Basic Nutrition Ch. 6

What types of foods contribute to the largest share of trans fat in the American diet?

Processed foods. pies, crackers, cookies, cake, baked goods snack foods frozen pizza fast food vegetable shortening and stick margarines coffee creamer refrigerated dough products ready to use frostings

Describe the structure of the phopholipid bilayer that makes up the wall of the cell.

The phosphate head of a phospholipid is water soluble (face the watery environment inside and outside of the cell). The fatty acid tail of a phospholipid is not water soluble (face eachother within the membrane) . Thus, phospholipids are soluble in both water and fat.

Populations that consume diets rich in saturated fat and trans fat have a higher risk of ___________________ than populations whose diets contain more unsaturated fat.

cardiovascular disease

________ __________ is a group of diseases that affect the heart and blood vessels.

cardiovascular diseases

Trans fatty acids are unsaturated fatty acids that have an unusual _________ ____________.

chemical structure

__________________ is A sterol in animal foods that made in your body.

cholesterol

Lecithin contains __________ which is used by Nerves to produce acetylcholine, a chemical that transmits messages between nerve cells.

choline

____________ is a vitamin like compound in lecithin.

choline

Example of a lipoprotein: _________

chylomicrons

In the absorptive cells, monoglycerides, fatty acids, glycerol, and cholesterol is removed from ___________.

chyme (cholesterol doesn't undergo digestion)

What are the two types of chemical structures in unsaturated fats? (caused by double bonds)

cis and trans

Reduce risk of CVD by replacing foods that are rich sources of ___________ FAs with foods that contain more _______________ FAs

eat less saturated fats eat more polyunsaturated fats

____________ are used to emulsify oil and vinegar in mayonnaise

eggs

Cells use Alpha-Linolenic acid to produce two other omega-3 fatty acids:

eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).

___________: a substance that keeps fat-soluble and water-soluble compounds together

emulsifier

Manufacturers may add ________________ to foods to keep oily and watery ingredients from seperating during storage.

emulsifiers

What are examples of lipids?

fats, oils, and cholesterol

Capillaries (cells in walls of blood vessels) release lipase that breaks down the chylomicron's load of fat into fatty acids and glycerol. Nearby cells can pick up the ________ and _________, and metabolize them for energy. What happens to the remaining particles of chylomicrons

fatty acid and glycerol Particles of remaining chylomicrons is used by liver to produce very low density lipoprotein.

What two fatty acids don't have carbon rings?

fatty acids and triglycerides

What are essential fatty acids?

fatty acids that the body cannot make

______________: abnormally high blood pressure levels that persist when person is relaxed. due to inflexible plaque filled arteries.

hypertension

_______________ damages organs, can tear or burst arteries that cause serious bleeding problems even death

hypertension

___________ is the primary phospholipid in food: egg yolks, liver, wheat germ, peanut butter, and soy beans are rich sources of it.

lecithin

What are the positive functions of cholesterol?

1. It is used to produce Vitamin D 2. Used to produce steroid hormones (estrogen and testosterone) 3. Used by liver to make bile salts.

__________ of dietary cholesterol is absorbed

50%

Fat is a major source of energy for the body. How many calories does it provide?

9 calories

Triglycerides make up ______% of lipids in your body and food.

95% (triglycerides are referred to as fats an oils)

Difference in shape between cis and trans

Cis: V shaped Trans: diagonal line

Infants require _______ and _______ for nervous system development

DHA & EPA

fat contributes little more than _____% of american diet

36%

What enzyme does the pancreas release into the small intestine to digest fats and phospholipids?

lipase Because fats don't dissolve well in water hyme, fat digestion involves the need of an emulsifier.

___________: structure that transports lipids through watery environment such as the blood stream.

lipoprotein

_____________ transport cholesterol and triglycerides in the bloodstream.

lipoprotein

if you dont eat animal food, the body produces cholesterol in the __________.

liver

Sterols have carbons arranged in what shape?

rings

In what foods can you find polyunsaturated fatty acid?

safflower, grapeseed, sunflower seed, and soybean oils

____________ fatty acids: Each carbon atom within the chain is completely filled (Saturated) with hydrogen atoms.

saturated

What are the three types of fatty acids?

saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated

The __________ ___________ digests and absorbs nearly all the fat in the food.

small intestine

Describe lipoprotein HDL

smallest and densest lipoprotein. It transports more protein and less lipids

The cis kink is typical in unsaturated fats. It prevents molecules from being arranged tightly together and forming ________.

solids

_____________: hen a clot blocks an artery in the brain and brain cells that are nourished by the blood vessel die.

stroke

Explain how omega fatty acids are named:

The "3" and "6" in the names (Omega-3 fatty acid & Omega-6 fatty acid) identify the position of the first double bond that appears in the fatty acids' carbon chains, when you start counting carbons at the omega end of the molecules

Describe lipoprotein LDL

"bad cholesterol" lipoprotein carries the lipids to cells in the arterial walls that make plaques.

what happens to the monoglyceerides, free fatty acids, and cholesterol inside the absorptive cells:

1. Absoprtive cells remove the end products of lipid digestion from chyme 2. Monogylcerides and fatty acids combine to form triglycerides 3. Absorptive cell packages the triglycerides with some cholesterol and coats the particle with protein and phospholipids to form a chlylomicron. This is because lipids aren't very soluble in watery fluids like lymph and blood.

What are examples of polyunsaturated Fatty acids?

1. Alpha-linolenic 2. Linoleic acid

What is the process of atherosclerosis?

1. Normal arteries are flexible tubelike structures that have a smooth lining. 2. Excess cholesterol, glucose, bacteria irritates the lining of an artery. Body's immune system responds to the irritation by producing inflammation within the artery. 3. Inflammation triggers cells within the blood vessel walls to deposit arterial plaque (cholesterol rich material under the artery's lining) 4. Arterial plaque narrows and blocks the opening through which blood flows. Heart has to work harder to pump blood through vessels. Blood flow is slow and clots form. 5. Clots may break away and get lodged in a smaller blood vessel. When the blood flow in an artery is disrupted the cells supplied by that artery die due to the lack of oxygen.

Less than _____% of your fat intake should come from ___________ FA/s.

10% saturated

People who are 20 to 30 years, healthy blood pressure is __________

120/75 mm

high blood pressure is dangerous if it remains above _____________

140/190 mm

What is the AMDR for fat from total calories? (percentage)

20 to 35%

Eating fewer foods that contain trans fats can also lower risk of ______________

CVD

If your body makes too much cholesterol the excess can increase your risk of _________.

CVD

____________: Chest pain that results from lack of oxygen to heart and muscle tissues.

Angina

Cells can use Linoleic acid to produce another omega-6 fatty acid:

Arachidonic Acid (AA)

Why is unsaturated fat not solid at room temperature?

Because the double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids cause the molecules to have "bends" or "kinks" in their chemical structures.

1 in 3 Americans have ___________

CVD

scaly skin hair loss poor wound healing These are symptoms of.......

Essential Fatty Acid Deficiency *deficiency is usually uncommon in the US since most Americans eat plenty of fat*

How does eating soluble fiber change what happens to bile salts?

It causes bile salts to be excreted in the feces.

people with high levels of small dense __________ are more likely to develop atherosclerosis

LDL

_______________ fatty acid: Fatty acid with more than one double bond in the carbon chain

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid:

What are the basic parts of a triglyceride?

Omega End: At one end of the chain, the first carbon has three hydrogen atoms attached to it. Acid Group: At the other end of the fatty acid chain, the last carbon has two oxygen atoms and one hydrogen atom

Name the essential fatty acids and then the acids they create

Omega-3 (Alpha-linolenic Acid) Docosahexaenoic Acid Eicosapentaenoic Acid Omega-6 (Linolenic Acid) Arachidonic Acid

_________________: when atherosclerosis develops in arteries that don't carry blood to the heart or brain. (Kidney's, legs, arms)

PVD (Peripheral Vascular Disease)

_______________ _____________: The process that converts many of an oil's naturally occurring unsaturated cis fatty acids into trans fatty acids and saturated fatty acids.

Partial Hydrogenation

Diffentiate a phospholipids from a triglyceride:

Phospholipid is chemically similar to a triglyceride except that one of the fatty acids is replaced by chemical groups that contain phosphorus and often nitrogen.

What is the primary site of lipid digestion?

Small Intestine

what happens to the fat and cholesterol you eat:

The presence of fatty chyme in the duodenum (small intestine) triggers the gall bladder to release bile into the chyme. The bile salts in bile emulsify the lipids (keep them suspended as small particles in chyme) The presence of fatty chime also triggers the pancreas to secret pancreatic lipase which digests the molecules thanks to the bile salts. Pancreatic lipase digests fat by removing two fatty aids from each triglyceride molecule. This converts most fat into monoglycerides and "free"fatty acids. (Mooglyceride is a lipid that has a single fatty acid attached to the glycerol backbone of the molecule) Glycerole, fatty acids, and monoglycerides are the major products of lipid digestion Bile salts surround the fatty acids and monoglycerides to form a water soluble particle called Micelle. Micelle transports the lipids to the edge of the absorptive cell. Absorptive cells remove the monoglycerides and fatty acids from micelles. Used bile salts that remain continue to form new micelles.

