BAROQUE ART

DUTCH BAROQUE ART (1600-1700) CONTAINED (WHY AM I SCREAMING)

(i) portraits, (ii) genre and interior scenes, (iii) landscapes, and (iv) still-lifes

During the 17th Century, the Catholic Church Thought

(i) religious propaganda for the Catholic Church, intended to persuade viewers to remain or become Catholic, and (ii) a tool to aid in teaching viewers about Christ and the saints and help them focus their veneration, in accordance with the principles of the Counter-Reformation.

Diego Velázquez Las Meninas (The Maids of Honor)

-Some have called this the greatest painting in the history of art; due to its complexity, art historians have yet to agree on the exact subject and interpretation; -this is his masterpiece It hung in Philip IV's personal office clear foreground, middle ground, and background; foreground -lit doorway leads backwards and beyond the studio, while the mirror and the figures' gazes lead outward -elevate both himself and his profession -clear foreground, middle ground, and background; foreground -a mirror in which the King and Queen are reflected like a mini-portrait -what is he painting?(i) this picture that we're looking at(the princess and her entourage), or (ii) the king and queen, who are standing in the viewer's position? -Painting about painting -Baroque diagonals -strong contrast of light and dark, but it is not tenebristic -V depicts the optical properties of light rather than using it to model volumes

Rembrandt van Rijn, The Company of Captain Frans Banning Cocq (Night Watch)

-reinvented and monumentalized conventional civic militia group portrait format -the traditional Baroque diagonal is extended here into multiple diagonals, creating a zig-zag formation into and out of the composition -There are four planes of space - the foreground officers, the man in red with the gun, the little girl, and -the standard bearers in the background; the Captain's foreshortened left hand and the Lieutenant's weapon extend out into the viewers' space - viewers would have approached with a sharply angled view from the right so that the captain would be looking directly at them, making sense of his gesture and glance) -his masterpiece -organizing themselves for a parade -spotlighted little girl with a bird hanging from her waist-she is important but her identity is unknown -

Tenebrism

Caravaggio's revolutionary work became known throughout Europe almost immediately because numerous followers and imitators (Caravaggisti) copied the Caravaggesque style in their paintings which was called

Caravaggio, Calling of Saint Matthew showed what mannerisms in his art?

Exemplifies his style and the way he converted Biblical subjects into human dramas displayed Caravaggio's use of tenebrism and diagonals The picture space is shallow and stage-like

Spanish Baroque Art was

Heavily influenced by Caravaggio and his works and also sought to depict extreme emotion, elicit passionate feelings, and encourage greater devotion to the Catholic Church in the 17th Century

Nicolas Poussin was

The leading French champion of Baroque Classicism

genre scene

a painting of the ordinary activities of everyday life

Rembrandt van Rijn (1606-1669)

foremost Dutch Baroque artist ability to convey human emotions subtle gradations of light and dark his energetic, painterly brushwork, particularly the use of impasto (thick applications of pigment that show the mark of the brush or palette knife).

Italian Baroque Art MAJOR THEME

full of drama, theatricality, complexity, and movement, and typically features one or more of the 3 "D's": (i) Diagonals - open compositions in which diagonal lines lead the viewer's eye into and around the composition in a "Process of Revelation" (elements are placed diagonally in space so as to draw the viewer inside the work or push the work out into the viewer's space); (ii) Drama - works depict a melodramatic moment or a spontaneous, split-second, "stop-action" snapshot, and they can be highly theatrical, seeking to involve viewers personally and emotionally, or have them particpiate like an audience; and (iii) Dynamism - works often reflect a great deal of movement and action

Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640)

greatest 17th-century Flemish painter combined elements of Italian Renaissance Art and Italian Baroque Art

Diego Velázquez (1599-1660)

greatest Spanish Baroque artist and court painter to King Philip IV used tenebrism to create shadows alternating with a strong, focused light, which allowed him to render textures, surfaces, and details with great precision

Jacob van Ruisdael, View of Haarlem from the Dunes of Overveen Contained

low horizon line and sky fills 3/4ths of the picture space diagonals that lead the eye through the painting (the Baroque "Process of Revelation")

Jan Vermeer, Woman Holding a Balance

made by the famous painter of Dutch interior scenes, a popular subject among 17th century Dutch middle-class patrons A woman stands quietly, almost Madonna-like, in front of a mirror and a window; her fingers lightly hold a balance whose empty scales are in perfect equilibrium, Work is filled with traditional symbolism that gave a serious message to a mundane subject

Jan Vermeer, Allegory of the Art of Painting

making an argument for the elevated status of painting used the camera obscura (ancestor of the modern camera), which enabled him to perceive the phenomenon of "circles of confusion" made the image seem slightly out of focus up close, but when the viewer steps back, these color spots unite and bring the image into focus again

Artemisia Gentileschi

one of the most famous women painters in the history of art; she was strongly influenced by Caravaggio (hence, a Caravaggista), and helped disseminate his style throughout Italy and Europe. Narratives involving heroic women depicted moments full of melodrama emulates Caravaggio's tenebrism and the position of the arms and legs form numerous diagonals

Flemish Baroque Art had

painterly and coloristic style full of torsion and foreshortening uses Baroque drama, spectacle, and dynamism in support of secular power and propaganda

Frans Hals, Archers of Saint Hadrian Contained

portrayal of each individual's personality a dynamic composition full of varied postures and the suggestion of movement created by multiple diagonals, repeated colors, and energetic brushstrokes a fleeting "stop-action" moment like an improptu snapshot

Gianlorenzo Bernini

sculpted the figure of David but chose to represent the split-second, "stop-action" moment of maximum movement during the combat itself united sculpture, painting, and architecture to transform the chapel into a theater

Caravaggio (1573-1610)

the most revolutionary artist of his time created the new Baroque style of painting by (i) developing tenebrism spotlighted, sharply-lit figures that emerge from darkness placing his religious scenes in dingy, everyday contemporary settings and filling them with unidealized, rough-looking common people.

FRENCH BAROQUE ART (1600-1700) MAJOR THEME

used the "grand manner" of painting the principles of Baroque Classicism subject must be lofty, noble, serious, and grand figures should be based on ancient statues; and (iii) an intellectual approach that stressed line, form, composition, and preparatory design