BADM 310 Vocab & Quiz
To encourage integrative bargaining, managers should
emphasize goals to which both parties can agree
personality traits
enduring tendencies to think, feel, and act in certain ways
the justice, impartiality, and fairness to which all organizational members are entitled.
equity
systematic errors
errors that people make over and over and that result in poor decision making
Clive's manager appointed him to lead the marketing group because Clive emerged as a natural team leader in a previous assignment. Clive is now considered a(n) _______ leader
formal
In the context of management, rules refer to
formal written instructions that specify actions to be taken under different circumstances
rules
formal written instructions that specify actions to be taken under different circumstances to achieve specific goals
real-time information
frequently updated information that reflects current conditions
vicarious learning
learning that occurs when the learner becomes motivated to perform a behavior by watching another person performing it and being reinforced for doing so, also called observational learning
The managers in Julio's company sponsor monthly brainstorming sessions and reward employees with gift cards and recognition when an out-of-the box idea leads to organizational improvements. Julio's company is an example of a(n) _______ organization
learning?
When people are in negative moods, they
less detail-oriented?
China is a highly efficient manager. This implies that she
minimizes the amount of input resources without compromising quality.
enterprise resource planning system
multimodule application software packages that coordinate the functional activities necessary to move products from design stage to the final consumer stage
Alaina anticipated some controversy getting managers from different functional teams to agree on the best course of action. She convened the managers face-to-face, and after presenting the issue at hand, gave them each 30 minutes to jot down their ideas and solutions. After discussing each idea in turn, each manager ranked the solutions and the one with the highest ranking was selected. Alaina used _______ to facilitate the decision making
nominal group technique
What could a manager do to promote individual creativity in an organization
A manager can give employees space to experiment
When assembling a group, what should a manager do regarding resources
Assign only the level of resource necessary to achieve goals and allow work to be effectively split across members
Which statement about organizational commitment is true?
It helps managers perform their figurehead and spokesperson roles
How does an organizational chart reflect an organization's communication network?
It reflects the formal pathways in which communication takes place
In what way do moods differ from emotions?
Unlike moods, emotions are relatively short-lived
What is the Hawthorne effect?
Workers' productivity is affected more by their manager's personal behavior than by the work setting.
leadership substitute
a characteristic of a subordinate or of a situation, or context, that acts in place of the influence of a leader and makes leadership unnecessary
instrumental value
a code of conduct that an individual seeks to follow
confirmation bias
a cognitive bias resulting from the tendency to base decisions on one's existing beliefs even if evidence shows that those beliefs are wrong
representativeness bias
a cognitive bias resulting from the tendency to generalize inappropriately from a small sample or from a single vivid event or episode
attitude
a collection of feelings and beliefs
job satisfaction
a collection of feelings and beliefs that managers have about their current jobs
knowledge management system
a company-specific virtual information system that systematizes the knowledge of its employees and facilitates the sharing and integration of their expertise
intranets
a companywide system of company networks
merit pay plan
a compensation plan that bases pay on performance
accomodation
a conflict managing approach in which one party, typically the weaker power, gives in to the demands of the other, typically the more powerful party
competition
a conflict-handling approach in which each party tries to maximize its own gain and has little interest in understanding the other party's position and arriving at a solution that will allow both parties to achieve their goals
avoidance
a conflict-handling approach in which the parties try to ignore the problem and do nothing to resolve their differences
path-goal theory
a contingency model of leadership proposing that leaders can motivate subordinates by identifying their desired outcomes, rewarding them for high performance and the attainment of work goals with these desired outcomes, and clarifying for them the paths leading to the attainment of work goals
creativity
a decision maker's ability to discover original and novel ideas that lead to feasible alternative courses of action
reasoned judgement
a decision that required time and effort and results from careful information gathering, generation of alternatives, and evaluation of alternatives
delphi technique
a decision-making technique in which group members do not meet face-to-face but respond in writing to questions posed by the group leader
nominal group technique
a decision-making technique in which group members write down ideas and solutions, read their suggestions to the whole group, and discuss and then rank the alternatives
management by wandering around
a face-to-face communication technique in which a manager walks around a work area and talks informally with employees about issues and concerns
mood
a feeling or state of mind
employee stock option
a financial instrument that entitles the bearer to buy shares of an organization's stock at a certain price during a certain period or under certain conditions
bureaucracy
a formal system of organization and administration designed to ensure efficiency and effectiveness
organizational structure
a formal system of task and reporting relationships that coordinates and motivates organizational members so they work together in order to achieve organizational goals
command group
a group composed of subordinates who report to the same supervisor, also called department or unit
top management team
a group composed of the CEO, COO, and the vice presidents responsible for achieving organizational goals
self-managed work team
a group of employees who assume responsibility for organizing, controlling, and supervising their own activities and monitoring of goods and services they provide
skunkworks
a group of intrapreneurs who are deliberately separated from the normal operation of an organization to encourage them to devote all their attention to developing new products
The development team for a greeting card company includes a writer whose focus is on crafting the messages for a series of new cards. The responsibility to craft the words for the team is an example of
a group role
team
a group whose members work intensely with one another to achieve a specific common goal or objective
servant leader
a leader who has a strong desire to serve and work for the benefit of others
terminal value
a lifelong goal or objective than an individual seeks to achieve
production blocking
a loss of productivity in brainstorming sessions due to the unstructured nature of brainstorming
human relations movement
a management approach that advocates the idea that supervisors should receive behavioral training to manage subordinates in ways that elicit their cooperation and increase productivity
transaction processing system
a management information system designed to handle large volumes of routine, recurring transactions
expert system
a management information system that employs human knowledge embedded in a computer, to solve problems that ordinarily require human expertise
operations information system
a management information system that gathers, organizes, and summarizes comprehensive data in a form that managers can use in their nonroutine coordinating, controlling, and decision-making tasks
