Baroque midterm

It is constructed over the bones of Saint Peter, the rock of the church, it is the official seat of the Roman Catholic Church, and the Vatican has been an independent state since 1929

,What is the significance of the Saint Peters and the Vatican

1) rich fabric of silk and gold brocade. 2) A canopy of fabric carried in church processions or placed over an altar, throne, or dais. 3) Architecture. A stone or marble structure built in the form of a canopy, especially over the altar of a church.

Baldachin:

The Foremost medium in painting was considered to be the fresco because it tested a painters competence and was deeply rooted in their theoretical premises and historical background.

Carracci: What was considered the foremost medium in painting?:

1) A bishop's official chair or throne. 2) The official chair of an office or a position, as of a professor.

Cathedra:

an outside wall of a room or building that rises above an adjoining roof and contains windows

Clerestory:

an upward snakelike spiral movement to be examined from all sides

Figura Serpentina :

•Built by Constantine on the site of St. Peter's burial •Originally used as a pilgrimage church, not papal residence •Became site of papacy as of 1307 when popes returned from Avignon • 1447 Nicholas V began plans to reconstruct the basilica' apse using Bernardo Rossellini • Excessive side chapel construction had compromised church integrity.

First Basilica 326-1506

to reduce or distort (parts of a represented object that are not parallel to the picture plane) in order to convey the illusion of three-dimensional space as perceived by the human eye: often done according to the rules of perspective. Usually done with objects or bodies.

Foreshorten:

The art of painting on fresh, moist plaster with pigments dissolved in water.

Fresco :

They were tireless draughtsmen and had great curiosity, they had an eye for the life ad labors of the common people and for the amusing ,queer, odd and obscene happenings of daily life and this immediacty is noticed in their grand manner. This predestined them to be come the originators of modern caricature: the pure sense as a mocking criticism of other people's short comings. The caricaturist substitues primitive but timeless technique instead of established conventions and have personal interpretation of the objective rendering of reality.

How are the Carracci the originators of modern caricatures?:

Caravaggio was apprenticed to the artist, Simone Peterzano, for about four years where he received training as a Mannerist painter. He was discovered when Cardinal Francesco del Monte bought some of his pictures. In 1599, he was given a commission for the paintings in the Contarelli Chapel of S. Luigi de' Francese, after which he produced primarily religious pieces. Cavaliere D'arpino becomes his mentor in Rome.

How did Caravaggio's career begin (training, first pictures?)

Cardinal Delmonte is the guy who gives Caravaggio his first big break - he sees some of the paintings he was doing. Caravaggio gets a commission to do a painting of Saint Matthew, he will have parts of the painting sticking out at the viewer,

How did Caravaggio's get his big break?

He uses light and shadow to create color in his sculpture. Direct light supports the beholder's sensation of the transience of the scene represented - we realize the moment of divine illumination passes as it comes. The white and dark areas are used to are carefully balanced to convey a dinstinct meaning. because he works in white marble, light helps bernini give his faces more expression and depth where you would normally have color.

How does Bernini use color in his sculpture? Why does he use it?:

For Caravaggio, the "grand gesture" was necessary to express the actions of the mind and used as a psychological device to draw the viewer into the picture and to increase the emotional and dramatic impact of the event represented. - It is something that breaks through the picture plane and reach into the space in which we stand. Accuracy is flexible, it just can't be blatantly off. Two disciples recognized Christ in the breaking of the bread That's the moment Caravaggio paints- grand gesture. - it increases the participation of the worshipper in the mystery of the picture

How does Caravaggio use the "grand gesture"?

his rich and mellow palette derives from Correggio and the Venetians. He also draws from his emotional figure conceptions.

How does Venetian painting, (specifically Correggio) influence Annibale?:

He says that Baroque is about persuasion at any price and as Aristotle argues, emotions are what effects persuasion. Therefore, The artist appeals to a public that wants to be persuaded and that persuasion must echo the opinions of the public. Baroque made use of rhetorical techniques like narrative, conventions, gestures and expression and responded to affective behavior of the public.

How does Wittkower explain rhetoric in the Baroque?:

1: The sacraments: Art was meant to reinforce the sacraments - the implementation of the Eucharist 2: Intercession: to reinforce that you can pray to people and they will help you, Mary is a major interceder 3: The authority of the Pope: St. Peter's basilica emphasizes this direct line to the Pope and Peter 4: Cooperation in Salvation: that you have to work for your salvation, you are an actor in your own salvation

How were artists meant to help in the council of Trent in reaffirming church teaching?

