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What is the meaning of the phrase "fundamental and indivisible" when it is used to describe the charge on an electron?

"Fundamental and Indivisible," are used to describe the charge on the electron, mean that no smaller quantity of charge has ever been observed and that all observed chargers are a whole-number multiple of this smallest known charge.

What are cathode rays? How did cathode rays get their name?

A Crookes tube is now called a cathode-ray. Cathode-rays is a beam of negatively charged particles/electrons deflected by a magnetic field. Since electrons are attracted are to protons, cathode-rays are attracted to positivity charged electrodes. Cathode-ray particles are fundamental particles present in the atoms of all elements. Cathode-rays particles are now called electrons; J.J Thomson is given credit for their discovery. The proton was discovered several years after the cathode-ray particles/electron.

What is a scientific model? How is it different from a scale model?

A scientific model is a representation of an idea, an object or even a process or a system that is used to describe and explain phenomena that cannot be experienced directly. Unlike the scale model, it does not provide the researcher with a picture of the phenomenon under study.

What is the relationship between the amount of energy an electron has and its distance from nucleus?

An electron in a given orbit has a certain definite amount of energy. The greater the radius of the shell, or the distance of the electron from the nucleus, the greater energy of an electron in that shell.

Does the law of definite proportions apply to elements?

An element only has one type of matter in itself so no, the law of definite proportions does not apply to elements.

For all electromagnetic radiation, how does the frequency of a wave change as the wavelength of the wave increases?

As the wavelength of radiation increases, its frequency decrease. The velocity doesn't change, it remains the same.

Describe the three major changes made in Dalton's atomic theory.

Atoms are not indivisible. Atoms can be created and destroyed, some atoms can be changed from atoms of one element to atoms of another element. Atoms of the same element are not alike in all ways; they can have different masses.

What is meant by the statement, "Spectral lines are the fingerprints of elements"?

Because each element has its own unique set of lines, like how everyone has their own unique set of fingerprints; "Spectral lines are the fingerprints of elements.

How is Plank's theory of light similar to that of Newton? How is It different?

Both theories by Plank and Newton said that light consists of beams or particles. Plank proposed it further that the energy of light is quantized, only certain values of these energies exist.

According to the Bohr Theory, how do electrons within an atom move to higher energy levels?

Certain definite orbits with a specific energy and no loss of energy from their motion; in which an electron can travel around the nucleus.

What is the relationship between the energy of a quantum of radiation and the frequency of that radiation?

E = hf. The energy of a quantum of radiation is proportional to its frequency.

Why are the electrons in an atom attracted to the nucleus?

Electrons in an atom is attracted to the nucleus because the nucleus is positively charged and the electrons are negativity charged, opposites attract, that is why the negatively charged electrons are attracted to the positivity charged nucleus.

In the charge-cloud model, electrons are arranged by three characteristic, or kids of, locations. Name them.

Energy sublevel, energy level, and orbital.

State briefly the four basic principles of Dalton's atomic theory.

Four basic principles of Dalton's atomic Theory: All elements are made of atoms, which is indivisible and indestructible. Compounds form by the joining of atoms. Atoms of the same element are alike. Atoms of different elements are different.

Name several types of electromagnetic radiation.

Gamma rays. X rays. Ultraviolet and infrared light. Radio waves.

Describe the operation of a Crookes tube

If most of the gas (air or some other gas) in a Crookes tube is pumped out and high voltage applied to its electrodes, the glass wall of the tube opposite one electrode develops a yellow-green fluorescence. If an object is placed in the middle of the tube, the object appears to "cast a shadow" on the end of the tube. That is, the yellow-green fluorescence does not appear on the end of the tube within an area shaped like the object.

How would the observations for Rutherford's experiment be expected to change if thicker metal foil were used?

If thicker metal foil was to be used for Rutherford's experiment, fewer alpha particles would pass through the metal foil, most of the particles would be deflected.

Does the law of definite proportions apply to mixtures?

