal policies.

The EU law passed in 2018 that required companies to promptly report personal data breaches was called:

General Data Protection Regulation.

Software piracy is a major problem in which part of the world?

Globally.

Participants in the Montreal Protocol agreed that by 2030 they would phase out:

HCFCs.

Over time the role of the CIO:

Has become more integrated into the overall strategic direction of the firm.

What are the benefits of sequencing the human genome?

Helps early diagnosis of diseases. and Spurs new ways to prevent illnesses.

Supporters of advocacy advertisements believe that they:

Identify a company as an interested and active stakeholder. and Can help mold public opinion on a particular policy issue.

One ethical concern about businesses collecting vast amounts of stakeholder data is:

If the effort actually benefits the stakeholders.

How did some authoritarian governments justify limiting citizens' access to the Internet?

Improved national security.

Expert witness testimony is often collected:

In congressional hearings.

In the United States, most solid waste ends up:

In landfills.

The phase of technology that focuses on building material goods and manual labor is:

Industrial.

By raising and lowering the interest rates at which private banks borrow money from the government, the Federal Reserve Bank:

Influences the size of the nation's money supply. and Influences the value of the dollar.

The annual EPA report Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) is an example of which environmental policy type?

Information disclosure.

Governments being asked to regulate driving distractions are examples of a public policy:

Input.

Increased cyber activity by which countries prompted NATO officials to brand them as "patriotic hackers"?

Iran and China.

Advocacy ads are also called:

Issue advertisements.

Which of the following is not true about water pollution?

It can be caused by biodegradable products.

Arable land is accurately described by which statement?

It is a renewable resource.

When a business seeks to overturn a law after it has been passed or threatens to challenge the legal legitimacy of the new regulation in the courts, this is called:

Legal challenges.

The information strategy tool most used by business is:

Lobbying.

Ecologically sustainable organizations are accurately explained by which of these descriptions?

Making and transporting products using minimal energy.

In the case Political Action by the U.S. Steel Industry, 2015-2018, what is one reason that foreign-made steel prices were so much lower than U.S. steel?

Many foreign governments subsidized their steel industries.

An example of an economic regulatory agency is:

National Labor Relations Board.

In 2017 which country had the most restrictive Internet censorship policies, completely blocking its citizens from conducting Internet searches and from using social media platforms?

North Korea.

Which of these activities is not considered to be a marine ecosystem threat?

Ocean alkalinity.

A thin layer of gas that protects the Earth from excessive ultraviolet radiation from the sun is:

Ozone.

The practice of using fake business emails in order to trick users into divulging personal data, such as usernames and passwords, is called:

Phishing.

To help control political favoritism, there have been global efforts to:

Promote fairness in the electoral process.

Which of these factors has accelerated the current ecological crisis?

Rapid industrialization.

The most successful global businesses in coming years will be those companies that:

Recognize the imperative for sustainable development as an opportunity both for competitive advantage and ethical action.

A large sporting goods store that raised the age for purchase of some firearms in response to public concerns for gun control were seen by detractors as:

Risking their reputation by engaging in politics.

In the case Should Facebook be Regulated, the primary market failure was:

Sales incentives to sell user data exceeded those of protecting user privacy.

Environmental regulations stimulate some sectors of the economy by:

Saving jobs in industries like fishing and tourism when natural areas are protected or restored. Compelling businesses to become more efficient by conserving energy.

Cybersecurity experts recommend including which essential elements for an incident-response plan for cyberattacks?

Support from executive leadership. Involvement by all functional departments. Focus on how to respond to a breach.

Which country has made the greatest progress in reducing its solid waste stream?

Sweden.

According to McKinsey and Company, which position cannot be easily replaced with robots?

Team managers.

When environmentally proactive companies seek out imaginative, innovative new methods for reducing pollution and increasing efficiency, they are adopting which strategy?

Technological innovation.

Some argue that publishing personal DNA sequencing results is unethical because:

The results could compromise one's employment situation. Life insurance could be denied. The cost of health insurance could rise.

In some nondemocratic or authoritarian societies such as China, Pakistan, Iran, and North Korea, why did the governments generally intervene to restrict their citizens' access to information and various Internet and social media sites?

To impose religious or ideological views To suppress political dissent

Which of the following represents a structural remedy for an antitrust violation?

Breaking up a monopoly.

General Electric's "Ecomagination" effort to invest in clean technology is an example of:

Clean technology.

Deregulation has occurred in the following industries:

Commercial airlines, railroads, and financial institutions.

Possible costs of environmental regulation include all of the following except:

Corporate restructuring.

The core idea(s) of sustainable development is (are):

Economic development must be accomplished sustainably. and Poverty is an underlying cause of environmental degradation.

In 2017 about what percentage of people around the world had no access to the Internet?

52 percent.

A company that builds stakeholder coalitions to influence government is using which strategy?

Constituency-building.

An argument in support of preventing government access to private cell phones, according to the case To lock or Unlock Your Phone: Personal Privacy or National Security, is:

Individuals have rights to privacy and safety.

Sustainability leaders have found that the most effective environmental management approach involves:

A team of line managers from across the business organization.

A CIO is the company's:

Chief information officer.

Reasons for the destruction of rain forests include:

Commercial logging. Cattle ranching. Conversion of forests to plantations.

A shared resource, such as land, air, or water, that a group of people uses collectively is a(n):

Commons.

Which political action strategy seeks to gain support from other affected organizations to better influence policymakers?

Constituency-building strategy.