- Nave is 187 meters long, largest covered space in the world. • Dome is 137.5 feet in diameter second to Pantheon by 5 feet • Decoration mostly executed by studio of Bernini 1624-1682

Interior

•Begun on April 18, 1506 by Julius II •Donato Bramate first architect. •Plan amalgamates Pantheon with basilica of Constantine from antiquity •Plan is Greek cross within square surmounted by a circle •Bramante uses poured concrete for this building for one of the first times since antiquity • Julius planned new building to house monumental tomb designed by Michelangelo • Bramante dies 1514 from 1514-1545 plan continued by Peruzzi, Sangallo and Raphael...little accomplished

New Basilica

is a term that emerged during the Baroque period to describe a type of architectural ceiling painting (which had been going on for centuries). An artist would paint fictitious architecture on to what was, essentially, a flat surface. The end results looked three-dimensional, and might have featured little statues in niches, ceiling ribs meeting curved walls and "openings" that allowed viewers to gaze upon the "sky". All of these illusions were rendered in perfect perspective to completely fool the eye.

Quadratura:

Bernini -Saved Soul -marble -1619 -dimples -lips parting like having a conversation with God -working on expressions -Borghese

Saved soul

- meaning Seen from below in Italian, is a trompe l'oeil illusionistic painting technique used for ceilings to provide perspective. The elements above the viewer are rendered as if viewed in true vanishing point perspective

Sotto in Su

in architecture, a term loosely applied to various kinds of plasterwork, both exterior and interior. It now commonly refers to a plaster or cement used for the external coating of buildings. The term stucco is also applied to various forms of interior decoration in relief that more properly would be classified as plastering

Stucco:

A scene presented on stage by costumed actors who remain silent and motionless as if in a picture.:

Tableau Vivant

a style of painting using very pronounced chiaroscuro, where there are violent contrasts of light and dark, and where darkness becomes a dominating feature of the image. The technique was developed to add drama to an image through a spotlight effect,

Tenebrism

A work of art must be informed by a literary theme , a characteristic and ingenious concetto which is applicable only to the particular case at hand. The concetto for Bernini was a grasp of the essential meaning of his subject. Its always a moment of dramatic climax, - a visual interpretation of the most fertile dramatic moment. The Concetto isn't always tied to factual historical events . A poetical Concetto contained no less intrinsic historical truth.

What is the concetto in Bernini's art?:

it shows a change of spirit, it sustains a spiritual concept. It shows movement and emotion.

What is the importance of drapery in Bernini's work?:

The roman circus of Nero was at the left of the vatican and where many christians were martyred in 64 and 65 and Peter was slain in 67

What roman area existed to the left of the vatican and what is its significance?

He painted frescoes in the Farnese Palace in Rome for Cardinal Odoardo Farnese, the first one was for the Camerino Farnese.=

What was Annibale's first Roman commission?:

Bernini (father and son) -Winter -marble -1620 -all seasons -idea of cold, with blanket -flames moving -pupils extended -working with shadows -showing off under blanket -Borghese

Winter

Strictly speaking, a small three-dimensional sketch in wax or clay made by a sculptor in preparation for a larger and more finished work. By extension, a rapid sketch in oil, made as a study for a larger picture.

bozzetto:

• Church extended into Latin cross under Pope Paul V by Maderno 1601-1612 • Chruch consecrated by Urban VIII Barberini in 1626 • Constantine Statue 1665 by Bernini on Scala Regia designed by Bernini • Charlemagne statue by Cornachini 1715

Extension Maderno

Its meant to mimic the head and shoulders of saint peter

What is the architecture of the Vatican meant to mimic?

Bramante started it under Julius in 1506, then Raphael took over under Leo X, and Michelangelo took over under Paul III , the Dome was completed by Della Porta, then taken over by Carlo Maderno.

What is the chain of architects? Who started and who ended construction on Saint Peters?

It can be seen from many but is meant to be seen from a specific point. Bernini's work is meant to be seen in one point.