Mixtures are not always constant; in fact, they can vary. Variable composition is one of the characteristics of mixtures, so the law of definite proportions does not apply to mixtures. Mixtures are not strong enough to form a compound. Each substance in a mixture keeps its own properties, the compound in mixtures have properties different from the elements it contains. A good example of a mixture is breakfast cereal. You pour in a bowl of however much milk and however much cereal, no matter how much milk or cereal you use, it is still your breakfast. The ratio by weight of mass will not always be the same though, so mixtures are variable composition, so the law of definite proportions does not apply to mixtures. A good example of the law of definite proportions is water, variable composition does not apply to water. Water will always have a ratio of 8:1, one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms to create water. If you were to increase the amount of water, the ratio of hydrogen and oxygen atoms, by weight, will always be the same; so the law of definite proportions apply to water because it is not a variable composition.

You can detect the odor of cooking food before you enter a kitchen. Describe a model that helps account for your ability to detect odors from sources at a distance.

Odors have five basic properties, intensity, and degree of offensiveness, character, frequency and duration which all contribute to how you feel about an odor. Taking all this into account, odors are molecules given off by certain objects depending on the object's mixing of the five basic properties. These molecules move through the air and some reach our nose making us able to detect odors from a distance.

Wavelengths are often expressed in nanometers. What is a nanometer?

One Nano meter is equal to 10E-9.

How did Rutherford explain the fact that the negatively charged electrons on his atomic model did not fall into the positively charged, relatively massive nucleus

Opposites attract, the electrons should be strongly attracted toward the nucleus by electric forces. Rutherford said that the motion of electrons around the nucleus keeps them from falling into the nucleus, just as the motion of the moon around the Earth keeps it from into the Earth.

What are quanta? What is another name for a quantum of light energy?

Quanta is a word Max Planck used to describe the bundles of energy that make up light, quanta is plural for quantum, another word for it is photon.

Based on his gold-foil experiments, how did Rutherford describe the nuclei of gold atoms?

Rutherford described the nuclei of gold atoms as small, positively charged, with relatively great mass.

What things can you use to detect invisible forms of electromagnetic radiation?

Some devices you can use to detect invisible forms of electromagnetic radiation is photographic films, and radio receivers.

The Greek letter lambda (λ) is used to represent what property of waves?

The Greek letter Lambda (λ) is used to represent the wavelength of light.

What do you call the band of colors that is produced when white light passed through a prism?

The band of colors that is produced when white light passed through a prism is called a continuous spectrum.

When a customer at the butcher shop orders a pound of hot dogs, the butcher, before weighing the hot dogs, sometimes will ask, "A little under or a litter over?" Account for the butcher's question in terms of continuous and discontinuous material.

The butcher's hot dogs does not represent the continuous theory, the hotdogs come as a whole; the butcher can't divide the hotdog into smaller pieces to get an even pound for the customer. Since you can't divide the hotdog into anything smaller, we can say that the butcher's hotdogs follow the discontinuous theory. A good example of continuous theory is ground beef, the butcher can divide it into the exact weight for the customer. All the small pieces of ground beef make up a whole.

What is the key concept in Bohr's model of the atom?

The key idea in Bohr's model of the atom is that there are certain definite orbits in which an electron can travel around a nucleus without radiating energy. In Bohr's original model, each of these orbits is a circular orbit at a fixed distance from the nucleus.

What are nucleons?

The particles that make up the nucleus of an atom are called nucleons. Two of the most important nucleons are protons and neutrons.

Name the three major subatomic particles and describe their locations.

The three major subatomic particles are Protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons and neutrons are located at the center of an atom. The location of electrons is outside the nucleus. The electrons outside the nucleus is always in motion.

Observe the tiles in a bathroom. Are the tiles always used as indivisible units?

The tiles in my bathroom are not always used as invisible units. Near the end where the tiles meet with the wall, it cuts off into a smaller piece. In conclusion, the tiles in my bathroom does not represent fundamental, indivisible building blocks.

How would you express the frequency of wave in which five peaks passed a given point each second?

The wave has a frequency of 5 waves per second or 5 hertz.

Name the three scientific laws that provide basic evidence for Dalton's atomic Theory.

Three scientific laws that provide basic evidence for Dalton's atomic Theory is: The law of conservation of mass. The law of definite proportions. The law of multiple Proportions.

What units are used to measure electric charge?

Units used to measure the quantity of electrical charge is the coulomb.