BCBA - StudyABA Mock A + B Missed Answers

Ricky attends school Monday through Friday. On Monday, Ricky's English teacher tells him that if he receives a perfect score on his daily spelling test, he can have extra recess time. There are 10 spelling words on each test. Ricky did not receive a perfect score the first week. However, he received a perfect score on his spelling test on Thursday of the following week. How many trials did it take him to reach the criterion for the reward? 9 trials 11 trials 18 trials 90 trials

Correct Answer: "9 trials." For this example, Ricky had to spell every word correctly to meet the criteria for reinforcement. There was 1 trial (i.e. 1 spelling test) per day. Since it took him 9 days to meet the criterion, that is the correct answer. "90 trials" is incorrect. Every spelling test, not word, was a trial (because it was one opportunity for him to reach reinforcement). Task: C-6

Why should a behavior analyst closely monitor treatment fidelity at the initial phase of a behavior change program? To address any unanticipated issues with the behavior change program. To reinforce the behavior change agent's correct behavior. To provide corrective feedback to the behavior change agent when necessary. (All of the above)

Correct Answer: "All of the above." Treatment integrity should be collected throughout a behavior change program. At the beginning of the behavior change program, it is crucial for the behavior analyst to closely monitor staff's performance. This way, the behavior analyst can reinforce desired behaviors, correct undesired behaviors, and monitor for unintended problems in general. Task: H-6

All of the following are components of a contingency contract, EXCEPT: A written record of the completed tasks A description of what tasks need to be completed A description of how the reward will be earned (All of these ARE components of a contingency contract)

Correct Answer: "All of these are components of a contingency contract." A contingency contract involves a written description of the tasks that must be performed and the criteria for which the reward will be earned. The final essential component of a contingency contract is a data sheet that keeps track of the tasks that were completed. Task: G-19

Joey's teacher is tracking his behavior of requesting to use the restroom. She believes he may be asking to the restroom to simply avoid doing his schoolwork. 31 minutes after his class starts, Joey asks to use the restroom. The teacher tells him he needs to wait because they are in the middle of a lecture. 10 minutes later, Joey asks to use the restroom again. The teacher allows for him to go and he returns to his classroom after 4 minutes. 15 minutes later, Joey leaves for the restroom without asking. He does not request to use the restroom again this day. What is the average interresponse time for Joey's behavior of requesting to use the restroom? 12.5 minutes 15 minutes 18.6 minutes 10 minutes

Correct Answer: "10 minutes." Interresponse time (IRT) is the amount of time between 2 occurrences of the same response. More specifically, it is the amount of time between the ending of one response and the start of another instance of that behavior. In this example, we are looking for the IRT of Joey requesting to use the restroom. He asked to use the restroom 2 times in this example. (Do not count the instance of him using the restroom without asking. This is irrelevant since we are looking simply at the behavior of him requesting to use restroom.) The first time Joey asked to use the restroom, he was told he could not go. 10 minutes later, he asked again. Therefore, the interresponse time is 10 minutes. Since this is the only IRT that can be calculated in this scenario, 10 minutes is also the average IRT. Task: C-4

Michael wanted to increase his free throw percentage to 80% or better. Each day, he shot 10 free throws within 5 minutes and recorded his percentage of made shots. On the 6th day, he made 90% of his shots, finally meeting his goal. How many trials did it take Michael to reach criterion? 80% 6 60 59

Correct Answer: "6." This is a tricky one, but 6 is the correct answer. The terminal goal is to shoot an 80% or better free throw percentage during a block, or series, of 10 shots. This means we are tracking the behavior for the entire 10-shot series as one trial when determining trials-to-criterion rather than counting each individual shot. (Example: if we were counting each shot, he would meet criterion on the very first shot he ever took if he made it. However, we want to look at his percentage of shots made per the 10 shots he took in a given day). Since he met criterion on the 6th day, 6 trials to criterion would be the correct answer. Task: C-6

Bob is an avid jogger who spends most weekends going for long runs. Last year, he jogged a total of 500 miles throughout the entire year! For his New Year's Resolution, he wants to beat last year's record of 500 total miles jogged. What type of data display would be the best for Bob to use to determine how many total miles he is jogging? A cumulative record A scatterplot A Standard Celeration Chart An equal-interval graph where he documents how many miles he jogs each week

Correct Answer: "A cumulative record." A cumulative record would be best in this scenario; Bob could document how many miles he jogs each time he goes for a run and add it to his current mile total to see how many miles he has ran so far this year. He can easily figure out his average miles jogged per day by taking the number of miles divided by the number of days he has been collecting data. Cumulative records make it very clear how many cumulative miles he has jogged so far this year and how many more he has to go to reach his goal. An equal-interval graph that documents miles jogged per week may work, but it would involve adding the total amount of miles he jogged every week to find the amount of miles he jogged so far this year (which would be very time consuming). A Standard Celeration Chart would document the amount of responses he had in a predetermined amount of time; this does not apply in this scenario. A scatterplot would help document when he went for a jog, but would not help determine how many miles he jogged. Task: C-9

A behavior analyst is working with her client who lives in a retirement home. She is trying to determine the function of her client's verbal aggression. She systematically alters the environment to see if the target behavior occurs under various conditions. What type of assessment is she using? An indirect assessment procedure A functional analysis A structured behavioral interview (None of the above)

Correct Answer: "A functional analysis." This behavior analyst is systematically altering the intervention to determine which conditions the behavior will occur. This is called a functional analysis. "An indirect assessment procedure" is incorrect since she is observing the behavior as it occurs. "A structured behavioral interview" is incorrect with the information given since the scenario never mentioned an interview. Task: F-4

You have developed a new intervention strategy to teach your 3 children how to independently get dressed in the morning. You want to use a multiple baseline across subjects design but you don't have the time to track the behavior of all 3 kids every single day, especially since the ones who haven't started the intervention will likely still not be able to get dressed independently. What experimental design would be most beneficial in this situation? A group design A multiple baseline across subjects design A multiple probe design A meta-analysis

Correct Answer: "A multiple probe design." The multiple probe design would be most beneficial in this situation since you could still use a multiple baseline design, but you would not have to collect data on the children during the baseline phases (except during probes). "A meta-analysis" is incorrect since they involve analyzing the results of several studies, which does not apply to this scenario. "A multiple baseline across subjects design" is incorrect since the scenario says you do not want to use this design. "A group design" is incorrect since behavior analysts use single-subject designs, rather than group designs. Task: D-4

Which procedure would be most beneficial for determining whether or not a stimulus will function as a reinforcer? A paired stimulus preference assessment A multiple stimulus without replacement preference assessment (MSWO) A multiple stimulus with replacement preference assessment (MSW) A multiple schedule reinforcer assessment

Correct Answer: "A multiple schedule reinforcer assessment." A reinforcer assessment is more accurate at determining a reinforcing stimulus than a stimulus preference assessment. A stimulus preference assessment determines what MAY function as a reinforcer, while a reinforcer assessment determines what WILL function as a reinforcer by measuring how the stimulus influences the client's behavior. Since a multiple schedule reinforcer assessment is a reinforcer assessment, and the other answer options are stimulus preference assessments, this is the correct answer. Task: F-5

An experimenter is analyzing the effects of 3 particular interventions on a single behavior of one person. After a steady baseline was achieved, the first intervention was introduced. Steady responding was achieved over 3 days so the experimenter returned to baseline. After 4 days of baseline, the experimenter implemented the second intervention until the data was steady 3 days later and then returned to baseline for 3 days. Then, the experimenter implemented the third intervention, gained steady responding after 6 days, and returned to baseline. Then the experimenter implemented the first intervention again. What kind of experimental design was the experimenter using? A multiple baseline across interventions design An alternating treatments design An A-B-A design A multiple treatment reversal design

Correct Answer: "A multiple treatment reversal design." The experimenter used a multiple treatment reversal design (e.g. A-B-A-C-A-D-A-B). This is not an alternating treatments design since the interventions were introduced slowly because steady responding was achieved in each phase. This is not an A-B-A design since there are 3 interventions. A "multiple baselines across interventions design" does not exist. Task: D-5 More info: In a multiple-treatment reversal design, a baseline phase is followed by separate phases in which different treatments are introduced. For example, a researcher might establish a baseline of studying behavior for a disruptive student (A), then introduce a treatment involving positive attention from the teacher (B), and then switch to a treatment involving mild punishment for not studying (C). The participant could then be returned to a baseline phase before reintroducing each treatment—perhaps in the reverse order as a way of controlling for carryover effects. This particular multiple-treatment reversal design could also be referred to as an ABCACB design.