Which of these statements accurately describes a Super PAC?

Does not allow direct contributions to candidates or political parties.

Being able to continue their activities indefinitely, without altering the carrying capacity of the Earth's ecosystem, is a characteristic of:

Ecologically sustainable organizations.

When a government orders companies not to conduct business in another country because of a war, human rights violations, or lack of a legitimate government; these orders are called:

Economic sanctions.

One of the biggest challenges for autonomous vehicle manufacturers, according to the case The Arrival of Autonomous Cars—Bright Future or Looming Threat? was:

Ensuring the vehicles were safer than driver-controlled automobiles.

As of 2017 the volume of global spam email messages has declined primarily due to:

Increased anti-spam protections.

The Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) is accurately described by which statement(s)?

It established a fund supported primarily by a tax on the petroleum and chemical companies. and The funds collected are used to clean up sites where the original polluter cannot be identified.

A firm in the pollution prevention stage of the corporate environmental responsibility model is best described by which statement? Multiple Choice

Minimizing or eliminating waste before it is created.

The idea that every distribution channel must work together to deliver a unified and consistent customer experience is called:

Omnichannel.

One of the oldest financial-incentive strategy tools is:

Political action committee contributions.

Economic regulations are illustrated by which action?

Preventing anticompetitive business practices.

Which stage of corporate environmental responsibility focuses on the full life cycle of a product?

Product stewardship stage.

In Japan's pluralistic public policy process, who are the major participants?

Representatives of big business, agriculture, and labor.

A person's entitlement to protection from invasion of one's personal life is called the:

Right to privacy.

Total social regulation costs are:

Significantly higher than total economic regulation costs.

This term refers to the practical applications of science and knowledge to commercial and organizational activities.

Technology.

Global warming can be described by which of the following?

The Earth has already warmed by between 0.7 and 1.1 degrees Celsius over the past century. Burning fossil fuels is the leading contributor of global warming. The amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere has increased by as much as 40 percent since the Industrial Revolution.

Cooperation between business and government often occurs when:

They encounter a common problem or enemy.

Economic leverage occurs when a business uses its economic power to:

Threaten to leave a location unless a desired political action is taken.

One argument in favor of net neutrality is:

To fairly compete, small, medium, and large firms should have the same Internet bandwidth.

Dark money refers to:

Undisclosed contributions to tax-exempt organizations.

European Union regulators accused Uber of engaging in:

Unfair competition.

An example of a hacking job motivated by retaliation is:

A person hacks a government website to act against inaction by the government.

The term circular economy refers to:

A production system that is regenerative by design.

To influence government policymakers' actions, an information strategy involves:

Business leaders speaking before government policymakers.

Downloading illegal files, spreading computer viruses, and stealing from online bank accounts is collectively referred to as:

Cybercrime.

The place where information is stored, ideas are described, and communication takes place in and through an electronic network of linked systems is called:

Cyberspace.

Which of the following statements is not true about the population?

Over the next century, population growth is expected to be greatest in developed nations.

According to the case Clean Cooking, the widespread adoption of clean cookstoves would provide which of the following benefits:

Reduced health risks.

The primary way of accomplishing public policy is through:

Regulation

Every environmental regulation must be initially evaluated for its costs and benefits in a process called:

Regulatory impact analysis.

Rapid economic development is often accompanied by:

Rising incomes, bringing higher rates of both consumption and waste.

Around the world, government:

Sometimes cooperates and sometimes is in conflict with business.

Another name for unsolicited commercial emails is:

Spam. Junk email. UCE.

Natural capital refers to the world's:

Supply of geology, soil, air, water, and all living things.

The role of chief sustainability officer is described by which statement(s)e of chief sustainability officer is described by which statement(s)

Typically reports to the CEO. Supervises staff across functional areas. Requires strong interpersonal skills.

Microsoft launched a program in 2017 to bring the Internet to more of rural America using:

Unused broadcast channels.

An example of industrial ecology in practice is:

Using wastes from one process as raw materials for another process.

Regulation can be argued as justified based on:

Utilitariatilitarian and justice grounds and justice grounds.

Hackers employed by businesses or governments to intentionally discover weaknesses in information systems are called:

White hatters.

In the 1980s, corn and soybeans were genetically modified, enabling farmers to spray for weeds without harming cultivated plants. At first, these changes were:

expected to increase crop yields per acre.

The ideas, concepts, and other symbolic creations of the human mind are often referred to as:

intellectual property.

Hiring former government officials for positions in the corporate world is:

normally legal.

Which of the following is not a potential source of personal private data?

Broadcast radio.

One major advantage of conducting business online is:

Cost-effective marketing and promotions

Public policy tools involve a combination of:

Incentives and penalties.

Past decisions of the courts, the original basis for the U.S. legal system, are called:

Common laws.

The purpose of the right to be forgotten is to:

Increase protection of privacy and personal information.

When companies develop a reputation for environmental excellence, and they produce and deliver products and services designed to attract environmentally aware customers, this is called:

Brand differentiation.

Which pattern of consumption is recommended to reduce humanity's global footprint?

Choosing less harmful products.

When businesses form voluntary, collaborative partnerships with environmental organizations and regulators to achieve specific objectives this is called:

Environmental partnerships.

In the United States, the right to free speech:

Must be weighed against the consequences for the community.

Sustainable development:

Balances economic and environmental considerations.

A compulsion to engage in rewarding behaviors, despite negative consequences is called:

Behavioral addiction.