top managers
a manager who establishes organizational goals, decides how departments should interact, and monitors the performance of middle manager
first-line managers
a manager who is responsible for the daily supervision of non-managerial employees
middle managers
a manager who supervises first-line managers and is responsible for finding the best ways to use resources to achieve organizational goals
product champion
a manager who takes ownership of a project and provides the leadership and vision that take the product from the idea stage to the final customers
intrapreneurs
a manger, scientist, or researcher who works inside an organization and notices opportunities to developed new or improved products and better ways to make them
organizational performance
a measure of how effectively and efficiently managers use available resources to satisfy customers and achieve organizational goals
effectiveness
a measure of the appropriateness of the goals that managers have selected for the organizations to pursue and the degree to which the organization achieves those goals
negotiation
a method of conflict resolution in which the parties consider various alternative ways to allocate resources to come up with a solution acceptable to all of them
attraction-selecition-attrition framework (ASA)
a model that explains how personality may influence organizational culture
distributive justice
a moral principle calling for the use of fair procedures to determine how to distribute outcomes to organizational members
procedural justice
a moral principle calling for the use of fair procedures to determine how to distribute outcomes to organizational members
Herzberg's motivator-hygiene theory
a need theory that distinguishes between motivator needs (related to the nature of work itself) and hygiene needs (related to the physical and psychological context in which work is performed) and proposes that motivator needs must be met for motivation and job satisfaction to be high
groupthink
a pattern of faulty and biased decision making that occurs in groups whose members strive for agreement among themselves at the expense of accurately assessing information relevant to a decision
expectancy
a perception about the extent to which effort results in a certain level of performance
instrumentality
a perception about the extent to which performance results in the attainment of outcomes
self-efficacy
a person's belief about his or her ability to perform a behavior successfully
linguistic style
a person's characteristic way of speaking
informational justice
a person's perception of the extent to which his/her manager provides explanations for decisions and procedures used to arrive at them
interpersonal justice
a person's perception of the fairness of the interpersonal treatment he or she receives from whoever distributes outcomes to him or her
Classical Model
a prescriptive approach to decision making based on the assumption that the decision maker can identify and evaluate all possible alternatives and their consequences and rationally choose the most appropriate course of action
learning
a relatively permanent change in knowledge or behavior that results from practice or experience
unity of command
a reporting relationship in which an employee receives orders from, and reports to, only one superior
need
a requirement or necessity for survival and well-being
To help satisfy an employee's motivator needs, Herzberg's theory would direct a manager to provide the employee with
a sense of accomplishment
group role
a set of behaviors and tasks that a member of a group is expected to perform because of his or her position in the group
theory X
a set of negative assumptions about workers that leads to the conclusion that a manager's task is to supervise workers closely and control their behavior
theory Y
a set of positive assumptions about workers that leads to the conclusion that a manager's task is to create a work setting that encourages commitment to organizational goals and provides opportunities for workers to be imaginative and to exercise initiative and self-direction
executive support system
a sophisticated version of a decision support system that is designed to meet the needs of top managers
escalating commitment
a source of cognitive bias resulting from the tendency to commit additional resources to a project if evidence shows that the project is failing
illusion of control
a source of cognitive bias resulting from the tendency to overestimate one's own ability to control activities and events
management information system
a specific form of IT that managers utilize to generate the specific, detailed information they need to perform their roles effectively
closed system
a system that is self-contained and thus not affected by changes occurring in its external environment
open system
a system that takes in resources from its external environment and converts them into goods and services that are then sent back to that environment for purchase by customers
equity theory
a theory of motivation that focuses on people's perceptions of the fairness of their work outcomes relative to their work inputs
goal-setting theory
a theory that focuses on identifying the types of goals that are most effective in producing high levels of motivation and performance and explaining why goals have these effects
Social Learning Theory
a theory that takes into account how learning and motivation are influenced by people's thoughts and beliefs and their observations of others behavior
mediator
a third party negotiator who facilitates negotiations but has no authority to impose a solution
arbitrators
a third-party negotiator who can impose what he/she thinks is a fair solution to a conflict, which both parties are obligated to abide by
collaboration
a way of managing conflict in which both parties try to satisfy their goals by coming up with an approach that leaves them better off and does not require concessions on issues that are important to either party
compromise
a way of managing conflict in which each party is concerned about not only its own goal accomplishment, but also the goal accomplishment of the other party and is willing to engage in a give-and-take exchange and make concessions
blog
a website on which an individual, a group, or an organization posts information, commentary, and opinions to which readers can often respond with their own commentary and opinions
social networking site
a website that enables people to communicate with others with whom they have some common interests or connection
initiative
ability to act on one's own without direction from a superior
After a lengthy debate where two colleagues shared the pros and cons of their respective solutions, one colleague decided the resolution was taking too long and so conceded. This conflict was resolved through
accomodation
Sarah tries to explain why she believes her manager's approach to an issue will not be effective, but eventually, she agrees to go along with its implementation. Sarah addressed this conflict through
accomodation
An effective manager would be most likely to
acknowledge employees' accomplishments with rewards
organizational politics
activities that managers engage in to increase their power and to use power effectively to achieve their goals and overcome resistance or opposition
punishment
administering an undesired or negative consequence when dysfunctional behavior occurs
self-reinforcer
any desired or attractive outcome or reward that a person gives to himself or herself for good performance
input
anything a person contributes to a job or organization
outcome
anything a person gets from a job or an organization
noise
anything that hampers any stage of the communication process
____ are third-party negotiators who can impose what they believe is a fair solution to a dispute that both parties are obligated to abide by
arbitrators
leading
articulating a clear vision and energizing and enabling organizational members so they understand the part they play in achieving organizational goals
Nonverbal communication is useful
as a means to reinforce verbal communication?