Of the following procedures, which is LEAST effective at determining whether a particular stimulus will or will not function as a reinforcer? A multiple-stimuli preference assessment A concurrent schedule reinforcer assessment A multiple schedule reinforcer assessment A progressive-ratio schedule reinforcer assessment

Correct Answer: "A multiple-stimuli preference assessment." A multiple-stimuli preference assessment is considered a stimulus preference assessment. Stimulus preference assessments are not as accurate as reinforcer assessments because they do not contingently reinforce a behavior. Since reinforcer assessments deliver reinforcement contingent upon a behavior, you can document that a behavior is increasing and determine that the stimulus is functioning as a reinforcer at that time. The other answer choices are examples of reinforcer assessments. Therefore, a multiple-stimuli preference assessment is the least accurate. Task: F-5

Crissy, a behavior analyst, wants to determine which stimulus will function as the most potent reinforcer for her client. She presents one stimulus and delivers it on an FR1 schedule. Then she thins the schedule of reinforcement to every 3 responses. Then 10 responses are required to earn the stimulus. Her client finally stops responding after 13 responses are required to earn the stimulus. Then, Crissy does this same process with a different stimulus. This time, her client stops responding after 9 responses are required to earn that stimulus. What type of reinforcer assessment did Crissy conduct? A progressive-interval schedule reinforcer assessment A progressive-ratio schedule reinforcer assessment A multiple schedule reinforcer assessment A concurrent schedule reinforcer assessment

Correct Answer: "A progressive-ratio schedule reinforcer assessment." Progressive-ratio (not interval) schedule reinforcer assessments use a single behavior on an FR1 reinforcement schedule that is systematically thinned to determine how many responses the person will work to earn that stimulus. (To clarify... At first it takes only 1 response to earn that reinforcer. Then it requires 2-3 responses. Then 4-5 responses, etc. until you "see how many responses the person is willing to do to earn that reinforcer". When the person reaches his/her "breaking point" (the point of which they are no longer willing to respond for that item), you switch to another stimulus. Then that new stimulus is put on an FR1 schedule, then the schedule is thinned to see what the "breaking point" is for that stimulus... so on, and so forth. The stimulus that has the highest ratio of responding prior to reaching the "breaking point" is most likely the most potent reinforcer. "Concurrent schedule" involves 2 or more behaviors. "Multiple schedule" would not systematically increase the number of responses required to earn the stimulus. "Progressive-interval assessments" do not exist. Task: F-5

Which performance monitoring and reinforcement system is MOST beneficial for a behavior analyst to use with their supervises? An Employee of the Month program A rating scale A ranking scale An Employee of the Year program

Correct Answer: "A rating scale." When monitoring staff's performance, behavior analysts should use behaviorally-anchored rating scales. Because the rating scales describe exactly what needs to be performed, it leaves little room for subjectivity or favoritism. It can also help ensure staff that their behavior is being monitored on an objective basis. Rating systems are preferred over ranking systems because ratings involve only that specific staff member's behavior and does not compare his/her behavior to coworkers. Employee of the Month/Year programs are ranking systems since only the "best" employee wins the award, which can create rivalries, etc. Task: I-5

You are reading the instructions for a test you are about to take. In the instructions it says, "(bold)DO NOT SUBMIT THIS TEST UNTIL YOU HAVE ANSWERED ALL QUESTIONS!(/bold)" This sentence is an example of: stimulus fading. a redundancy cue. a position cue. an auditory prompt.

Correct Answer: "A redundancy cue." In this example, a stimulus prompt was used to help evoke the correct behavior. Since this particular text was in all uppercase and bold letters, this stimulus prompt is an example of a redundancy cue. "A position cue" is incorrect since this would involve placing the Sd closer to the learner. "Stimulus fading" is incorrect since the example never mentioned fading of this stimulus. "An auditory prompt" is also incorrect since this involves an auditory tone or prerecorded signal to evoke the response. The redundancy cue in this scenario highlights an important part of the instructions and increases the likelihood of that response occurring. Task: G-4

A babysitter has just begun working with a child named Percy. She wants to determine what Percy likes to do for fun. She unlocks a room that contains a large variety of toys. Percy walks in and begins playing with a toy train. He plays with the train for an entire hour. The toy train is: a reinforcer. a stimulus. a conditioned reinforcer. (All of the above)

Correct Answer: "A stimulus." We know for certain that the toy train is a stimulus. However, we cannot determine if the toy train is a reinforcer, with the information provided. For the item to function as a reinforcer, the babysitter would first have to determine if Percy was more likely to engage in a certain response in the future if she gave him the toy train contingent on that response. This example does not say that this occurred. Note: Just because Percy plays with the train for an hour, it does not necessarily mean it would function as a reinforcer. He may not be willing to engage in any certain response to "earn" the toy train. Since we cannot determine that the toy train functions as a reinforcer, the correct answer is "a stimulus". Task: B-2

Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) differs from the Experimental Analysis of Behavior (EAB) because: ABA uses the science of behavior analysis. EAB is evidence-based. EAB uses behavior as the dependent variable. ABA uses the science of behavior analysis to cause socially-significant changes in individuals' lives.

Correct Answer: "ABA uses the science of behavior analysis to cause socially-significant changes in individual's lives." The wording of this question is a bit tricky. But, essentially, it is asking you for the difference between ABA and EAB. Therefore, the correct answer will be one that that shows a difference between ABA and EAB. Now, let's take a look at the answer options. "ABA uses the science of behavior analysis" is true. However, this is also the case with EAB. "EAB is evidence-based" is true. However, ABA uses evidence-based interventions as well. "EAB uses behavior as the dependent variable" is true. However, ABA also uses behavior as the dependent variable. Behavior is the key aspect that we are measuring in behavior analysis. "ABA uses the science of behavior analysis to cause socially-significant changes in individual's lives" is true. This is the key difference between EAB and ABA. EAB involves conducting experiments in a controlled setting (such as a university) to help better understand behavior. However, EAB does not seek to understand how these discoveries can be used to cause socially-significant behavior changes in the natural environment. ABA takes the scientific discoveries of EAB and applies them to real-world settings to make positive impacts in the lives of our clients. EAB=trying to better understand the principles of behavior. ABA=taking the principles of behavior and applying them to real-world settings to cause socially-significant changes in our clients' lives. Task: A-4

Which functional behavior assessment procedure involves marking whether or not a particular antecedent condition occurs during an observation, independent of whether the target behavior occurs or not? Contingent escape condition Scatterplots ABC Narrative Recording ABC Continuous Recording

Correct Answer: "ABC Continuous Recording." ABC continuous recording involves the observer documenting every time a particular antecedent (AKA environmental event) occurs. The observer also documents when the target behavior occurs and which antecedents and conditions occur with the target behavior. This will help determine which environmental events occur around the time the target behavior occurs and which environmental events occur without evoking the target behavior. "Contingent escape conditions" is incorrect since this is a condition of a functional analysis where escape is provided contingent upon the target behavior. "ABC Narrative recording" is incorrect because the antecedents and consequences are recorded only when the target behavior occurs. "Scatterplots" is incorrect because these simply record the target response and not the antecedents and consequences. Task: F-7

Which assessment tool would likely be MOST accurate for determining the function of a behavior? ABC data A functional assessment interview Questions About Behavioral Function® Functional Analysis Screening Tool®

Correct Answer: "ABC data." Functional analyses are the most accurate tools to determine the function of the behavior because it involves an experimenter systematically altering the environment to "trigger" a target behavior. Direct assessments are less accurate than functional analyses, but more accurate than indirect assessments. Direct assessments involve actually observing the behavior. ABC data collection is a direct assessment. Indirect assessments are the least accurate for determining a behavior's function. Indirect assessments involve questionnaires, checklists, interviews, etc. Since all of the answer options besides ABC data are indirect assessments, "ABC data" is the correct answer. Task: F-8 More info: What is the difference between a functional assessment screening tool and a functional analysis? FAST is designed to identify a number of factors that may influence the occurrence of problem behaviors. A functional analysis is the high level of a functional behavioral assessment. An FA is conducted to determine the function of a behavior. This is done by contriving situations and testing different conditions. Functional analysis is separate from indirect and direct assessments because the environment is controlled to learn the reason/purpose behind the person's behavior. Indirect assessments and direct assessments do not control anything in the environment.

Kenneth is a newly certified BCBA® who recently got hired by a local ABA center. His new boss asks him to supervise three BCBA® candidates. What should Kenneth do at the beginning of his supervision ? Have his own supervision performance monitored by another BCBA® who can then provide performance feedback to him. Allow his supervisees to anonymously provide feedback on his own performance. Allow his supervisees to contact him at any time with questions regarding supervision. (All of the above)

Correct Answer: "All of the above." A BCBA® in a supervisory role should have their supervisory performance occasionally monitored by another BCBA®, especially at the beginning of their supervisory experience. They should also let their supervisees provide feedback anonymously and allow them to ask questions regarding supervision at any time. As a supervisor, Kenneth should try his best to answer these questions in a timely manner. Task: I-2

A behavior analyst wants to begin using generalized conditioned reinforcers with her client. She believes this will help decrease the likelihood that her client will become satiated on a particular reinforcer. Which of the following stimuli can be used as a generalized conditioned reinforcer? Money A smile Saying, "Good job." (All of the above)

Correct Answer: "All of the above." A generalized conditioned reinforcer is a stimulus that functions as a reinforcer because it has been paired with multiple backup reinforcers. All of the above are examples of possible generalized conditioned reinforcers. Remember though, what functions as a generalized conditioned reinforcer for one person may not necessarily function as one to another person. The pairing of multiple backup reinforcers must be completed first. Therefore, these answers are not all necessarily generalized conditioned reinforcers but they CAN be generalized conditioned reinforcers through pairing procedures. Task: B-8

What is the difference between functional and topographical operational definitions? Functional operational definitions refer to all behaviors that are within a particular response class and topographical operational definitions do not. Topographical operational definitions refer to what the target behavior looks like. Functional operational definitions allow the intervention to focus on the variables that control the behavior. (All of the above)