. How many view points does a Baroque sculpture normally present:

From the early 1660s onward. t's an austere classical manner that had lots of contrasts. there is more use of horizontals and verticals as well as deep curves and crevices. He uses essential features of Mannerist statuary

.When is Bernini's "late manner"? What defines it?:

- a term most commonly used in the visual arts to describe a human figure standing so that its shoulders and arms twist off-axis from the hips and legs. This gives the figure a more relaxed and less stiff appearance.

Contrapposto:

The Catholics want to assert continuity that what Christ and the Apostel's taught has always been the same, its what Christ delivered to the church to receive and pass down. The pope isn't the only link but he is the main one today.

Counter-reformation: Catholic response to the protestant reformation.

In classical rhetoric and in art, the use of a style that is appropriate to a subject, situation, speaker, or audience.

Decorum:

Bernini -Diana Roscioli -marble -1640 -modesty -pronounced lips -little hair under widow veil

Diana Roscioli

• Hired by Paul III Farnese in 1545 at the age of 70 • Michelangelo worked for 19 years to recalculate the stress of dome and add windows in drum. • Died at age 89 while working on the dome • Completed under Sixtus V in 1590 with architect Giacomo della Porta • Represents "head" of the church

Dome Michelangelo (1545-1564)

He was born in 1598 on the 7th of December in Naples & his father was a sculptor. He worked with his father in Paul the 5ths Chapel until Cardinal Borghese noticed him and started his career and then Borghese became pope and commissioned Bernini for the "architect to Saint Peters".

What are Bernini's origins?:

1575-1600: The renaissance is looked to by Caravaggio and others.

What are the Foundations of the baroque?

The characteristics of Caravaggio's "middle period" are extreme foreshortening, very dynamic positions of people and things. - the picture is meant to come into the beholder's space. They have traditional iconography and in their compositional arrangement. - Caravaggio progressively abandoned working from life models and that he worked alla prima , right on the canvas. - He has his figures cast in semi-darkness but strong light falls on them and models them, giving them 3D quality -He uses light to isolate and darkness is something negative : the areas of light are large and coherent and coincide with the center of interest Ex. Supper at Emmaus, extremely foreshortened arm of Jesus, out flung arms of disciple, precariously placed fruit-basket ...similar techniques used in middle period to increase participation of worshipper.

What are the characteristics of painting for Caravaggio's "middle period"? Note his technique, method of applying paint, creating space, use of light and preparation.

a. The Milanese period—conventional training with Peterzano b. The Roman years (1592-1599)—painted his juvenilia, fairly small pictures consisting of one or two half-figures c. The period of monumental commissions for Roman churches (1599-1606) d. The last four years (1606-1610)—mostly church work being completed while he moved from place to place

What are the four phases of Caravaggio's career?

There is an emphasis on gesture and glance, the figures have bulk and weight, figures engaged in emotion between each other that draw the beholder in, child has spontaneity of expression. The close viewpoint helps break down the barrier between real and painted and brings the viewer in while at the same time keeping the virgin and child removed. Lodovico has intense emotionalism. He uses patterns of light and dark that are independent of the organic form.

What are the innovative qualities of Ludovico's Madonna and Child PAY ATTENTION to the "Baroque" aspects of Ludovico's work!

-The Artists were recommended To make : good but simple, clear, intelligible, accurate, and must stimulate the faithful to piety , awaken in them the desire to do better. - art is meant to educate the illiterate which means knowing the right things about the bible and to provide life models for people's life style's and faith

What are the recommendations made to the Artists in the Counter-Reformation?

a classical concept of beauty that changed truncated chests for busts. He used over-long slender limbs, lively garments that were realistic, and depicted a passionate spirituality. His work extended in depths and movement and he used a lot of diagonals.

What characterizes Bernini's "middle period"?

He uses the three powerfully built figures that are joined by compositional device of the triangle and are placed in front of a simple and massive classical architecture, he uses contrapposto to balance the figures and form contrasts. Annibale also uses firm stances and clear gestures and expressions.

What is High Renaissance in Annibale's painting?

He uses deep ,warm and glowing colors , replacing the pale and changeant colors of mannerism. He wedded Correggiesque sfumato and warm Venetian tones values to the severe compositional and figure conceptions of the high renaissance. Gave his figure and sculptural quality and palpability

What is new in Annibale's painting?

He focuses on the transitory moment, the climax of an action, realism and detail and drama. He does a long series of religious statues from 1624-26. He is a popular portrait sculptor in the 20s which were popular.

What is new in Bernini's sculpture from 1620-1630?: