BBH 143

bootlegging

- Comes from term "hiding illegal liquor inside boots" - Locals would produce their own alcohol and distribute it around - Home-made alcohol became a common way of circumventing prohibition laws

pharmacodynamics

- The effects the drug has on the body - Through addiction at the receptor

pharmacokinetics

- The movement of the drug through the body - The process that affect drug concentration

deviant drug use

- Use disapproved of by a social group - Which the group acts to correct

- Register annually - Pay a small tax - Use special order forms provided by the Bureau of Intentional Revenue

Dealers and dispensers of opioids and cocaine had to: - - -

- Craving - Loss of pleasure associated with the activity - Escalating loss of control - Persistent use despite harmful consequences - Denial - Relapse after attempts at abstinence

Describe the characteristics of addiction focusing on the phases of the addiction cycle.

- Prohibition - In 1883, The Supreme Court allowed states to designate themselves "dry"

Describe the temperance movement that began in America in the 1800's.

toxic dose for 50% of the population

Explain TD50

When you take two drugs together, the interaction can affect the lethal or toxicity levels

Explain an additive drug interaction

Drug overdoses: a tolerance is created and your need to take more as your level of tolerance increases which can lead to overdoses; if you get clean and relapse and go back to your normal tolerance you can overdose, your body has been conditioned to expect a particular level so when you go back to the drug you need to take less or else you could overdose

Explain conditioned tolerance including how it contributes to drug overdoses.

1.) Reuptake via a neurotransmitter transporter 2.) Neurotransmitter is metabolized by enzymes

Explain how to end the chemical message in the synapse.

- The 16th Amendment: federal income tax replaced alcohol tax - The 18th Amendment: country-wide prohibition of manufacture, sale, and transport of intoxicating liquors

How are the 16th and 18th amendments to the US constitution related to prohibition?

Many asserted that the sentencing disparity was racially motivated

How did the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986 continue to fuel racism in relation to cocaine use?

Denied it, said smoking was fine

How did the tobacco companies respond to the early scientific studies linking smoking to lung cancer?

- Tobacco companies adjusted by: increasing prices and marketing in other companies

How did the tobacco companies respond?

- Physical: 1-3 months - Psychological: 6 months or longer

How long do the physical and psychological withdrawal symptoms from cocaine last?

- Cocaine use skyrocketed during the 1980's - The drug was viewed as a status symbol

How was cocaine use viewed in the 1970's and 1980's?

Put in a filtration

In 1966, how did the tobacco industry try to "address the health issues associated with smoking"?

Concluded that tobacco is more addicting than cocaine and heroin

In 1988, what did the Surgeon General's report conclude?

1964

In what year did the U.S. Surgeon General link cigarette smoking with lung cancer and coronary artery disease?

Opium and morphine

Issues leading to the first US legislation of drug production and use a. Which drugs were widely available/used?

- Inhalation - Intravenous - Intranasal - Oral (ingestion) - Transdermal

List the routes of administration in order from fastest to the brain to slowest to the brain: - - - - -

frontal lobe

Parts of the Brain: Emotion and personality, Speech, Smell, Movement

temporal lobe

Parts of the Brain: Memory and Learning, Hearing

cerebellum

Parts of the Brain: balance and coordination

cingulate gyrus

Parts of the Brain: regulates emotion and pain, drugs of abuse effect this area

reticular activating system

Parts of the Brain: responsible for setting the overall activation levels of the cortex

ion channel

Sodium, potassium, calcium; where ions pass through; like straws through the membrane and can move liquid in and out

designer drug

Term used for any drugs that were chemically similar to controlled substances but not on Schedules

Making and selling

The 5 schedules of controlled substances were aimed at balancing what 2 aspects of drug use?

dose response curve

The effect of the drug in relation to the amount taken (dose of drug)

False

True/False: Coca became popular in Europe in the 1600's.

True

True/False: Indigenous South American cultures used coca leaf for energy for thousands of years before the arrival of the Spanish conquistadors.

False

True/False: The most effective treatment for cocaine abuse are FDA approved medications.

True

True/False: The name 'cocaine' originated after it was isolated from the coca leaf in 1860.

- Individual differences o Personality o Genetics - Psychological effects o User's history o Expectation effects

What are expectation effects and how do they regulate drug effects?

- Without them our neurons can't function - Responsible for all of the maintenance work - Provide Structure - Metabolism - Blood Brain Barrier

What are glia and what do they do in the nervous system?

- Cardiovascular complications - Hyperthermia (increase in body temperature)

What are the 2 most common causes of death due to cocaine overdose?

- Cocaine hydrochloride: powder salt form of cocaine - Freebasing: "freeing" cocaine base from salt then boiling and inhaling aerosol - Crack cocaine: cocaine powder, water and baking soda heated up to form "the rock"

What are the 3 forms of cocaine?

- Increased alertness - Intense euphoria - Talkative - Self-confidence - Anger/anxiety/paranoia - Decreased appetite

What are the acute psychological effects of cocaine?

Main Points: 1.) Gave FDA authority over tobacco products sold in US 2.) Led to banning of candy-flavored cigs 3.) Disclosure of additives and ingredients 4.) Graphic warning labels 5.) Prohibited marketing to youths

What are the main points of the Family Smoking Prevention & Tobacco Control Act of 2009?

nucleus, dendrites, soma, myelin sheaths, axon, axon terminals

What are the parts of a neuron?

- Onset and Duration o Varies based on multiple factors o Starts between 30 mins - 72 hours (crashing) o Physical symptoms can last 1-3 months (crashing/withdrawal) o Psychological symptoms can last 6 months or longer (extinction)

What are the protracted withdrawal symptoms seen during cocaine withdrawal?

- Self-control - Parental monitoring - Academic competence - Negative attitude toward use/acceptance of anti-drug policies - Strong community attachment/strong religious connections - Participating in extracurricular activities

What are the top protective factors against drug abuse?

- Early aggressive behavior - Lack of parental supervision - Exposure to substance abuse/Positive attitudes toward use - Access to drugs - Poverty

What are the top risk factors associated with drug abuse?

Coca wine, cigarettes, inhalants, medical uses

What common products contained cocaine in the late 1800's?

- Minimum effective dose for 50% of the population - The drug has 50% of the regular response

What does ED50 mean when talking about the effect of the drug in 1 person?

Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion

What does the acronym ADME stand for?

- Goal is to find the optimal dose where positive effects (efficacy) outweigh the negative (toxicity or lethality); how likely you are to overdose on a drug

What does the therapeutic index (ratio of TD50:ED50) or margin of safety mean?

Sympathetic (arousing), heart rate and breathing increase

What happens to your body when a stressor arouses the sympathetic ANS to prepare you to fight or flee?

Controls self-regulated action of internal organs and glands

What is the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?

Dependence has tolerance and withdrawal and addiction is used despite harmful consequences

What is the difference between drug dependence and addiction?

A drug or other substance that affects how the brain works and causes changes in mood, awareness, thoughts, feelings, or behavior

What makes a drug 'psychoactive'?

Racism fueled fears, leading to legislation. Some states began to pass laws restricting cocaine possession and sale in the early 1900's

What role did racism play in movement to create legislation against cocaine in the early 1900's?

Urine, Hair, Saliva, Blood Sample, Breathalyzer

What types of samples can a person provide for random or scheduled drug testing?

- Control Act of 1970 o Increased research for research, treatment, and prevention efforts (Department of Health and Human Services) o Certain drugs controlled directly by Drug Enforcement Administration -The Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention & Control Act essentially combined all of the Federal laws dealing w/ narcotics, stimulants, and abused designer drugs.

What was different about the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention & Control Act of 1970 compared to previous legislation?

- The Pure Food and Drug Act was passed mainly as a response to issues in food production. It came about as the result of widespread illnesses from food-borne diseases and from attention garnered by "muckraking" journalists and writers decrying the conditions in food processing facilities. - Act defined any drug as "any substance or mixture of substances intended to be used for cure, mitigation, or prevention of disease" - Specifically referred to: Alcohol, Morphine, Opium, Heroin, Cocaine, Cannabis Indica

What was the purpose of the 1906 Pure Food & Drug Act?

- It was an attempt to restrict the use of cocaine and opiates. The motivations to pass the bill were various. Some legislators were genuinely concerned about the danger cocaine and opiates posed to the American people, but prejudice against minority groups also played an important role in the passage of the act. Legislators who lobbied for this act decried black Americans who used cocaine and Chinese immigrants who used opium as dangerous to society. In truth, most of the drug use in the country involved white Americans

What was the purpose of the 1914 Harrison Act?

- Pure Food and Drug Act responded to issues in food production. Illnesses came from food-borne diseases - The Harrison Act restricted the use of cocaine and opiates

What were the main differences between the Pure Food & Drug Act & the Harrison Act?

Liver

Where does most metabolism take place?

Pomegranate seeds, coca leaves, coffee beans, tobacco plant, grapes? - Alcohol - Tobacco - Coca - Psychedelics

Which 3-4 drugs have the longest history of use?

It is relapsing, physiological, a disease state like heart disease

Which aspects of addiction make it similar to other chronic diseases?

Military, Federal Employees, Transportation Workers, Private employers, Public schools

Who can legally require drug screening?

German Scientists in 1939

Who made the first association between smoking and lung cancer and when was the association made?

Can be found: National Institute on Drug Abuse(NIDA), Substance Abuse & Mental Health Services Administration(SAMHSA), CDC, UNODC

Why is it difficult to get accurate statistics on who uses drugs, which drugs are most used, & how much of a drug is used?

- When ethanol and cocaine are combined in vivo, they form coca ethylene - Coca ethylene produces more euphoria and lasts longer than cocaine alone

Why should you avoid consuming cocaine and alcohol at the same time?

- Any issue that has to do with money is important. If the government banned alcohol, they were going to lose one of their major sources of revenue.

Why was prohibition an important political issue?

- Huge increase in the amount and types of drugs used - It was in response to an increase in illegal drug use, and in the shift of the types of drugs that were being used - Use of amphetamines, barbiturates, and hallucinogens now covered - Instituted a change in the Bureaus; Bureau of Narcotics now Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs

Why was the Drug Abuse Control Amendments of 1965 passed?

- Faster absorption; more intense the high - Faster the absorption; shorter duration of action - Intranasal last 15-30 min; smoking lasts 5-10 mins

With cocaine, how does the route of administration affect the duration of the euphoric effects?

drug withdrawal

You start to feel very sick after not having the drug for a period of time

drug dependence

a state in which an organism functions normally only in the presence of a drug; tolerance and withdrawal

narcotics

any drug that relieves pain and causes stupor, drowsiness, or insensibility

drug

any substance, natural or artificial, other than food, that by its chemical nature alters structure or function in the living organism

pharmacokinetic tolerance

body more able to metabolize and remove drug

pharmacodynamic tolerance

changes in brain to normalize function in response to the presence of the drug

addiction

compulsive behavior that often involves little rational thought

dopamine

cortex and hippocampus= learning & memory, nucleus accumbent= reward, striatum= motor control

agonist

drugs that occupy receptors and activate them

antagonist

drugs that occupy receptors but do not activate them; block receptor activation by agonists; prevents the cell from functioning normally

cross-tolerance

exposure to one drug protects tolerance to another

drug misuse

intentional or inappropriate use of drugs

drug abuse

intentional or inappropriate use of drugs RESULTING in problems

homeostasis

maintenance of an environment of body within a certain range

glutamate

major excitatory transmitter

GABA

major inhibitory transmitter

neurotransmission

process of transferring information from one neuron to another with a chemical message

action potential

the electrical signal transmitted down the axon when a neuron sends a message

drug toxicity

when the concentration of drug in the blood stream causes adverse reactions

blood-brain barrier

where drugs/things pass through, protective mechanism

conditioned tolerance

where you can condition your body to have a certain response to the drug in the environment that you usually take those drugs in