Correct Answer: "All of the above." All of these are differences between topographical and functional operational definitions. Task: C-1

Elon is a BCBA®. He recently developed a mobile app to help increase eye contact in children with autism. Why should Elon use a single-subject research design, rather than a group research design in this scenario? Single-subject research designs allow us to analyze the performance of each participant. Single-subject research designs allow us to analyze trends and variability in each participant's data. Single-subject research designs allow for replication of the experimental results. (All of the above)

Correct Answer: "All of the above." Behavior analysts use single-subject research designs, as opposed to group research designs, for several reasons. Single-subject designs allow us to analyze every participant's performance. Whereas, group research designs analyze the overall behavior of an entire group of participants. Because we are able to analyze the performance of each participant using single-subject research designs, we are able to analyze the trends and variability in each participant's behavioral data. In addition, single-subject research designs allow for the replication of the experimental results within an experiment, helping strengthen the demonstration of the independent variable being responsible for the behavior change. Task: D-4

Which of the following is considered a behavior, according to radical behaviorists? A heartbeat Manding Thinking (All of the above)

Correct Answer: "All of the above." Behavior is everything we do as individuals. Some behaviors are only evident to those who are performing the behavior (such as thoughts, emotions, etc.). These behaviors are called private events. Radical behaviorists include private events in their analysis of behaviors. Task: A-3

Which is an example of a possible unwanted side effect of reinforcement? Positive reinforcement may strengthen all responses in a particular response class, including undesirable behaviors. Powerful reinforcers may evoke new behaviors that can interfere with learning. Purposefully withholding a reinforcer to create an establishing operation may be unethical. (All of the above)

Correct Answer: "All of the above." Positive reinforcement provided contingent on one behavior may develop or strengthen other behaviors in the same response class. If there is another behavior with a lower response effort that accesses the same reinforcer, this behavior could increase. For example, if a student earned a piece of candy for performing well in school that day... he could start stealing candy if it is easier to access candy that way. Powerful reinforcers can evoke behaviors that interfere with learning. If that same student enjoyed candy so much that candy was all he talked about and he refused to pay attention in class, this would be an example of an unintended side effect of the reinforcement procedure. Finally, creating a strong EO can be unethical. If you withheld water from a client for 24 hours so that he was willing to work really hard for water during your session, this would be extremely unethical. Task: H-5

Cameron's daughter, Kaylee, is 5 years old. Kaylee usually wakes up very early on the weekends, while Cameron is still sleeping. She is not allowed to have toys in her bedroom. Therefore, she plays with all of her toys in her playroom, which is right next to Cameron's bedroom. This usually wakes up Cameron. Therefore, Cameron made a new rule where Kaylee must stay in her room until 9:00am on Saturdays and Sunday mornings (other than to use the restroom). When Cameron went into Kaylee's bedroom at 9:00am on Saturday, he realized that Kaylee has peeled almost all of the wallpaper off of her bedroom walls. What is the BEST course of action Cameron could take in this situation? Use a restitutional overcorrection procedure Allow her to have toys in her bedroom in the future Implement a planned ignoring procedure Contact a behavior analyst

Correct Answer: "Allow her to have toys in her bedroom in the future." In this scenario, Kaylee was not allowed to play with toys in her bedroom. Therefore, she would play with her toys in the playroom, which usually resulted in waking up her father. When Cameron implemented the rule that Kaylee was only allowed to leave her bedroom to use the bathroom, he was surprised to find out Kaylee peeled all of the wallpaper off of her bedroom wall. It sounds like there are not very many preferred toys/activities available to Kaylee when she is in her bedroom. Sometimes, people find new ways to entertain themselves (automatic reinforcement) if their typically preferred activities/objects are unavailable. By allowing Kaylee to have toys in her room in the future, this will decrease the likelihood of her peeling wallpaper off of her walls. "Use a restitutional overcorrection procedure" is incorrect. Restitutional overcorrection is a form of punishment that requires the learner to restore the environment to its original state AND engage in activities to make the environment even more clean. Asking a 5-year-old to hang up wallpaper is impractical. "Implement a planned ignoring procedure" is also incorrect. This scenario did not say that her behavior was attention-maintained. Finally, it is likely not the best option to contact a behavior analyst. This situation appears to be easily fixable by allowing Kaylee to play with toys in her bedroom. A behavior analyst would likely be able to help in this situation, but an easier/more practical option is available. Task: F-2

All of the following are methods of collecting interobserver agreement (IOA) data, EXCEPT: Mean count-per-interval IOA Total duration IOA Unscored-interval IOA Alternating schedules IOA

Correct Answer: "Alternating schedules IOA." This term does not exist (the observers are supposed to be independently observing the same thing at the same time). Unscored-interval IOA, total duration IOA, and mean count-per-interval IOA procedures are all appropriate to use when calculating IOA data. Task: D-2

Amy is a behavior analyst who is working with a client that lives in a nursing home. Amy conducts an interview with the nurse at the nursing home to gain more information on her client's verbal aggression. The nurse says, "The antecedent to his verbal aggression is me trying to check his blood sugar. The consequence to his verbal aggression is that I don't take his blood pressure. I don't get paid enough to take this emotional abuse from him and I'm not risking getting hurt." What kind of behavioral assessment did Amy conduct? A direct assessment An indirect assessment A functional analysis (None of the above)

Correct Answer: "An indirect assessment." Amy conducted a functional behavioral interview, which is an indirect assessment. "A direct assessment" is incorrect since this is done at the moment the target behavior occurs. Even though the nurse is reporting the antecedents, behaviors, and consequences, this is not a direct assessment because she is recalling what happened in the recent past, rather than documenting the behavior as it occurred. "A functional analysis" is incorrect since this involves systematically altering the environment to determine why the behavior is occurring. Task: F-4

A teacher divides her students up into 4 groups, each group containing 5 students. She says, "If everyone in your group completes this math assignment within 10 minutes, everyone in your group will receive candy." What type of group contingency did the teacher use? An interdependent group contingency A dependent group contingency An independent group contingency (None of the above)

Correct Answer: "An interdependent group contingency." In an interdependent group contingency, the entire group will receive reinforcement ONLY if all participants in the group meet criterion for reinforcement. An independent group contingency is incorrect since this would mean anyone who completed the math assignment in time would receive candy. A dependent group contingency is incorrect since this would mean only one person would have to meet criterion for the entire group to receive reinforcement. Task: G-18

A baseball team is split up into 5 different groups, each containing 3 players. Each player gets to hit a baseball once. Then, each 3-player group finds the mean distance of their groups hits by adding the distances their baseballs traveled, divided by 3. The group that has the longest average hit gets to go home early (a reward). What type of group contingency is this? The Good Behavior Game A dependent group contingency An interdependent group contingency An independent group contingency

Correct Answer: "An interdependent group contingency." It is an interdependent group contingency since the behavior of every player in the 3-person group is measured to gain a reward for the entire group. "A dependent group contingency" is incorrect since the reward would be contingent upon the performance of one person in a group. "An independent group contingency" is incorrect since it would involve the reward delivered to any person who met criterion (not the group as a whole). "The Good Behavior Game" does not apply to this scenario since they were not tracking inappropriate behaviors.

You walk into a room and you hear your friend singing a popular song. When your friend notices you in the room, she becomes embarrassed and stops singing. You finish singing the song for her. Your verbal behavior is best described as: a tact. an echoic. an intraverbal. listener responding.

Correct Answer: "An intraverbal." Your verbal behavior is evoked by your friend's verbal behavior and is therefore an intraverbal. This is not a tact because you are not labeling anything. This is not an echoic since you are finishing the song (thus, you are not singing the same words as your friend). This is not listener responding because you were not following the demand of your friend. Intraverbal is the correct answer. Task: G-11

How often should interobserver agreement data be collected? At least 75% of the time if the study will be published and if the study will not be published, collecting interobserver data is not necessary Once per experimental phase About 1 time per every 3 sessions Around one-third of the time and at least once per experimental phase

Correct Answer: "Around one-third of the time and at least once per experimental phase." There is not necessarily a "rule of thumb" for how often IOA data should be collected, but by collecting it most of the time, it increases the believability of your experiment. It should at least be collected once per experimental phase and somewhere around one-third of the time throughout the entire experiment. Task: C-8

All of the following are dimensions of applied behavior analysis (according to Baer, Wolf, & Risley 1968), except: effective. generality. conceptually technological. behavioral.

Correct Answer: "Conceptually technological." The 7 dimensions of ABA are: analytical, applied, behavioral, conceptually systematic, effective, generality, and technological. Task: A-5

Lulu is a BCBA® for her school board. She does an assessment on a student in which the school and the parent have differing opinions on placement. She sees how she could create a behavior analytic program in both placements for the client. What should she do? Consult the teachers and side with the majority. Create both programs and explain how behavior analytic services will apply in both settings. Because multiple parties are involved and could be defined as a client, assess who is your client and provide services based on your client's needs. Parents are always right.