Why can saturated fat be solid at room temperature?

They can pack together tightly because they are straighter than unsaturated fatty acids. This allows them to be solid at room temp.

The hydrogenation process involves adding hydrogen atoms to liquid vegetable oil to form trans fats and saturated fatty acids. What would be the benefits of making this conversion?

Trans fatty acids are less likely to be rancid and are solid at room temperature.

Define lipids

a class of organic nutrients that generally don't dissolve in water (water-insoluble)

What is a triglyceride?

a lipid that has three fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule (fats and oils)

What if your body needs energy?

adipose cells break down some stored triglycerides into fatty acid and glycerol molecules and relate it into the blood stream.

Most cells can burn fatty acids to release the energy, what happens when your body doesnt need that energy you just ate?

adipose cells remove fatty acids and glycerol from the blood stream and reassemble them into fat for storage.

Dietary sources of cholesterol are only found in ________ foods.

animal (egg yolk, liver meat, poulty, whole milk, cheese, and ice cream)

Normal __________ are flexible tubelike structures that have a smooth lining

arteries

_____________; "hardening of the arteries" due to plaque

arteriosclerosis

___________________: a long term process that negatively affects the functioning of blood vessels, especially arteries. Plaque builds up in artery walls.

athersclerosis

In what foods can you find monounsaturated fatty acids?

avocados, olives, peanuts, and canola oils

Ways to lower chances of developing atherosclerosis

be more physically active (increases HDL level and lower LDL level) replace saturated FA's with polyunsaturated FA's no smoking limit salt intake achieve and maintain healthy weight more fiber rich foods eat antioxidants reduce added sugar and alcohol consumption

Eliminating bile salts reduces _______ _________ ___________.

blood cholesterol levels Without a supply of bile salts, the liver has to remove cholesterol from the blood stream to make new bile salts.

chemically unstable substances called _______________ can damage LDL creatine oxidized LDL cholesterol which is taken up by the plaque forming arterial cells.

free radicals

_____________: If plaque or clot completely blocks blood flow to a section of the heart muscle, the tissue dies.

heart attack

What can CVD result in?

heart attacks, strokes, and kidney failure

Populations that consume diets rich in saturated FA's generally have higher rates of ____________ than populations that eat less saturated fat.

heart disease

What are the two most common forms of CVD?

heart disease and stroke

Body uses EPA, DHA, and AA to make several ___________ like substances (which regulate blood pressure and the immune system's inflammatory response)

hormone

What are the functions of lipids in the body?

maintaining cell membranes, producing certain hormones, insulating against cold temperatures, regulating blood pressure and inflammation, and cushioning against bumps, blows, and falls.

__________ fatty acid: fatty acid that has one double bond within the carbon chain.

monousaturated Fatty acid.

Do animal fats contain more or less saturated fats than plants?

more (with the exception of coconut and palm oil)

Plague can form in the common carotid arteries of the ________.

neck

Alpha-linolenic is an ____________ fatty acid.

omega - 3

Linoleic acid is an _______________ fatty acid.

omega - 6

________________: A type of lipid needed to make cell membranes and for proper functioning of nerve cells.

phospholipid

cell membranes are comprised of a double layer that is mostly _____________.

phospholipids

Phospholipids are found naturally in _________ and ________ foods.

plant, animal

fatty acids and monoglycerides are reassembled into ______________.

triglycerides

In a monousaturated fatty acid, _________ neighboring carbons within carbon chain each lack a hydrogen atom

two

In a saturated fatty acid, each cabon has __________ hydrogen atoms attached to it.

two

What is an omega-3 fatty acid?

type of polyunsaturated fatty acid that has its first double bond at the number 3 carbon

What is an Omega-6 fatty acid?

type of polyunsaturated fatty acid that has its first double bond at the number 6 carbon.

Risk Factors for Atherosclerosis

unhealthy blood cholesterol levels (high LDL and low HDL) hypertension (chronically high blood pressure) smoking (raises oxidized LDL cholesterol) insulin resistance (blood glucose levels incrase) diabetes (results from insulin resitance) excess body fat lack of physical activity poor diet increasing age family history of CVD C-reactive protein triglycerides (high blood levels of triglycerides) sleep apnea emotional stress alcohol

What happens to used bile salts?

used bile salts are absorbed in the small intestine, it enters the blood stream and travels to the liver where it is recycled and used to make new bile.

What are some foods that have trans fats that occur naturally?

whole milk, whole milk products, butter, meat