mechanistic structure
authority is centralized, tasks and rules are clearly specified and employees are closely supervised
organic structure
authority is decentralized to middle and first-line managers and tasks and roles are left ambiguous to encourage employees to cooperate and respond quickly to the unexpected
In general, female managers tend to
be more participative than male manager
intellectual stimulation
behavior a leader engages in to make followers aware of problems and view these problems in new ways, consistent with the leader's vision
developmental consideration
behavior a leader engages in to support and encourage followers and help them develop and grow on the job
consideration
behavior indicating that a manger trusts, respects, and cares about subordinates
intrinsically motivated behavior
behavior that is performed for its own sake
extrinsically motivated behavior
behavior that is performed to acquire material or social rewards or to avoid punishment
prosocially motivated behavior
behavior that is performed to benefit or help others
initiating structure
behavior that managers engage in to ensure that work gets done, subordinates perform their jobs acceptably, and the organization is efficient and effective
Mel knows that the hair-styling business is highly competitive and new trends are constantly emerging, so she regularly provides training for her stylists, so they not only keep up with the latest hairstyles and techniques but are also able to provide new services to their customers. This, according to Teece, demonstrates the business'
dynamic capabilities
restructuring
downsizing an organization by eliminating the jobs of large numbers of top, middle, and first-line managers and non-managerial employees
Your company faced a challenge when a natural disaster closed two warehouses and stopped all shipments. What is considered a natural disaster?
earthquake
negative reinforcement
eliminating or removing undesired outcomes when people perform organizationally functional behaviors
A high level of _______ may help leaders develop a vision for their organizations, motivate their subordinates to commit to this vision, and energize them to enthusiastically work to achieve this vision
emotional intelligence
A local pet groomer is considering expanding his services to include cats and needs to decide whether to invest in the necessary equipment and supplies. What type of decision does this represent for the groomer
nonprogrammed
nonprogrammed decision making
nonroutine decision making that occurs in response to unusual, unpredictable opportunities and threats
Jalen nodded his head to let his manager know he would accept the proposed assignment. Jalen's nodding in agreement is a form of _______ communication
nonverbal
During which stage of group development do close ties between group members develop
norming
During which stage of group development does group camaraderie begin to emerge
norming
discipline
obedience, application, energy, and other outward marks of respect for a superior's authority
Mary is a financial advisor for an investment firm. Her formal business attire reflects and reinforces the firm's conservative culture. Furthermore, Mary engages clients, coworkers, and superior managers in a professional and respectful manner. Mary is participating in
organizational language
Julia believes that it is important to find ways to motivate her employees to make decisions that raise effectiveness of the team and overall company. Julia is committed to
organizational learning?
global organizations
organizations that operate and compete in more than one country
When selecting a medium for communication, a face-to-face approach
provides information richness?
motivation
psychological forces that determine the direction of a person's behavior in an organization, a person's level of effort, and a person's level of persistence
A company that has a high level of efficiency and effectiveness is most likely to produce a
quality product customers want and at a price they can afford.
As senders of messages, effective communicators will
select a medium they are comfortable using and use it consistently for all messages?
As countries become wealthier and have higher standards of living, Maslow's hierarchy contends that _______ needs are likely to become the primary motivators of behavior
self-actualization
Julius is extremely confident and knows he can be a top performer on the team. Julius exhibits high
self-efficacy
Catherine was nervous on her first day on the job. She convinced herself that they had made a mistake hiring her because she was concerned she might not do the work well. Catherine is low in
self-esteem
Luann needs to share changes to the company's benefits package with all employees. Luann is the _______ when she starts the transmission phase in the communication process
sender
Dana is translating a message into symbols or language. Dana is the _______ and the translation process is called
sender,enconding
esprit de corps
shared feelings of comradeship, enthusiasm, or devotion to a common cause among members of a group
group norms
shared guidelines or rules for behavior that most group members follow
In an organization that follows Weber's principles of bureaucracy, positions are arranged
skills
When discussing solutions for increasing profitability of a new product, Dale raises a concern that one of the alternatives may negatively impact sales for other products. Dale's concern demonstrates a focus on the _______ of the alternative.
sustainability?
By expressing concern for subordinates and representing their best interests in day-to-day activities, a manager demonstrates a(n) _______ behavior in the context of path-goal theory
supportive
______ is the performance gain caused by two or more departments coordinating their efforts
synergy
scientific management
systematic study of relationships between people and tasks for the purpose of redesigning the work process to increase efficiency
political strategies
tactics that managers use to increase their power and to use power effectively to influence and gain the support of other people while overcoming resistance or opposition
Controlling is the managerial task that involves
taking any corrective actions needed to maintain or improve performance
role making
taking the initiative to modify an assigned role by assuming additional responsibilities
need for affiliation
the extent to which an individual is concerned about establishing and maintaining good interpersonal relations, being liked, and having other people get along
leader-member relations
the extent to which followers like, trust, and are loyal to their leader; a determinant of how favorable a situation is for leading
task structure
the extent to which the work to be performed is clear-cut so that a leader's subordinates know what needs to be accomplished and how to go about doing it; a determinant of how favorable a situation is for leading
Hawthorne effect
the finding that a managers behavior or leadership approach can affect workers' level of performance
message
the information that the sender wants to share
Henri Fayol's principle of equity refers to
the justice, impartiality, and fairness to which all organizational members are entitled
behavioral management
the study of how managers should behave to motivate employees and encourage them to perform at high levels and be committed to the achievement of organization goals
administrative management
the study of how to create an organizational structure and control system that leads to high efficiency and effectiveness
organizational behavior
the study of the factors that have an impact on how individuals and groups respond to and act in organizations
informal organization
the system of behavioral rules and norms that emerge in a group
organizational behavior modification
the systematic application of operant conditioning techniques to promote the performance of organizationally functional behaviors and discourage the performance of dysfunctional behaviors
pooled task interdependence
the task interdependence that exists when group members make separate and independent contributions to group performance
sequential task interdependence
the task interdependence that exists when group members must perform specific tasks in a predetermined order
reciprocal task interdependence
the task interdependence that exists when the work performed by each group member is fully dependent on the work performed by other group members
entropy
the tendency of a closed-system to lose its ability to control itself and thus dissolve and disintegrate
social loafing
the tendency of individuals to put forth less effort when they work in groups than when they work alone
conscientiousness
the tendency to be careful, scrupulous, and persevering
openness to experience
the tendency to be original, have broad interests, be open to a wide variety of stimuli, be daring, and take risks
negative affectivity
the tendency to experience negative emotions and moods, to feel distressed, and to be critical of oneself and others
extraversion
the tendency to experience positive emotions and moods and to feel good about oneself and the rest of the world
agreeableness
the tendency to get along well with other people
external locus of control
the tendency to locate responsibility for one's fate in outside forces and to believe one's own behavior has little impact on outcomes
internal locus of control
the tendency to locate responsibility for one's fate within oneself
value system
the terminal and instrumental values that are guiding principles in an individual's life
expectancy theory
the theory that motivation will be high when workers believe that high levels of effort lead to high performance and high performance leads to the attainment of desired outcomes
operant conditioning theory
the theory that people learn to perform behaviors that lead to desired consequences and learn not to perform behaviors that lead to undesired consequences
Which manager is performing the managerial role of leading?