Correct Answer: "Because multiple parties are involved and could be defined as a client, assess who is your client and provide services based on your client's needs." Behavior analysts' responsibility is to all parties affected by behavior-analytic services. When multiple parties are involved and could be defined as a client, a hierarchy of parties must be established and communicated from the outset of the defined relationship. Behavior analysts identify and communicate who the primary ultimate beneficiary of services is in any given situation and advocate for his or her best interests. Ethics Code: 2.01 & 3.02. Task: E-3

A behavior analyst taught her client a new skill in a training setting. She now wants to attempt to generalize this skill to the client's natural environment. She has been using immediate reinforcement to teach the skill in the training environment. However, in the natural environment, the reward will be much more delayed. What can the behavior analyst do to help delay the gap between the behavior and the reward in the training setting? She can gradually increase the amount of time between the behavior and the delivery of the reward. When delivering the reward after the delay, she can remind her client which specific behavior earned the reward. (Both A and B) (Neither A nor B)

Correct Answer: "Both A and B." When trying to generalize and maintain a skill in the natural environment, it is crucial to make the training environment's schedule of reinforcement closely approximate the natural environment. Sometimes this involves teaching the client to wait for a reward. A behavior analyst can use several strategies when teaching a client to accept delayed rewards (rather than immediate ones). They can begin using continuous reinforcement during the acquisition phase and then fade to an intermittent schedule of reinforcement once the skill is reliably occurring. They can gradually increase the amount of time between the behavior and the reward until it matches the delay of the natural environment. Finally, when delivering the reward to the client they can specify the reason the client received that reward. This will help them understand the behavioral contingency in place. Task: G-22

Today is your first day working with a client, named Carter, who engages in physical aggression. You interview Carter's guardian regarding the physical aggression. The guardian reports that whenever he asks Carter to do any chore, he is likely to physically aggress. What is the function of the target behavior? Escape Attention Automatic (cannot determine with the information provided)

Correct Answer: "Cannot determine with the information provided." This is the behavior analyst's first day working with Carter. A functional behavioral assessment involves indirect assessment procedures, direct assessment procedures, and functional analyses. Of these, indirect assessments are oftentimes inaccurate (they are the least accurate of the 3 assessment procedures). Since the only thing the behavior analyst does is interview the guardian, we cannot assume the function of the behavior is escape (yet). Further assessment of the behavior needs to be conducted. The behavior could be maintained by multiple functions, including that the guardian could be overlooking important details, the guardian could be recalling past events incorrectly, etc. Therefore, we should never use indirect measures by themselves to "determine" the function of a behavior. Task: F-6

Conner's school had a talent show today. Conner performed tricks on his skateboard during his performance. When his act was over, his entire school stood up and clapped for him. The school clapping for Conner is an example of: positive reinforcement. negative reinforcement. a neutral stimulus. (Cannot determine)

Correct Answer: "Cannot determine." Many of you chose "positive reinforcement" for this question. However, we cannot determine that the school clapping serves as positive reinforcement. Positive reinforcement requires that the behavior occurs more frequently in the future, due to the reinforcer being delivered contingent upon that behavior. If Conner performed tricks on his skateboard in front of his school more frequently in the future, this would be positive reinforcement. "Negative reinforcement" is also incorrect since we do not know if the behavior increased in the future (and because a stimulus was added, not taken away). "Neutral stimulus" is incorrect with the information provided since we do not know whether or not everyone at the school clapping influenced Conner's future behavior. "Cannot determine" is the best answer choice for this question. Task: G-1

You are asked to see a client as a subject-matter expert. The client has a preexisting contract with your colleague. When would it be appropriate to discuss compensation and billing arrangements? It is necessary to hold a meeting or two to make sure that your services are needed. It is important to ensure a distinction between services so the client knows the value and remuneration for both providers. It is recommended for you, the subject-matter expert, to receive compensation from the provider and the client be charged more in their pre-existing contract. Compensation and billing arrangements should be discussed on the outset so that consent is informed and services are understood. Compensation is contingent on pre-determined results. Upon goals being achieved will you be compensated.

Correct Answer: "Compensation and billing arrangements should be discussed on the outset so that consent is informed and services are understood." As early as is feasible in a professional or scientific relationship, behavior analysts reach an agreement with their clients specifying compensation and billing arrangements. Do not make changes to the financial agreement without the client's/guardian's knowledge. Ethics Code: 2.07. Task: E-4

Jeremy corrects his supervisee and reminds him that behavior analysts should use uniform terms to describe behavior-analytic procedures so that they remain lawful and orderly. Which dimension of applied behavior analysis (Baer, Wolf, & Risley, 1968) does this describe? The "conceptually systematic" dimension The "technological" dimension The "analytic" dimension The "effective" dimension

Correct Answer: "Conceptually systematic." The conceptually systematic dimension of ABA means that behavior analysts should use similar terms and jargon to describe procedures to make our science lawful and organized. "Effective" means the intervention produces a meaningful change in behavior. "Analytic" means that we need to prove our intervention caused the change in behavior. "Technological" means that the procedures we use are described in enough detail so that they can be tested and repeated. Task: A-5

Functional analyses generally consist of which experimental conditions? Contingent alone, contingent play, contingent escape, and contingent attention conditions Attention, no attention, tangibles, and no tangibles conditions Control, play, contingent attention, and alone conditions Contingent escape, alone, contingent attention, and play conditions

Correct Answer: "Contingent escape, alone, contingent attention, and play conditions." These are the most common phases used, and sometimes a contingent tangible condition is used. The free play condition is used as the control. "Contingent alone" condition is technically incorrect because it is simply called the alone condition (the subject is alone during the condition... being alone is not contingent on his target behavior.) "Contingent play" is technically incorrect because it is simply called the play condition (the subject is playing during the play condition, therefore play is not delivered contingent on any target behavior). Task: F-8

A child is physically aggressive when asked to help clear the table. You determine the behavior serves the function of escape. What would be the most appropriate replacement response to teach the child if you were using functional communication training? "It is not nice when you hurt others. You should try to ask for a break instead." "Could I clear the table off after my stomach settles?" "I love you." "Why do I always have to do it?"

Correct Answer: "Could I clear the table off after my stomach settles?" Since the behavior is escape-maintained, a functionally appropriate behavior would also result in escape. Of these options, only one would result in escape from clearing the table. Since we are looking for his behavior, "It's not nice to hurt others..." is incorrect. The others are not functionally-appropriate. Task: G-14

Richard is taught to cross the street when the "WALK" sign illuminates. What would be an example of stimulus generalization? Crossing the street after a crossing guard tells him to cross. Riding a bicycle across the street after the "WALK" sign illuminates. Refusing to cross the street if the "WALK" sign doesn't illuminate, due to a power outage. (None of the above)

Correct Answer: "Crossing the street after a crossing guard tells him to cross." Stimulus generalization refers to a learner's behavior being evoked by a stimulus that is similar to the trained stimulus. The "WALK" sign was taught to evoke the behavior. If the crossing guard telling him to cross the road also evokes the behavior of crossing the road, this is considered stimulus generalization. Riding a bike across the road would be response generalization. Refusing to cross the road if the sign does not illuminate is not an example of stimulus generalization since it was not a new stimulus that evoked his behavior of crossing the road. Task: B-11

Instructions and rules will be most effective if they explain the exact behavior that is expected, under what conditions that behavior should occur, and what reinforcer (or punisher) will be received contingent upon the behavior. They must also include: deadlines (if applicable). who will deliver the punisher. the rationale for following the rule. who will deliver the reinforcer.

Correct Answer: "Deadlines." Rules and instructions should include deadlines because deadlines will make it more likely that the person will (or will not) engage in that behavior. It is not always necessary to include the rationale for why the rule must be followed. Consider a sign a sign on a store that says, "No shirt, no shoes, no service." From this rule, we can infer that if anyone walks into the store without shoes they will be asked to leave. However, it does not explain WHY the rule must be followed. The reason for the rule may be because the store is trying to avoid a lawsuit, should someone cut their bare foot in the store. Therefore, the rationale for the rule is not always necessary for the rule to be followed. However, it can oftentimes increase the likelihood of the rule being followed if people understand the rationale behind the rule. "Who will deliver the punishment or reinforcement" is not a crucial component of a rule. "Who should follow the rule/instruction" is also not necessarily critical either (since if everyone is supposed to follow the rule, it would not have to include a list of every person in the world). The only reason to not include a deadline would be if the rule is intended to last forever. Task: B-13

A changing criterion experimental design would be most beneficial to use for which of the following behaviors? Decreasing the amount of times an adult curses per day Teaching a child how to appropriately wash his hands Teaching your grandfather how to use a smartphone Decreasing a toddler's self-injurious behaviors

Correct Answer: "Decreasing the amount of times an adult curses per day." This is the best answer since it is a behavior that can be gradually decreased. Teaching a child how to wash his hands and teaching your grandfather how to use a smartphone are incorrect since this experimental design does not establish behaviors. It simply decreases or increases the frequency of a behavior that is already in the learner's repertoire. "Decreasing a toddler's self-injurious behaviors" would likely not use a changing criterion design since 0 instances of this behavior is considered acceptable. We likely would not want to decrease this behavior slowly over the course of weeks or months when it should not be tolerated at all. (Whereas, with an adult cursing, the behavior can be tolerated during a slow, systematic intervention since the behavior is not necessarily dangerous.) Task: D-5

All of these are examples of the 6 attitudes of science, EXCEPT: Replication Experimentation Determination Empiricism

Correct Answer: "Determination." The 6 attitudes of science are empiricism, replication, philosophic doubt, parsimony, experimentation and determinism (not determination). Task: A-2

The process of teaching someone when a particular response will (and will not) be reinforced is called: a stimulus equivalence procedure. a pairing procedure. behavior contrast. discrimination training.

