Basic Microbiology - Intro to Microbes & Their Building Blocks
Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding the scientific method? A) Data collection follows accepting or rejecting a hypothesis B) Background research precedes experimentation C) A hypothesis is constructed before experimentation D) The final step is to communicate results
A) Data collection follows accepting or rejecting a hypothesis
Which of the following structural components is not common to both triglycerides and phospholipids? A) Phosphate groups B) Fatty acid tails C) Glycerol
A) Phosphate groups
ATP is a molecule containing the nitrogenous base ______, ribose, and three phosphates.
Adenine
____ is a polysaccharide found in seaweed that is used to make solid culture media.
Agar
_______ are the building blocks of proteins and they exist in _____ different naturally occurring forms.
Amino acids; 20
The type of photosynthesis that does not produce oxygen is _______ photosynthesis.
Anoxygenic
Who developed a large collection of single-lens microscopes that he used to view microbes?
Antoine van Leeuwenhoek
Six of the major groups studied by microbiologists.
Archaea, Viruses, Bacteria, Fungi, Protozoa, Helminths
Which of the following is not true regarding viruses? A) Viruses are acellular B) Viruses are eukaryotic C) Viruses are nonliving D) Viruses are smaller than most bacteria
B) Viruses are eukaryotic
Researchers suggest avoiding the term "prokaryote" to describe which two cell types?
Bacteria and archaea
Which of the following processes refers to the decomposition of toxic pollutants by microbes?
Bioremediation
Which represents the scientific use of the term "theory"? A) A possible outcome that can be falsified B) An educated guess based upon logic and years of experience C) A principle that has been tested and not disproved over many years
C) A principle that has been tested and not disproved over many years
The realization that microorganisms are ubiquitous, and that some can cause infection, led to the development of the
Germ theory of disease
__________ is the most common and universally important hexose.
Glucose
Triglycerides are composed of
Glycerol and fatty acids
The outer coating of polysaccharides found on some bacteria that functions in the attachment to other cells is called the
Glycocalyx
In aqueous solutions, the charged ____ of phospholipids are attracted to the water phase, and the nonpolar _____ are repelled. This property causes lipids to naturally assume single and double layers.
Heads; Tails
A 6-carbon sugar such as glucose and fructose is called a _______.
Hexose
What are 6 carbon sugars called?
Hexoses
Which two physicians recognized that humans could transfer infection to each other, leading Joseph Lister to develop his aseptic techniques?
Holmes, Semmelweis
In double stranded DNA, the polynucleotide chains are linked by _____ bonds between the nitrogenous bases.
Hydrogen
Phospholipids have a _____ charged head and a _____ uncharged tail.
Hydrophilic; Hydrophobic
A disease caused by a microorganism is termed a(n) _______ disease.
Infectious
Who established the four postulates to verify the germ theory and developed many of the laboratory techniques still used in microbiology labs today?
Koch
_________, a complex of carbohydrate and lipid in gram-negative bacterial cell walls, can cause fever and shock in the host.
Lipopolysaccharides
Most ____ are made up of monomers linked into polymers
Macromolecules
________ is the specific study of microscopic organisms, including bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, helminths, and viruses.
Microbiology
Organisms that are only visible with the aid of magnification are
Microscopic
All macromolecules except lipids are formed by polymerization, or joining of repeating subunits called _______.
Monomers
Polymers are composed of repeating subunits called ________.
Monomers
A _______ is the simple sugar building block for carbohydrates consisting of 3 to 7 carbon atoms.
Monosaccharide
The principle of evolution states that living things change gradually over time through
Natural selection
Outside of their hosts, viruses are composed of _____ and ______.
Nucleic acid, Protein
The monomer (subunit) consisting of a phosphate, sugar, and base from which all nucleic acids are built is the ______.
Nucleotide
A(n) _______ is any small, membrane-bound component found inside of an eukaryotic cell.
Organelle
The oxygen in the earth's atmosphere was generated by
Oxygenic photosynthesizing microbes
Who contributed a great deal to our understanding of microbial processes in wine and beer formation?
Pasteur
A(n) ______ is the term used to refer to any disease-causing microorganism.
Pathogen
Xylose is a _____, which specifically means it is a 5-carbon sugar.
Pentose
Put the terms protein, peptide, and polypeptide in order from smallest to largest.
Peptide, Polypeptide, Protein
________ provides the main source of structural support to the bacterial cell wall.
Peptidoglycan
The backbone of DNA is a chain of alternating _____ and _____ molecules.
Phosphate; Sugar
_____ bilayer formation is significant in membrane formation and contributes to the selective permeability and fluid nature of membranes.
Phospholipid
Cell membranes are made of lipid bilayers composed of _______ which are oriented with their polar heads facing away from the center of the membrane and their nonpolar tails facing toward the center of the membrane.