Babette, who energizes employees and enables them to understand the part each of them plays in achieving organizational goals
Art Place makes and sells paintings, sculptures, and small craft items. Its products meet consumer needs, but they are often too expensive to buy. What is most likely to be true about the company?
Its product manager achieves company goals but uses resources inadequately
How might team meetings proceed with an overly cohesive team?
Meetings might start with excessive personal discussion and struggle to efficiently complete meeting tasks
Preparing people for promotion or retirement relates to rites of
NOT rite of enhancement
Noelle recently joined a team of scientists who work together in a shared lab environment. All team members have the expertise and experience needed to develop next generation pharmaceutical products. Noelle is part of a(n)
R&D
linguistic style
Reba is uncomfortable with silence during meetings and frequently speaks up to keep the dialog going. Matt is very contemplative and likes to give attendees time to process ideas before adding his own perspective. Reba and Matt exhibit differences in
The human relations movement advocates that
Supervisors be behaviorally trained to manage subordinate
What is a characteristic of first-line managers?
They are responsible for daily supervision of the nonmanagerial employees
Why might female managers be more likely to involve subordinates in decision making and seek their input than their male counterparts
They face more resistance from their subordinates than men
According to Alderfer's ERG theory, a person feeling frustrated due to an inability to satisfy a need is likely to shift their focus to lower-level needs.
True
Jalen always strives to make optimum choices from the known alternatives but accepts that he will never have access to all available information and therefore must strive for the most satisfactory decisions. This realization is consistent with the _______ of decision making
administrative model
disruptive negotiation
adversarial negotiation in which the parties in conflict compete to win the most resources while conceding as little as possible
Sergeant Miller, an army drill instructor, needs to train his new recruits on their first day in camp. He will likely be low in
agreeableness
Self-managed teams within an organization typically have a(n) _______ communication network
all-channel
strategic alliance
an agreement in which managers pool or share their organization's resources and know-how with a foreign company, and the two organizations share the reward and risk of starting a new venture
administrative model
an approach to decision making that explains why decision making is inherently uncertain and risky and why managers usually make satisfactory rather than optimum decisions
Management Science Theory
an approach to management that uses rigorous quantitative techniques to help managers make maximum use of organizational resources
hierarchy of needs
an arrangement of five basic needs that, according to Maslow, motivate behavior. Maslow proposed that the lowest level of unmet needs is the prime motivator and that only one level of needs is motivational at a time
charismatic leaders
an enthusiastic, self-confident leader who is able to clearly communicate his or her own vision of how good things could be
group decision support system
an executive support system that links top managers so they can function as a team
third-party negotiator
an impartial individual with expertise in handling conflicts and negotiations who helps parties in conflict reach an acceptable solution
leader
an individual who is able to exert influence over other people to achieve group or organizational goals
entrepreneur
an individual who notices opportunities and decides how to mobilize the resources necessary to produce new and improved goods and services
social entreprenuers
an individual who pursues initiatives and opportunities and mobilizes resources to address social problems and needs in order to improve society and well-being through creative solutions
grapevine
an information communication network along which unofficial information flows
decision support system
an interactive, computer based management information system that managers can use to make non routine decisions
B2B marketplace
an internet-based trading platform set up to connect buyers and sellers in an industry
learning organizations
an organization in which managers try to maximize the ability of individuals and groups to think and behave creatively and thus maximize the potential for organizational learning to take place
boundaryless organization
an organization linked by computers, mobile technology, and video teleconferencing and whose employees and associates rarely, if ever, see one another face-to-face
Paolo is a manager for a small business. He wants his five subordinates to have positive working relationships and he wants to create a welcoming office environment. To encourage socializing and to motivate his staff to meet organizational goals, Paolo invites his subordinates to lunch once a week. Within a few weeks, Peter sees an increase in performance and improved collaboration among the staff members. This demonstrates the use of
behavioral management
organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs)
behaviors that are not required of organizational members but that contribute to and are necessary for organizational efficiency, effectiveness, and competitive advantage
According to the expectancy theory, how should Sean motivate his staff to increase sales by 10 percent?
by offering his staff a 5 percent commission bonus for everyone if sales increase by 10 percent
artificial intelligence
capability of a machine to imitate intelligent human behavior
line of authority
chain of command extending from the top to bottom of an organization
information distortion
changes in the meaning of a message as the message passes through as series of senders and receivers
_____ is a personal characteristic often possessed by transformational leaders
charisma
As a _______ leader, the company CEO always left employees with a sense of purpose, enthusiasm, and clear intent after the quarterly town hall meetings
charismatic
Leah motivates her subordinates to focus their efforts on the needs of coworkers and customers, rather than just their own personal goals. She is demonstrating _______ leadership
charistmatic
To further promote innovation among team members, a manager should avoid
closely directing or supervising the group
bounded rationality
cognitive limitations that constrain one's ability to interpret, process, and act on information
Group _______ is the degree to which the members of a group are attracted to belonging in the group
cohesiveness
organizations
collections of people who work together and coordinate their actions to achieve a variety of goals or desired future outcomes
Top management at a company organizes the employees into departments focusing on functions such as sales, product development, and customer service. These departments represent _______ groups.
command
task forces
committees of managers or nonmanagerial employees from various departments or divisions who meet to solve a specific, mutual problem; also called ad hoc committees
Madeline is preparing to announce changes in policies and procedures, and she wants to make sure there will be some kind of written documentation that a message was sent and received. The need for an electronic trail will affect Madeline's choice of
communication medium
A wheel communication network features
communication that is directed to and from a central member
Frank wants to delay production on a product in order to cash in on an impending decrease in raw materials cost. Samuel believes production should start immediately to beat competitors to the market. They resolve their conflict through _______ by agreeing to produce a small number of units immediately and scale up production as costs decrease
compromise
groupware
computer software that enables members of groups and teams to share information with one another
When deciding on the catering budget for her upcoming wedding, Kris was told that typically around 10% of invited guests usually decline. Kris is using a(n) _______ to simplify her decision making
confirmation bias
In a(n) _______ culture, managers are likely to establish clear reporting relationships with their employees and constantly monitor subordinate
conservative
______ are the two basic leader behaviors identified by the behavior model of leadership
consideration and initiating structure
outsourcing
contracting with another company, usually abroad, to have it perform an activity the organization previously performed itself
Before engaging his management team in the selection process for a new head of human resources, the CEO reduced the list of candidates to include only those applicants the CEO found acceptable. The CEO is implementing the political strategy of
controlling the agenda
Due to potential changes in laws that effect the industry's competitive landscape, Rhea's company may need to drastically streamline and reorganize. To ensure continued focus on results during this time of potential change, Rhea's manager should employ the political strategy of
controlling uncertainty
integrative bargaining
cooperative negotiation in which the parties in conflict work together to achieve a resolution that is good for them both
A car parts company decides to discontinue the production of its lowest-selling products and instead focuses on its areas of expertise. The company innovated a new automobile product with unique value. This is an example of using its
core competency
Northeast Woodworking is a small business run by skilled workers who produce customized and hand-manufactured furniture. This company engages in _______ production
crafts
Devil's advocate
critical analysis of a preferred alternative, made in response to challenges raised by a group member who, playing the role of devil's advocate, defends unpopular or opposing alternatives for the sake of argument
dialectical inquiry
critical analysis of two preferred alternatives in order to find an even better alternative for the organization to adopt
Managers at Worldwide Auto establish a group, or a(n) _______ team, comprised of engineers from Germany, Japan, and the United States for the design and manufacture of a new vehicle
cross-cultural
extinction
curtailing the performance of dysfunctional behaviors by eliminating whatever is reinforcing them
information
data that is organized in a meaningful fashion
Huan, a manager, is working with her company's labor union to reach an agreement about pay increases and benefits for her employees. She is performing the role of negotiator, which is a(n) _______ responsibility, according to Mintzberg.
decisional
According to the expectancy theory, a manager wanting to motivate using instrumentality should
define an incentive plan that links greater outcomes to higher performance.
Susan often defends unpopular or opposing alternatives for the sake of argument when discussing an issue. Susan is demonstrating
devils advocacy
Men tend to be stereotyped as being
directive
Setting goals and assigning tasks are considered _______ behaviors in the context of path-goal theory
directive
Equity theory is often characterized as a theory of _______ justice.
distributive
Following an oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, the CEO of a petroleum company took the responsibility for correcting the environmental damages caused by his company. According to Mintzberg's typology, in doing so, he is performing the role of a
disturbance handler
A company's CEO is assembling a top-management team. By selecting members who possess different expertise, skills, knowledge, and experience, the CEO is promoting
diversity
Regan has identified alternatives to a work problem. After considering the pros and cons of each option, she has chosen and implemented a solution. What should Regan do next for an effective decision-making process?
evaluate the results of the solution
controlling
evaluating how well an organization is achieving its goals and taking action to maintain or improve performance
need for power
extend to which an individual desires to control or influence others
The term "old boys' network" refers to a form of a(n) _______ communication network
external
______ is the process of removing the expected consequences that are leading to undesirable behaviors in the workplace
extinction
Managers who are high in _______ are likely to be successful in positions that require high levels of social interaction with other employees
extraversion
A disadvantage of intranets is their lack of versatility as a communication medium
false
Collaboration involves engaging in a give-and-take exchange and making concessions until a reasonable resolution of the conflict is reached
false
It is common for chain communication networks to exist in most groups
false
Lack of conflict in an organization signals that managers are supportive of change and focused on effective decision making
false
Margot always takes her time, considering all available information before making a decision. Margot is an intuitive decision maker.
false
Patrick is passionate about fitness and loves his job as a personal trainer. Patrick is extrinsically motivated.
false
Sanjay works for a large car dealership and is motivated by his sales commission. Sanjay is intrinsically motivated.
false
Sonja, a supervisor in a garment factory, believed that her workers were lazy and tried to get away with doing as little work as possible. Sonja's attitude about the workers corresponds to McGregor's Theory Y.
false
Successful managers who take chances and use new methods in their planning and decision making are likely low on openness to experience
false
When managers motivate subordinates by reinforcing desired behaviors and extinguishing or punishing undesired ones, they are engaging in transformational leadership
false
Jared's team is struggling to agree on a solution to an important product issue. To achieve a win-win solution, Jared should encourage members to openly critique each other to identify issues with individual approaches
false?
intuition
feelings, beliefs, and hunches that come readily to mind, require little effort and information gathering, and result in on-the-spot decisions
______ occurs when senders withhold part of the message because they think the receiver does not need the information
filtering
positive reinforcement
giving people outcomes they desire when they perform organizationally functional behaviors
self-managed work teams
groups of employees who supervise their own activities and monitor the quality of the goods and service they provide
formal groups
groups that managers establish to achieve organizational goals
informal groups
groups that managers or nonmanagerial employees form to help achieve their own goals or meet their own needs
Alba is concerned that a proposed alternative may have unforeseen effects elsewhere in the organization. She suggests more time be spent evaluating the consequences, but everyone else on the team rallies behind the lead manager to quickly finalize the decision. Alba's team is experiencing
groupthink
Lilly is a member of a new product design team. The team leader proposed a process that would get quick results, but Lilly was concerned quality would suffer. Due to _______, Lilly did not voice her concern as she did not want to appear unsupportive of the team
groupthink
Jerome and his colleagues use a software application that enables them to share data, coordinate activities, and exchange ideas. The software would be characterized as a _______ application
groupware
collaboration software
groupware that promotes and facilitates collaborative, highly interdependent interactions and provides an electronic meeting site for communication among team members
As someone driven by intrinsic motivation, Luca works hard because
he appreciates the feeling of accomplishment his work provides him
Jordan works for a bank and decides whether to approve small business loans. He researches market saturation and the health of existing businesses before deciding how likely the prospective small business owner is to succeed. Jordan is making a(n) _______ decision
heuristic?