Correct Answer: "Discrimination training." Discrimination training is the process of teaching someone when a particular response will be reinforced and when it will not. Discrimination training is complete when the response occurs only in the presence of an Sd and not in the presence of an S-delta. "Behavior contrast" is incorrect since this involves a behavior occurring at a higher rate in one context when it occurs less in another context. "Pairing procedures" is incorrect since that is the process of having neutral stimuli become reinforcers or punishers by pairing them with previously-established reinforcers or punishers. "Stimulus equivalence" is incorrect since this involves bringing novel stimuli under the same control of a known stimulus. Task: G-10

A behavior analyst has a client named Wilson. Wilson lives in a group home with 7 other people. There are 2 staff members on duty at all times. The behavior analyst creates an intervention plan where Wilson will get to go on an additional community outing every time he uses the restroom (rather than going in his pants). Before implementing this intervention, what else should the behavior analyst consider? What should the reinforcement schedule be? Is there a less restrictive intervention available? Does this group home have the resources necessary to implement this intervention as it is written? (All of the above)

Correct Answer: "Does this group home have the resources necessary to implement this intervention as it is written?" Given the large number of residents at the group home and the relatively few staff, it is first necessary to see if this intervention would be able to be implemented with fidelity. Due to resource/environmental constraints, it may be difficult for the staff to implement the intervention as written. "Is there a less restrictive intervention available?" is incorrect since this is not a restrictive intervention. (This scenario does not say that his access to community outings is restricted. It simply states that he earns an additional outing contingent upon the target behavior.) "What should the reinforcement schedule be?" is incorrect since the behavior analyst already determined Wilson would receive reinforcement for every response (FR1 schedule). Task: H-3

You develop a new intervention to help your client learn how to tie his shoes. You meet with your supervisee, Jurgen, to train him on the new intervention. You discuss the rationale of the intervention, you explain how to correctly perform the intervention, you model the intervention, and you observe Jurgen implementing the intervention with your client. When considering procedural integrity checks for an intervention, when should they be conducted? During each component of an intervention. During the baseline and intervention phases. Treatment integrity checks should be used in place of procedural integrity checks when starting new interventions. (All of the above)

Correct Answer: "During each component of an intervention." Procedural integrity is also known as procedural fidelity, treatment integrity, and treatment fidelity. It is the degree to which the staff are conducting the intervention as it was written. Behavior analysts should take procedural integrity data on all aspects of an intervention to ensure the staff are implementing the intervention correctly. This involves making sure the staff set up the environment in the way that was written in the intervention. It also involves analyzing whether or not the staff respond correctly to a client's behavior (e.g. the response measures portion of a behavior plan). Keep in mind that even if the staff have perfect treatment fidelity, it does not necessarily mean it will be an effective intervention. It simply means they are running the intervention exactly as it is written. If staff are not running the procedure as written, the behavior analyst can pull them aside and tell them which steps they performed correctly and what they need to do differently to perform the incorrect steps correctly. Treatment fidelity data is not collected during baseline phases since the treatment is not being conducted (no treatment=no treatment fidelity). Task: I-8

Which reinforcement schedules are characterized as having a post-reinforcement pause? Fixed-interval and fixed-ratio Variable-ratio and variable-interval Fixed-ratio and variable-ratio Fixed-interval and variable-ratio

Correct Answer: "Fixed interval and fixed ratio." FI and FR reinforcement schedules have post-reinforcement pauses. VI and VR reinforcement schedules do NOT have post-reinforcement pauses. Task: B-5

A behavior analyst is conducting a functional behavior assessment. She has just finished conducting all of the necessary indirect and direct assessments. What should her next step be? Develop the intervention Test her hypothesis on why the behavior is occurring Conduct a functional analysis Formulate a hypothesis on why the problem behavior is occurring by interpreting the data she collected

Correct Answer: "Formulate a hypothesis on why the problem behavior is occurring by interpreting the data she collected." Since she has finished collecting all indirect and direct behavioral data, her next step would be to analyze all of this data and to make a hypothesis on why the behavior occurred. Then she would test this hypothesis before developing the intervention (these two answer options are incorrect since they are not the NEXT step she should take). "Conduct a functional analysis" is incorrect since she is already done collecting direct and indirect data on the behavior (a functional analysis is a direct assessment). Task: F-9

Gail is teaching her mother how to log into a new social media account. There are 3 steps to this process. The first step is to go to the website. The second step is to enter the username and password. And the third step is to click the "Log In" button. Gail is going to teach her mother this process using backward chaining. What is the first thing that needs to happen in this scenario? Gail needs to go to the website. Gail's mother needs to click the "Log In" button. Gail needs to click the "Log In" button. Gail's mother needs to go to the website.

Correct Answer: "Gail needs to go to the website." The three steps of this task analysis are: 1) Go to the website, 2) Enter the username and password, and 3) Click on the "Log In" button. In this scenario, Gail is the trainer and her mother is the learner. Backward chaining involves the trainer initially completing all steps, except for the last step. When the last step is reliably occurring, the trainer completes all but the last two steps, etc. until the learner completes all of the steps independently. Therefore, Gail must complete the first two steps in this scenario so that her mother can complete the last step of the task analysis. Therefore, "Gail needs to go to the website" is the correct answer. Task: G-8

Larry and Mary are both 4-year-olds with autism who are in the same preschool class. Every time Larry engages in a tantrum, Mary does as well. You conduct a functional behavior assessment for Larry first and it determines that his tantrums are maintained by escape from demand. Based on these findings, we can also determine Mary's tantrums are maintained by: escape from Larry. escape from demands. attention (None of the above)

Correct Answer: "None of the above." We have determined that Larry's tantrums are maintained by escape from demands. However, this does not automatically mean that Mary's tantrums are maintained by escape from demand, even if they happen directly after Larry begins a tantrum. Her tantrums may be maintained by something entirely different such as escape from Larry's loud tantrums, modeling, access to social reinforcement because all attention is on Larry, etc. We should never assume that a behavior's function is the same for two people, without analyzing the behavior of both individuals separately. Task: F-9

Angela works in a group home. One of the clients in the group home has a token economy set up. One day, the client punches a wall, so she takes away a token, just as the behavior plans states to do. It works very well and he stops the aggression immediately. She begins taking tokens away from him whenever he does anything she does not want him to do, despite what the behavior plan says. Why did she do this? What was believed to be a reinforcer was actually a punisher. She lacks the education and training to implement a behavior plan accurately. Her behavior of taking a token away had powerful negative reinforcement effects that have generalized to other stimuli because the effects were so powerful. She is mean and should not have this job.

Correct Answer: "Her behavior of taking a token away had powerful negative reinforcement effects that have generalized to other stimuli because the effects were so powerful." Sometimes, the effects of punishment are so powerful and effective, that people working with the client may begin using the punishment procedure to punish other behaviors. This does not mean she was uneducated or needed to be trained better necessarily. She could have known exactly how to run the plan but purposefully deviated away from it because she learned how effective the punishment procedure was. It does not mean she is a mean person or that she should not have this job. "Being mean" is a very vague and subjective term; she was following the contingencies of negative reinforcement. She did not think this was a reinforcer when it was actually a punisher. Scenarios like this example are all too common in our field. As behavior analysts, we must ensure that people are running the behavior plans correctly so that our clients are living the most successful and independent lives as possible. Task: G-17

When using extinction, all of the following procedures may help minimize the possible unwanted side effects, EXCEPT: delivering non-contingent reinforcement. delivering reinforcement for appropriate behaviors in the same response class. telling the person that she will no longer receive reinforcement for that inappropriate response. increasing the motivation to receive the reinforcer that is being withheld.

Correct Answer: "Increasing the motivation to receive the reinforcer that is being withheld." You would not want to increase the motivation for the reinforcer, as this would not help the side effects of an extinction procedure (you would want to decrease the motivation for that reinforcer). All of the other examples may lessen the chances of negative side effects occurring during extinction procedures. Task: B-9

Jean Luc has completed an assessment and is about to share it with a new client. He notices their intake form shows that the family has recently relocated from Vietnam. Jean Luc is representing the field of behavior analysis which means graphs and terms should be written professionally and scholarly (similar language as one would find in a scholarly article). Jean Luc is a BCBA®. Part of being a BCBA® is using the proper technology and terms to explain behavior principles even in intake meetings. Since the client recently came from Vietnam, a translator must be present. Jean Luc is required to explain the results of the assessment in colloquial terms to the clients. He should inquire as to whether a translator would be helpful for the client and he should be prepared to explain on graphs in a manner in which the clients will understand. Because the family is new to the country, the assessment should be as brief as possible and any graphs should be translated.

Correct Answer: "Jean Luc is required to explain the results of the assessment in colloquial terms to the clients. He should inquire as to whether a translator would be helpful for the client and he should be prepared to explain on graphs in a manner in which the clients will understand." Behavior analysts explain assessment results using language and graphic displays of data that are reasonably understandable to the client. Ethics Code: 2.16. Task: E-3

Which goal includes all of the essential components of a behavioral goal? Joe will brush his teeth for 60 seconds, 2 times per day, once after breakfast and once before bed. Scott will greet others when they greet him, 100% of the time. Joan will put in her contacts every morning and take them out before bed. Daniel will exercise 75% of the days this month.