Phospholipids
Due to their charged, hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic, nonpolar tails _____________ can assemble into layers.
Phospholipids
________ are a class of lipids containing fatty acids, glycerol, and phosphate and serve as the major structural component of cell membranes.
Phospholipids
Which process uses the sun's energy to produce organic compounds from carbon dioxide?
Photosynthesis
________ is the biochemical process that uses the sun's to produce organic material from carbon dioxide.
Photosynthesis
The scheme that represents the natural relatedness between groups of living beings is called their ______.
Phylogeny
A ______ is any type of macromolecule made up of a chain of repeating subunits called monomers.
Polymer
The term _____ is becoming less acceptable because it implies an artificial relationship between bacteria and archaea.
Prokaryote
Chains of amino acids comprise
Proteins
In living systems, the predominant organic molecules are ________, which are largely responsible for the structure, behavior, and unique qualities of a cell.
Proteins
Some proteins can assume a level of _______ structure in which two or more polypeptides assemble to form a larger, multiunit protein.
Quaternary
___ is the molecule that represents a copy of DNA's instructions, and this information is translated into protein.
RNA
Tuberculosis is an older disease but its prevalence has been increasing in recent years; therefore, this disease is sometimes referred to as a(n) ___________ disease.
Reemerging
Solid fats are usually which of the following types of fats?
Saturated
For the organism Staphylococcus aureus, aureus represents the _____ level of classification.
Species
Which of the following are ringed compounds that are commonly found in the cell membranes of animals and fungi?
Steroids
Polysaccharides contribute to or serve as
Structural support, Energy stores, Protection, Nutrient stores
______ is a disaccharide that is common table or cane sugar.
Sucrose
Nomenclature, classification, and identification are the three primary concerns of _______.
Taxonomy
Which event helped make people aware of the ubiquity and (some) characteristics of microorganisms?
The development of the microscope
What is biotechnology?
The use of microbes or their products for commercial or industrial purposes
What is meant when microorganisms are described as "ubiquitous"?
They are nearly everywhere
In DNA, adenine always base pairs with ____, and cytosine always base pairs with _____.
Thymine; Guanine
All bacteria are microorganisms, but not all eukaryotes are microorganisms.
True
Eukaryotic organisms can be single-celled or multicellular.
True
Evolution occurs as organisms within a population adapt to their environment.
True
Lister first promoted the use of disinfecting agents prior to surgery.
True
_________ fats have hydrocarbon chains with at least one double bond.
Unsaturated
Which of the following types of microorganisms does not appear on the tree of life?
Viruses
A(n) _____ is a water repellent compound that is classified as an ester that contains a long chain alcohol and a saturated fatty acid.
Wax
Encodes the order and type of amino acids in a given protein
mRNA
The germ theory of disease stated that
microorganisms could cause infection and disease
What are the components of a nucleotide?
pentose sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base
Is a structural component of the ribosome
rRNA
Carries amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis
tRNA
Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding the appearance of organisms in earth's history? A) The first living organisms were single-celled B) Archaea and bacteria appeared on the earth around the same time C) Humans preceded most reptiles and insects on the earth D) Bacteria preceded mammals on earth
C) Humans preceded most reptiles and insects on the earth
The long chains of a fatty acids are made up of which two elements?
Carbon and hydrogen
The term 'carbohydrate' refers to the fact that most compounds in this class are combinations of which element and which molecule?
Carbon and water
What is the fundamental unit of life?
Cell
______ is a long, fibrous polymer composed of glucose found in plants and algae.
Cellulose
Which scientist provided evidence of the presence of endospores?
Cohn
The complete set of genetic information for a cell is carried in a molecule called
DNA
The hereditary materials in viruses is _____.
DNA or RNA but not both
The backbone of DNA is a polymer of alternating _______ and _______.
Deoxyribose; Phosphate
A ________ is a combination of two monosaccharides.
Disaccharide
The three major taxonomic groups Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya, are termed _______.
Domains
DNA has a structure that is called a(n) ________.
Double helix
Genetic _______ is a method of deliberately modifying the genetic structure of an organism to create novel products.
Engineering
A protein biocatalyst for chemical reactions in a cell is a(n) _______.
Enzyme
For the organism Escherichia coli, what is the genus name?
Escherichia
Cells that contain a nucleus and a number of other membrane-bound organelles are called _______.
Eukaryotes
The cells of which microorganisms contain organelles?
Eukaryotes
Which cell type is generally larger in size?
Eukaryotic cells
A sterile environment is free of actively growing cells and microorganisms, but may contain viruses or dormant life forms such as endospores.
False
Viruses are not included in the major groups of microbes because they are nonliving agents.
False
Recombinant DNA technology involves the transfer of _____ from one organism to another.
Genetic material
The ____ theory of disease, first proposed in the 1800's, stated that microorganisms could cause infection and illness.
Germ