Recognizing, admitting, and learning from mistakes are characteristics of a leader with
high emotional intelligence
Caleb, the CEO of Doberry Edibles, is very particular about establishing and maintaining good interpersonal relations with his employees. He also has high standards for personal excellence and works hard to accomplish his goals. According to McClelland, this indicates that Caleb has a
high need for affiliation and high need for achievement.
Carol is a manager who believes that carefully monitoring and maintaining control over employees is more important than maintaining cordial relationships with them. According to McClelland's needs theory, Carol has a
high need for power and la ow need for affiliation
valence
how desirable each of the outcomes available from a job or an organization is to a person
efficiency
how productively resources are used to achieve a goal
According to Herzberg's theory, _______ needs are related to the physical and psychological context in which the work is performed.
hygiene
planning
identifying & selecting appropriate goals
____ is a source of bias that causes managers to continue to pursue a course of action even when evidence may indicate the chosen alternative is not advised.
illusion of control? (most likely no)
Sandra discovered that much of the conflict between the design and production departments was due to a lack of shared goals and misunderstandings regarding dependencies. By implementing a cross-functional team approach, Sandra addressed the conflict by
increasing integration across the departments?
Sometimes managers form a(n) _______ group because they want to focus on achieving personal goals
informal
Norms are
informal codes of conduct
A small group of employees from the marketing department of an organization get together for lunch every Friday so they can discuss various personal and professional topics. This is an example of a(n)
informal group
interest groups
informal groups of employees seeking to achieve a common goal related to their membership in an organization
friendship groups
informal groups of employees who enjoy one another's company and socialize with one another
ambiguous information
information that can be interpreted in multiple and often conflicting ways
emotions
intense, relatively short-lived feelings
network
interlinked computers that exchange information
The term _______ refers to a global system of networks that enable employees to communicate both within and outside of their companies
internet
Sam's manager is very respectful and, even when delivering constructive criticism as part of ongoing feedback, is always encouraging and helpful. Sam perceives a high degree of _______ justice from the manager's behavior.
interpersonal
decoding
interpreting and trying to make sense of a message
Julius and Jaden work together in the marketing department of their company. They are having a disagreement over which graphic designer to contract for upcoming projects. This is an example of _______ conflict
intragroup
Cole's work group is responsible for creating product user manuals. The group is becoming increasingly frustrated with the development team, which continues to push out the dates for providing product information for the manuals. This is an example of
intragroup conflict??
voidance is ineffective as a conflict-resolution strategy because
it does not address the real source of disagreement
technical skills
job-specific knowledge and techniques required to perform an organizational role
inequity
lack of fairness
relationship-oriented leaders
leaders whose primary concern is to develop good relationships with their subordinates and to be liked by them
task-oriented leaders
leaders whose primary concern is to ensure that subordinates perform at a high level
Fiedler's contingency model suggests that
leadership styles are enduring characteristics; they cannot be changed or adjusted.
transformational leadership
leadership that makes subordinates aware of the importance of their jobs and performance to the organizational and aware of their own needs for personal growth and that motivates subordinates to work for the good of the organization
transactional leadership
leadership that motivates subordinates by rewarding them for high performance and reprimanding them for low performance
Mei is a manager who uses her energetic personality and considerable persuasive skills to coordinate people and groups so their activities and efforts are in harmony. Mei exhibits the managerial skill of
leading
Which managerial task does a manager perform when he/she articulates a clear organizational vision for the organization's members to accomplish?
leading
Company Z has an organizational hierarchy with salespeople at the bottom, who report to regional sales managers, who in turn report to a director of marketing. The director of marketing reports to the CEO. This is an example of which of Fayol's principles of management?
line of authority
____ refers to a person's typical way of speaking
linguistic style
Diego is a hard worker. However, in his current organization, he feels that no matter how much effort he puts in, the environment limits his level of performance. In the context of expectancy theory, Diego is exhibiting
low expectancy
When negotiating the allocation of resources across departments, the business manager made sure that each department head had at least one of his or her highest priority needs addressed. This approach to exercising power is an example of
making everyone a winner
Parul's job is to use planning, organizing, leading, and controlling resources to achieve the goals of her company. Parul is performing the four essential _______ tasks
management
_____ is a face-to-face communication technique in which a manager goes to a work area and talks informally with employees about issues and concerns
management by wandering around
Task forces are generally
managers or nonmanagerial employees from various departments or divisions who meet to solve a specific, mutual problem
Marco is the product manager at Lawns R Us. He is sociable, affectionate, outgoing, and friendly with his employees and clients. How would you rate him on the Big Five personality traits?
marco is high on extraversion
Behavior is considered extrinsically motivated if it is driven by the desire for
material gain
___ is a valuable leadership trait that allows managers to avoid acting selfishly, control their feelings, and admit when they have made a mistake
maturity
Following a manager's unexpected retirement, multiple lead members of the group took initiative to address the manager's responsibilities until an official replacement could be named. This situation could create conflict due to
overlapping authority
Teri, an employee at MobileComm, perceives that while she contributes the same effort and skills to the organization as her colleague José, she receives higher pay and added perks. This is an example of
overpayment inequity
Marianna is working on improving her communication skills. To be a good listener, she should
paraphrase what the sender has said
synergy
performance gains that result when individuals and departments coordinate their actions
Managers need to empower self-managed teams, provide sufficient autonomy to them, and ensure that its members are motivated in the _______ stage of group development
performing
Arthur's work group receives annual bonuses based on how well the team meets project schedules. This is an example of _______ reinforcement.