Correct Answer: "Joe will brush his teeth for 60 seconds, 2 times per day, once after breakfast and once before bed." Intervention goals should include: Who will perform the behavior. What behavior needs to be performed. The contexts/conditions in which the behavior should or should not occur. The criterion necessary to achieve the goal. Therefore, Joe (the performer) will brush his teeth (the behavior) for 60 seconds, 2 times per day (the criterion), once after breakfast and once before bed (the context/condition) is the best answer option. (All other answer options are missing at least one of these components.) Task: H-1

A child becomes aggressive when he wants access to his favorite stuffed animal. He does not have the ability to appropriately ask for his stuffed animal at this time. Of the following options, which is/are appropriate antecedent interventions for this scenario? A DRA procedure Mand training Tact training (All of the above)

Correct Answer: "Mand training" In this scenario, the child needs an appropriate way to ask for his stuffed animal. In addition, we are looking for an antecedent intervention. Mand training is an appropriate solution in this example because it would proactively teach the child how to appropriately ask for his stuffed animal in the future. "Tact training" is less correct. Even if the child is able to label the stuffed animal, it does not necessarily mean that he will start manding for it as well. "A DRA procedure" is incorrect since this would involve delivering the reinforcer only contingent upon an appropriate response. This would not be considered an antecedent intervention since it is contingent on the response. Task: F-3

Yesterday, Brittany found out she passed the BCBA® exam. She had waited a month to receive her score and was relieved when she heard the news. Today at a business meeting, her boss congratulated her and told her how proud she was of her. Brittany could not stop smiling all day. Her boss congratulating her is an example of: positive reinforcement. extinction. imitation. (None of the above)

Correct Answer: "None of the above." Positive reinforcement is response contingent and is delivered right after the response (not a month later). Also, she will not increase her behavior of taking the BCBA® exam in the future due to her boss's positive comments. Therefore, it cannot be considered positive reinforcement. Extinction is incorrect since this refers to a previously reinforced response no longer receiving reinforcement, which did not occur in this scenario. Imitation does not apply to this scenario since we were never given information about the boss imitating the behavior of a model. Task: G-1

A behavior analyst is working with a child who engages in tantrums. The tantrums can vary greatly in duration and sometimes it is difficult to determine when the child has stopped engaging in the tantrum. Of the following options, what type of recording procedure should the behavior analyst use? Partial-interval recording Duration recording Event recording Interresponse time recording

Correct Answer: "Partial-interval recording." Duration recording, frequency recording, and interresponse time recording are all considered continuous recording procedures. There are several reasons why discontinuous recording procedures (partial-interval recording, whole-interval recording, and momentary time sampling) are more beneficial than continuous recording procedures. The first reason a behavior analyst may want to use discontinuous, rather than continuous, recording procedures is because a behavior occurs so frequently that a behavior analyst is unlikely to be able to accurately count every time the behavior occurs. Another reason a behavior analyst may want to use discontinuous recording procedures is because they do not have the time to track every instance of the target behavior. Discontinuous recording procedures are particularly useful when the behavior's duration varies significantly from one instance to the next and/or when the behavior does not have a clear stopping and starting point. Task: C-9

A behavior analyst is teaching her client to initiate conversations with peers. The ultimate goal is to have the client initiate conversations with peers in her classroom, but she is first taught how to initiate conversations in a training room that is adjacent to her classroom. The behavior analyst has some of her client's actual classmates come into the training room to see if she will initiate conversations with them, prior to having her initiate conversations independently in her classroom. Which method of stimulus generalization is being used in this scenario? Training loosely A general case analysis Using indiscriminable contingencies Programming common stimuli

Correct Answer: "Programming common stimuli." Programming common stimuli involves taking stimuli from the natural environment and bringing them into the training setting so that the training setting approximates the natural environment. By bringing stimuli (her classmates) from the natural environment (the classroom) into the training environment, the training environment is more similar to the actual environment. "Using indiscriminable contingencies" is incorrect since this involves varying schedules of reinforcement. "A general case analysis" is incorrect since this would involve making a list of all peers she could initiate a conversation with. "Teaching loosely" is incorrect since this involves changing the non-critical parts of the Sd and this was not mentioned in this scenario. Task: B-11

You are a behavior analyst who is monitoring treatment integrity. You notice that your supervisee seems nervous and he begins to collect data inaccurately. Which of the following factors is most likely impacting the reliability of a data collection procedure? observer drift. reactivity. expectancy. symmetry.

Correct Answer: "Reactivity." Reliability means that if the same measurement system is used to record a similar phenomena, it should yield similar results. Expectancy, reactivity, and observer drift can negatively impact the reliability of data collection procedures. Reactivity refers to error in data collection because the observers know their behavior is being monitored at that time. It appears that this is the case since the supervisee appears nervous in your presence. A simple pairing procedure may be able to help fix this issue. "Observer drift" refers to observers accidentally altering the way they are supposed to collect data over time, and therefore is incorrect. "Expectancy" is incorrect since this refers to error in data collection due to the observer "knowing" what the data is intending to prove. "Symmetry" is incorrect because this refers to a stimulus equivalence procedure (and is not a threat to data reliability). Task: H-6

When Judy was a child, a squirrel bit her. This resulted in Judy having an extreme fear of squirrels in adulthood. Last week, a behavior analyst began working with Judy to decrease her fear of squirrels. She took Judy to the park where she frequently saw squirrels but was never bitten by one. Eventually, Judy was no longer afraid of squirrels. What procedure did the behavior analyst use with Judy, to make her no longer fearful of squirrels? Respondent conditioning Operant extinction Operant conditioning Respondent extinction

Correct Answer: "Respondent Extinction." The squirrel became a conditioned punisher because it was paired with the pain of her being bit as a child. The behavior analyst used respondent conditioning to un-pair the conditioned punisher (the squirrel) with the unconditioned punisher (the pain of being bit). The behavior analyst did this by repeatedly putting Judy in the presence of squirrels, without being bit. Over time, the squirrel became a neutral stimulus again because it was no longer paired with the pain Judy experienced by being bit by one as a child. Because the answer involved stimulus-stimulus pairing, "operant conditioning" and "operant extinction" are incorrect. "Respondent conditioning" is incorrect since this helps a neutral stimulus become a conditioned reinforcer or punisher. Task: G-15

When using a new intervention to teach a child to read, why shouldn't you use a reversal experimental design? Teaching a child to read in reverse may cause dyslexia. Reversing an intervention that is designed to improve reading skills will result in a deterioration of reading skills, which brings up ethical concerns. Reversing an intervention that is designed to improve reading skills will not result in a deterioration of reading skills during the baseline phases and therefore will not demonstrate experimental control. (It is appropriate to use a reversal design with reading.)

Correct Answer: "Reversing an intervention that targets reading will not result in a decrease in reading skills during the baseline phases and therefore will not demonstrate experimental control." Since reading is a skill that you cannot necessarily "unlearn," the subject's reading skills would not diminish in the baseline phases and it would therefore not demonstrate experimental control. Since a reversal design in this case would not result in a reduction in reading skills, this experimental design would not necessarily be unethical (but it would not be best practice). Finally, reading in reverse is not what a reversal design is, and reading in reverse does not cause dyslexia. Task: D-5

Tiffany's mother hands her a picture of a giraffe. Tiffany says, "Giraffe." Later on in the day, Tiffany's mother says, "Giraffe." Tiffany hands her the picture of a giraffe. This is an example of: an echoic. symmetry. reflexivity. transitivity.

Correct Answer: "Symmetry." This is an example of the stimulus equivalence procedure known as "symmetry". Symmetry means that once a learner is taught that A=B, then she can determine that B=A (without further training). Tiffany knew that the picture of a giraffe was equivalent to saying the word "giraffe". Then, without prior training, she determined that the spoken word "giraffe" was equivalent to the picture of a giraffe. This is not an echoic since verbal behavior did not evoke Tiffany's verbal behavior. Task: G-12

Richard is taught to cross the street when the "WALK" sign illuminates. What would be an example of response generalization? Crossing the street after a crossing guard tells him to cross. Riding a bicycle across the street after the "WALK" sign illuminates. Refusing to cross the street if the "WALK" sign doesn't illuminate, due to a power outage. (None of the above)

Correct Answer: "Riding a bicycle across the street after the "WALK" sign illuminates." Response generalization refers to a learner engaging in an untrained response that results in the same reinforcer as a trained response. He was taught to walk across the street. Riding a bike across the street would be a new way for him to cross the street (i.e. response generalization). Refusing to cross the street if the sign does not illuminate is not an example of response generalization since it is not a new method of crossing the street. Walking across the street after a crossing guard tells him to is an example of stimulus generalization. Task: B-11

What would be a function-based operational definition for gaining a peer's attention? Saying, "Hello", waving, tapping on a peer's shoulder, or any other behavior that results in gaining eye contact from a peer Verbally saying, "Hello," loud enough for a peer to hear from 10 feet away Having a conversation with a peer (All of the above)