positive
referent power
power that comes from subordinates' and coworkers' respect, admiration, and loyalty
expert power
power that is based on the special knowledge, skills, and expertise that a leader possesses
The president of Bank Fortuna is attempting to determine whether the bank has both the capability and the resources to open a branch facility in a new location. Which criterion of decision making is the president addressing?
practicality
personal mastery
process by which individuals develop a desire for personal learning that may continue indefinitely in the person's daily life, including work activities
data
raw, unsummarized, and unanalyzed facts
According to Fiedler's contingency model, _______ leaders worry more about whether subordinates like them
relationship oriented
An example of an instrumental value that is important to managers is
responsibility
Because of financial problems in the organization, the top management of an investment bank decides to lower costs and downsize the business by
restructuring
When Marta sold a property that had been on the market for a considerable length of time, Daniel gave her a commission bonus. What type of power was Daniel using
reward
When deciding on schedules, the construction manager takes into account probabilities related to delays in materials or the potential for bad weather that could impact progress. The manager is accounting for
risk
programmed decision making
routine, virtually automatic decision making that follows established rules or guidelines
heuristics
rules of thumb that simplify decision making
Elaine, a college professor, needs to select a textbook for an upcoming course. Her time is limited so she plans to review a few books from the many choices and pick an acceptable textbook even though she may not even be reviewing the best book available. What is this strategy called?
satisficing
satisficing
searching for and choosing an acceptable, or satisfactory, response to problems and opportunities rather than trying to make the best decision
People with an internal locus of control
see their own actions and behaviors as being major and decisive determinants of important outcomes
Roberta noticed some opportunities to increase literacy in her community so she pursued volunteer support and a government grant to establish an education program. This is an example of
social entrepreneurship
Jill is a member of a research and development team. Her weekly appraisal indicates that her personal contributions since joining the team are significantly lower than what she accomplished previously as an individual contributor. Jill's behavior exemplifies
social loafing
_______ is the tendency of group members to exert less effort when they work in groups than they would exert if they were acting alone
social loafing
Organizational _______ is the process by which newcomers internalize an organization's values and norms and behave in accordance with them
socialization
To be effective as a manager, one should use coercive power
sparingly because it can cause employees stress
To stimulate high motivation and performance, goal-setting theory suggests setting
specific goals that are difficult, but not impossible, to attain
standard operating procedures
specific sets of written instructions about how to perform a certain aspect of a task
division of labor
splitting the work to be performed into particular tasks and assigning tasks to individual workers
Jessie just started working at Alogics, an electronics company. During her first week of employment, she attended an orientation meeting in which the managers talked about the company's history. As they talked about the actions of those who contributed to Alogics's growth and those who caused problems over the years, Jessie learned what values and norms are appropriate to the organization's culture. The company used _______ to communicate organizational culture.
stories and language
organizing
structuring working relationships in a way that allows organizational members to work together to achieve organizational goals
The sales team needs production to deliver on schedule to satisfy customer contracts, while the production team needs sales to win enough contracts to keep production levels at an optimum level. _______ is a likely source of conflict between these two teams
task interdependence
The factory foreman at an automobile assembly plant is behind on meeting the quarterly production target due to an ongoing machinist strike lasting longer than anticipated. Conflict in this situation is attributed to
task interdependence?
A manager has increased his effectiveness by clearly defining employee goals and ensuring each employee understands how to achieve them. The manager has high
task structure
research and development teams
teams whose members have the expertise and experience needed to develop new products
virtual
teams whose members rarely or never meet face-to-face but, rather, interact by using various forms of information technology such as email, cloud computing, videoconferences, and various meeting and management apps
Wesley runs a printing company in a small community. The editor of the local newspaper told him that the paper would like to publish an article about the company's history and recent growth. Wesley feels he would like to use this opportunity to strengthen the employees' commitment to the company. He uses a rite of enhancement by
telling the editor about several employees he credits with contributing to the company's success
reward power
the ability of a manager to give or withhold tangible and intangible awards
coercive power
the ability of a manager to punish others
competitive advantage
the ability of one organization to outperform other organizations because it produces desired goods or services more efficiently and effectively than they do
conceptual skills
the ability to analyze and diagnose a situation and to distinguish between cause and effect
emotional intelligence
the ability to understand and manage one's moods and emotions and the moods/emotions of other people
human skills
the ability to understand, alter, lead, and control the behavior of other individuals and groups
information richness
the amount of information that a communication medium can carry and the extent to which the medium enables the sender and receiver to reach a common understanding
position power
the amount of legitimate, reward, and coercive power that a leader has by virtue of his or her position in an organization; a determinant of how favorable a situation is for leading
legitimate power
the authority that a manager has by virtue of his or her position in an organization's hierarchy
Henri Fayol's principles of management are
the bedrock on which much of recent management theory and research is based
organizational commitment
the collection of feelings and beliefs that managers have about their organization as a whole
centralization
the concentration of authority at the top of the managerial hierarchy
turnaround management
the creation of a new vision for a struggling company based on a new approach to planning and organizing to make better use of a company's resources and allow it to survive and prosper
risk
the degree of probability that the possible outcomes of a particular course of action will occur
group cohesiveness
the degree to which members are attracted to or loyal to their group
self esteem
the degree to which people feel good about themselves and their capabilities
task interdependence
the degree to which the work performed by one group influences the work performed by other members
organizational conflict
the discord that arises when the goals, interests, or values of different individuals or groups are incompatible and those individuals or groups block or thwart one another's attempts to achieve their objectives
nonverbal communication
the encoding of messages by means of facial expressions, body language, and style of dress
verbal communication
the encoding of messages into words, either written or spoken
empowerment
the expansion of employee's knowledge, tasks, and decision-making responsibilities
empowerment
the expansion of employees' knowledge, tasks, and decision-making responsibilities
need for achievement
the extent to which an individual has a strong desire to perform challenging tasks well and to meet personal standards for excellence
order
the methodical arrangement of positions to provide the organization with the greatest benefit and to provide employees with career opportunities
entrepreneurship
the mobilization of resources to take advantage of an opportunity to provide customers with new or improved goods and services
optimum decision
the most appropriate decision in light of what managers believe to be the most desirable consequences for the organizations
Organizations can have a strong organizational culture when
the organizational commitment is strong
contingency theory
the organizational structures and control systems managers choose to depend on (are contingent on) characteristics of the external environment in which the organization operates
What happens when a manager uses the political strategy of being in a central position?
the overall success of the organization is seen as relying on the manager
medium
the pathway through which an encoded message is transmitted to a receiver
communication networks
the pathways along which information flows in groups and teams and throughout the organization
receiver
the person or group for whom a message is intended
sender
the person or group wishing to share information
management
the planning, organizing, leading, and controlling of human and other resources to achieve organizational goals efficiently and effectively
information overload
the potential for important information to be ignored or overlooked while tangential information receives attention
authority
the power to hold people accountable for their actions and to make decisions concerning the use of organizational structure
job specialization
the process by which a division of labor occurs as different workers specialize in different tasks over time
leadership
the process by which an individual exerts influence over other people and inspires, motivates, and directs their activities to help achieve group or organizational goals
decision making
the process by which managers respond to opportunities and threats by analyzing options and making determinations about specific organizational goals and courses of action
organizational socialization
the process by which newcomers learn an organization's values and norms and acquire the work behaviors necessary to perform jobs effectively
organizational learning
the process through which managers seek to improve employees' desire and ability to understand and manage the organization and its task environment
organizational environment
the set of forces and conditions that operate beyond the org's boundaries but affect a manager's ability to acquire and utilize resources
information technology
the set of methods or techniques for acquiring, organizing, storing, manipulating, and transmitting information
organizational culture
the shared set of beliefs, expectations, values, norms, and work routines that influence how individuals, groups, and teams interact with one another and cooperate to achieve organizational goals
communication
the sharing of information between two or more individuals or groups to reach a common understanding
unity of direction
the singleness of purpose that makes possible the creation of one plan of action to guide managers and workers as they use organizational resources
core competencies
the specific set of departmental skills, knowledge, and experience that allows one organization to outperform another (competitive advantage)
Alderfer's ERG Theory
the theory that three universal needs - for existence, relatedness, and growth - constitute a hierarchy of needs and motivate behavior. Alderfer proposed that needs at more than one level can be motivated at the same time
product life cycle
the way demand for a product changes in a predictable pattern over time
Accommodation is ineffective as a conflict-resolution strategy because
the weaker party who gives in might look for ways to get back at the stronger party in the future
need theories
theories of motivation that focus on what needs people are trying to satisfy at work and what outcomes will satisfy those needs
learning theories
theories that focus on increasing employee motivation and performance by linking the outcomes that employees receive to the performance of desired behaviors and the attainment of goals
Steve Jobs recognized that consumers wanted a smaller mp3 player than they could buy at the time, so Apple developed the iPod. This demonstrates Teece's
theory of dynamic capabilities
dynamic capabilities
theory that organizations have the ability to build, integrate, and reconfigure processes to address rapidly changing internal and external environments (unique to each company)
Employees at Southwest Airlines have highly flexible job descriptions that enable them to chip in and help where needed. Employees are encouraged to help solve problems where they see them. Thus, it's not uncommon to see a Southwest manager helping move passenger luggage into aircraft or check in passengers at a gate. This demonstrates the concepts in
theory y
B2C Commerce
trade that takes place between a company and an individual customer using IT and the Internet
B2B commerce
trade that takes place between companies using IT and the Internet to link and coordinate value chains of different companies
e-commerce
trade that takes place between companies, and between companies and individuals, using IT and the internet
Julianna regularly reminds her team members of the purpose of their work and why they are important to the organization. She also keeps them focused on their own needs for personal growth and accomplishment. Julianna's _______ leadership style motivates the team to work for the good of the organization
transformational
When Apple created the iPod, it shifted its focus from computers to consumer electronics, demonstrating Teece's concept of
transforming
encoding
translating a message into understandable symbols or language
Decision making is the process in which managers make determinations about organizational goals and courses of action by responding to opportunities and threats
true
Fayol recommended the use of organizational charts to show the position and duties of each employee in the organization.
true
Joleen has just been promoted to president of her company. It is likely that she has a high need for power, which is an important trait in high-level managers
true
group
two or more people who interact with each other to accomplish certain goals or meet certain goals
Josh works for an advertising agency. There are several middle managers, but Josh only receives orders from and reports to one manager. Which of Fayol's principles of management is illustrated by Josh's relationship with his manager?
unity of command
Tayler is an engineer at an assembly plant for an auto company. Tayler receives orders from and reports to both his department manager and his project manager. This violates Fayol's principle of
unity of command
Carl works for a printing business that offers printing and copying, bookbinding, and graphic design. The business has a single, comprehensive long-term plan that guides every department. The business is following Fayol's principle of
unity of direction
Joey's subordinates don't realize that he is using his power to influence them. They support him because they believe the decisions he makes are appropriate. Joey is politically skilled and exercises his power
unobtrusively
rumors
unofficial pieces of information of interest to organizational members but with no identifiable source
uncertainty
unpredictability
Norms are
unwritten codes of conduct considered important by most members of a group
norms
unwritten, informal codes of conduct that prescribe how people should act in particular situations and are considered important by most members of a group or organization
A manager provides outcomes to his subordinates for good performance in the form of rewards that they value. According to expectancy theory, the manager is motivating through
valence
When generating alternatives to specific problems, it is important for managers to
view problems from a fresh perspective to enable creativity
Mary Parker Follett's primary criticism of Taylor's system of scientific management was that Taylor
was ignoring the human side of the organization and did not allow workers to exercise initiative and contribute to the organization.
overpayment inequity
when a person perceives that his or her own outcome-input ratio is greater than the ratio of a referent
underpayment inequity
when a person perceives that his or her own outcome-input ratio is less than the ratio of a referent
filtering
withholding part of a message because of the mistaken belief that the receiver does not need or will not want the information