Correct Answer: "Saying, "Hello", waving, tapping on a peer's shoulder, or any other behavior that results in eye contact from a peer." A functional operational definition involves all behaviors that are part of the response class. The outcome of the behavior is what is important and not necessarily the topography. Saying, "hello", waving, or tapping on a peer's shoulder all result in attention from peers. "Verbally saying "Hello" loud enough for a peer to hear from 10 feet away" is a topographical operational definition and does not include all behaviors in the response class. "Having a conversation with a peer" is likely too broad and does not include all behaviors of the response class. It also does not specify who initiated the conversation. Task: C-1

A(n) __________ is a stimulus that, when present, means that a particular response will likely be reinforced. A(n) __________ is a stimulus that, when present, means that a particular response will likely be punished. Sd; S-DP Sd; S-Delta S-DP; S-Delta S-Delta; S-DP

Correct Answer: "Sd; S-DP." An Sd (a discriminative stimulus) is a stimulus that signals reinforcement for a particular response is available. An S-DP (a discriminative stimulus for punishment) is a stimulus that signals that a particular response will likely be punished. An S-Delta means that reinforcement for a particular response is unavailable (but does not mean the response will be punished). Task: B-10

Zahra is a BCBA® who is starting center-based supervision having previously worked only in classrooms. A supervisee at the center has asked for supervision; what should Zahra do? If the supervisee is new to supervision, then it is best that they have an experienced supervisor for the client's environment. As a BCBA®, she is able to supervise supervisees performing behavior analytic services. She should first gain competence in center-based program development and oversight before offering supervision in a center-based program. She should consult company policy and follow the organization's stance on supervising supervisees.

Correct Answer: "She should first gain competence in center-based program development and oversight before offering supervision in a center-based program." Behavior analysts supervise only within their areas of defined competence. Zahra could technically supervise in a novel learning environment, outside her expertise, but it would not be responsible to do so until she is gained experience. Ethics Code: 4.02. Task: E-5

Lauren teaches her daughter to wave to her father after he waves to her. Lauren now wants to teach her daughter to wave to anyone if they wave to her. Lauren will have to work with her daughter on ______________ to help achieve this goal. stimulus generalization response generalization stimulus shape transformation (All of the above)

Correct Answer: "Stimulus Generalization" Stimulus generalization means that the behavior will be evoked by more stimuli than before. Since her dad waving evokes her waving response, stimulus generalization is necessary for her to begin waving to other people after they wave to her. (A new person waving is a new stimulus that should evoke the behavior of waving.) "Response generalization" is incorrect since this would involve her emitting new responses that serve the same function as waving. (This could involve her saying, "Hi" to her dad when he waves.) "Stimulus shape transformation" is incorrect since this involves fading a stimulus prompt's shape until it takes the shape of the natural stimulus, which doesn't apply to this scenario. Task: G-21

You are working with an adult who frequently hitchhikes because he does not understand the dangers of asking strangers for rides. You help him make a list of people he can accept rides from, which includes only family and friends. Making a list of ONLY people he can accept rides from is an example of: Stimulus maintenance Stimulus generalization Stimulus equivalence Stimulus discrimination

Correct Answer: "Stimulus discrimination." Stimulus discrimination involves fewer and fewer stimuli evoking the target response. Therefore, asking for rides from fewer people (only the people that he knows) is an example of stimulus discrimination. Stimulus equivalence and stimulus generalization involve making the response occur under MORE stimuli than it previously did. Stimulus maintenance is not a behavioral term (but response maintenance is). Task: B-11

From a young age, Ayla is taught to go to her basement when she hears a tornado siren. One day she sees a tornado in the distance and goes into her basement, even though there was no tornado siren. She was never trained to do this. What is this an example of? Stimulus generalization Response generalization Overgeneralization Programming common stimuli

Correct Answer: "Stimulus generalization." She was taught to go into the basement when she heard a tornado siren. However, she was not directly taught to go to the basement if she saw an actual tornado. However, the sight of the tornado evoked the same response that a tornado siren did, due to stimulus generalization (the same behavior of going into the basement occurred under an untrained stimulus). "Response generalization" is incorrect since the response did not change; only the antecedent stimuli changed. "Overgeneralization" is incorrect since this would mean going to the basement is controlled by multiple, incorrect stimuli. Programming common stimuli is incorrect since this would involve bringing stimuli from her natural environment into her training environment and this was not mentioned in the scenario. Task: B-11

Beth is in 3rd grade. She is the biggest bully in her class. She frequently makes fun of her classmates because she thinks it is funny. She doesn't care what others think about her. Sometimes she even makes fun of the teacher when she is alone with her teacher during detention. What is a functionally-appropriate replacement behavior a behavior analyst could teach Beth? Teach Beth how to gain attention in an appropriate manner. Teach Beth how to make her classmates laugh in an appropriate manner. Teach Beth how to entertain herself in a more appropriate manner. Teach Beth how to appropriately ask for a break when necessary.

Correct Answer: "Teach Beth how to entertain herself in a more appropriate manner." The likely function of this behavior is automatic reinforcement. She appears to behave this way simply because she enjoys doing so. She doesn't care what others think of her (i.e. she isn't doing it for attention). All clues lead to the function of automatic reinforcement, with the information given. Therefore, a functionally-appropriate replacement behavior would be for Beth to entertain herself in a more appropriate manner. Task: H-4

Clay engages in verbal aggression towards his mother. He engages in this behavior because it usually results in his mother giving him money. A behavior analyst wants to decrease Clay's verbal aggression. Which of these options is the most appropriate replacement behavior a behavior analyst can teach Clay? Teach Clay how to talk nicely to his father. Teach Clay to stand in front of a store and ask strangers for money when they walk by. Teach Clay how to maintain a job. Teach Clay how to count money.

Correct Answer: "Teach Clay how to maintain a job." Clay's verbal aggression is maintained by access to money. Therefore, teaching him how to maintain a job will result in the eventual access to money, which may decrease the likelihood of him engaging in inappropriate behaviors to access money in the future. Panhandling (asking others for money) is functionally appropriate... but it is not a socially-appropriate skill to teach. Talking nicely to his father (not his mother) is not functionally-appropriate. Teaching him how to count money is not necessarily functionally-appropriate either since it doesn't result in him gaining access to more money. Task: H-4

John has a history of attempting to set his house on fire because it has historically resulted in a lot of attention, which he enjoys. A behavior analyst wants to implement an extinction procedure to address John's behavior. What is wrong with the behavior analyst's recommendation of using an extinction procedure? The behavior analyst did not take into consideration the side effects of an extinction burst. The behavior analyst did not determine that attention was maintaining the behavior. The behavior analyst should have included a DRO procedure along with the extinction procedure. (There is nothing wrong with this scenario)

Correct Answer: "The behavior analyst did not take into consideration the side effects of an extinction burst." Setting fires is an extremely dangerous behavior. Putting this behavior on extinction (by not providing attention) could result in an extinction burst. An extinction burst for this behavior could result in serious injury or death. Therefore, an extinction procedure is likely not the best intervention choice for this situation. Task: G-15

A behavior analyst is working with a child who has seasonal allergies. The behavior analyst wants the child to blow his nose each time he sneezes. What would be the BEST measurement procedure the behavior analyst could use to determine if the child is blowing his nose each time he sneezes? The behavior analyst should measure permanent products by counting the number of tissues the child uses each day. The behavior analyst should measure the percent of occurrence. The behavior analyst should take frequency data on how many times the child sneezes. The behavior analyst should track the rate of the child's blowing-nose behavior.

Correct Answer: "The behavior analyst should measure percent of occurrence." The behavior analyst wants to track whether the child blows his nose each time he sneezes. Therefore, each sneeze is an opportunity to blow his nose. By determining the percentage of times he blows his nose after sneezing, the behavior analyst will be able to determine if the child is increasing his nose-blowing behavior after sneezing. Counting the number of tissues the child uses, counting how many times the child sneezes, and determining the rate of nose-blowing is not sufficient in determining if the child is blowing his nose each time he sneezes. Tracking the sneezing alone does not demonstrate whether or not the child is blowing his nose afterward. Counting the number of tissues the child uses may be inaccurate because we do not know how many times he sneezed, we do not know how many tissues he used each time, and we do not know if he used them after he sneezed or at another time, etc. Task: C-9

What is the ultimate goal of tact training? The tact becomes evoked by a nonverbal stimulus and is reinforced by generalized conditioned reinforcement. The tact will be controlled solely by the sight of that item. The tact will be controlled solely by someone else saying the name of the item. The tact will be controlled by someone asking the learner to label an item.

Correct Answer: "The tact becomes evoked by a nonverbal stimulus and is reinforced by generalized conditioned reinforcement." A pure tact is evoked by a nonverbal stimulus and is reinforced by generalized conditioned reinforcement such as praise. The goal of tact training is to help the learner engage in pure tacts (without any prompts). A tact does not have to be solely evoked by sight of the item. Any sense can evoke a tact. "That motorcycle is loud!" is a tact evoked by sound. Repeating what someone says or labeling something after you are asked are not pure tacts. Task: G-11

A first grader belches after lunch, which causes his classmates to laugh. This has caused disruptions in the classroom. His teacher begins withholding his drink from him during lunch to decrease his likelihood of burping. What is wrong with this scenario? The teacher did not consider practical issues associated with this intervention. He may still be able to belch even though the drink is withheld. The teacher did not consider ethical issues associated with this intervention. She should have attempted reinforcement procedures prior to taking his drink away. The teacher did not consider ethical issues associated with this intervention. The child should not be denied basic human rights. The teacher did not consider practical issues associated with this intervention. He will likely get "bootleg" reinforcement by drinking his peers' drinks or going to the restroom and stopping at a drinking fountain on the way.

Correct Answer: "The teacher did not consider ethical issues associated with this intervention. The child should not be denied basic human rights." We should never deny access to basic human rights such as water. This goes against the client's rights and is obviously not good for social validity. In general, it is recommended to try non-restrictive measures prior to using restrictive ones. However, even if non-restrictive interventions do not work, the intervention in this scenario would still not be warranted. The other answer choices are incorrect because this intervention should not have been used in the first place. Task: H-3

Josh is on a road trip by himself. He is driving to his parents' house for the holidays. He is so hungry that he can hear his stomach growling. Five minutes later, he sees a sign for a fast food restaurant in the distance. He pulls into the parking lot and goes inside. When the worker asks him what he would like to order, he says that he would like a burger and fries. The worker then gives him his food and he eats it very quickly. He then gets back in his car and continues his road trip. With regards to ordering his food, what is the discriminative stimulus in this scenario? His hunger The sound of his stomach growling The sight of the fast food sign The worker asking him what he would like to order

Correct Answer: "The worker asking him what he would like to order." The behavior of focus in this scenario is Josh ordering food. More specifically, it involves Josh saying, "I would like a burger and fries." To find the correct answer, we are looking for the stimulus (the Sd) that allows for Josh's behavior of ordering food to be reinforced. If Josh placed his order when he began to feel hungry, this would not be reinforced since he was sitting in his car alone. He would also not be reinforced for saying, "I would like a burger and fries" when his stomach growled because there is no one present to respond to his mand. In addition, the sight of the fast food sign would not signal that reinforcement is necessarily available. He could technically see the sign from hundreds of feet away and if he said, "I would like a burger and fries" this behavior would still not be reinforced. In this scenario, the worker asking him what he wants to eat serves as the Sd. Once this occurs, he can order his food and be reinforced by receiving his food. Task: B-10

What is the main purpose of collecting interobserver agreement data? To increase the believability of data To increase the accuracy of the data To increase the validity of the data To increase the repeatability of the data

Correct Answer: "To increase the believability of the data." Interobserver agreement data is collected to persuade the audience that the data is believable because more than one person was collecting data on the same thing at the same time. "Increasing accuracy" is incorrect since it doesn't show if the data is accurate, it only shows the extent of which two independent observers agree. "Increasing validity" is incorrect because it still doesn't show if the tracking forms are tracking what they are supposed to track. "Increasing repeatability" does not apply to this scenario. Task: D-2

Which method used to promote stimulus generalization involves changing non-critical aspects of the target Sd so that the response occurs under multiple stimulus conditions? Programming common stimuli Training loosely Indiscriminable contingencies Sequential modification

Correct Answer: "Training loosely." Training loosely involves changing non-controlling aspects of the discriminative stimulus so that the desired response can occur in numerous situations. "Sequential modification" involves training the response in one setting, then another setting, then another setting, etc. "Programming common stimuli" involves bringing common stimuli from the natural environment into the training environment to make the training environment more similar to the natural environment. "Indiscriminable contingencies" involves changing the schedules of reinforcement. Task: G-21

Once a learner is able to accurately demonstrate ________________, stimulus equivalence is complete. the ability to say, "Hi" to someone who waves to you the ability to wave to someone who says, "Hi" transitivity reflexivity, reversibility, and transitivity

Correct Answer: "Transitivity." Reflexivity, symmetry, and transitivity are all necessary to establish stimulus equivalence. (Reversibility is not one of the 3 essential aspects of stimulus equivalence. It is called symmetry, not reversibility.) Transitivity is the last step of stimulus equivalence and it can only be achieved after reflexivity and symmetry have been achieved. Therefore, once transitivity has been established, stimulus equivalence has been achieved. Saying, "Hi" or waving to someone may demonstrate symmetry. However, reflexivity, symmetry AND transitivity are necessary to demonstrate true/complete stimulus equivalence. Task: G-12

When presented with a picture of a dog, the learner is taught to say, "dog." When presented with the spoken word, "dog", the learner is taught to write the word, D-O-G. Without prior training, the learner sees a picture of a dog and writes down the written word, D-O-G. What type of stimulus equivalence is this? Reflexivity Transitivity Symmetry Matching law

Correct Answer: "Transitivity." Transitivity is correct because the stimulus-stimulus relation was derived from 2 other stimulus-stimulus relations (ex: A=B. And B=C. Therefore C=A). Since a picture of a dog results in saying, "dog" and saying, "dog" results in writing D-O-G, the learner derives the relation of the picture of the dog and writing D-O-G. "Reflexivity" is incorrect since this would involve the same stimulus-stimulus pairing to occur (ex: A=B). "Symmetry" is incorrect since this would involve an untrained relation deriving from the opposite stimulus relation (ex: A=B. Therefore B=A). "Matching law" is incorrect since this involves responding in a way that matches the level of reinforcement that is available in two separate schedules of reinforcement, which does not apply to this scenario. Task: B-15

Which stimulus equivalence procedure is generally the final step in establishing stimulus equivalence? Transitivity Reflexivity Symmetry Complexity

Correct Answer: "Transitivity." Transitivity occurs after symmetry and reflexivity have been established. Reflexivity generally occurs first, then symmetry, then transitivity. "Complexity" is not a stimulus equivalence procedure. Task: B-15

All of the following are threats to internal validity, EXCEPT: client attrition. bootleg reinforcement. maturation. treatment integrity.

Correct Answer: "Treatment integrity." Treatment integrity is not a threat to interval validity (though poor treatment integrity may be a threat). Treatment integrity refers to the intervention being ran as intended, which helps internal validity. (Treatment integrity is a "good" thing. However, "poor treatment integrity" would have been correct.) "Maturation" is a threat because it refers to the changes that a client undergoes throughout the duration of a long experiment. "Bootleg reinforcement" is a threat because it refers to clients obtaining reinforcement in ways other than through the intervention. This can negatively impact the effectiveness of an intervention. Finally, "client attrition" is a threat to internal validity since it refers to clients dropping out of an experiment over time. Task: D-2

A behavior analyst is working with her client, Lexi, in Lexi's home. At school, Lexi's teacher often asks the class a question and students raise their hand if they want to be called on. Lexi gets called on about 1 out of every 10 times she raises her hand. Lexi becomes upset if she raises her hand and does not get called on. She will oftentimes grunt, stomp out of the classroom, etc. The behavior analyst is helping Lexi tolerate not being called on. If the behavior analyst wants to maintain this skill in Lexi's natural environment, what schedule of reinforcement should she use? FR 10 VR 10 VI 10 FI 10

Correct Answer: "VR 10." Since it is unlikely that every single response will be reinforced in Lexi's natural environment (the classroom), the behavior analyst should try to approximate the schedule of reinforcement that actually occurs in the natural environment. This will help promote the generalization and maintenance of the skill. Since Lexi gets called on about every 10 times she raises her hand in the classroom, the behavior analyst should thin the reinforcement schedule to match this reinforcement schedule in her training environment. "About every 10 times"= Variable Ratio of 10 responses. Task: G-22

If a target behavior occurs at high rates during the play condition of a functional assessment, the behavior's function is likely: access to attention. access to tangibles. automatic. escape.

Correct Answer: "automatic." If a behavior occurs frequently during the play condition, it is most likely automatically reinforced. Since there are no demands being placed on the child in this phase, attention is being provided, and tangible items are available, the other answer options are incorrect. Task: F-9

A behavior analyst is taking data on the number of math problems her client completes. On Day 1, the behavior analyst determines that providing praise after her client completes a math problem results in the client completing many math problems. On Day 2, she stops providing praise and her client completes only 3 math problems. On Day 3, the behavior analyst provides praise again and her client completes many math problems. The behavior analyst conducted a(n): descriptive analysis. correlational analysis. experimental analysis. hypothetical analysis.

Correct Answer: "experimental analysis." An experimental analysis involves systematically altering an independent variable and monitoring what effects it has on the behavior. Since she added social praise, then removed it, and then added it again, she was manipulating the independent variable. She then determined that when social praise was provided, her client completed many more math problems. Therefore, this is an experimental analysis. A "descriptive analysis", "correlational analysis", and "hypothetical analysis" are all incorrect since these analyses do not involve manipulating the independent variable. Task: A-1

Johnny has four hours to complete his BCBA® exam, which has 175 questions. Johnny finished the exam in 17 minutes. He broke a record for the quickest exam time ever (and coincidentally broke the record for the worst exam score of all time). In regards to recording an answer on the test, next time Johnny takes the test, he should work on: decreasing his interresponse time. decreasing his latency. increasing his interresponse time. increasing his rate of responding.

Correct Answer: "increasing his interresponse time." If he increases his interresponse time (the time between him marking down an answer and the next time he marks down an answer) he will respond at a slower rate which will give him more time to assess the question and respond correctly. "Increasing his rate of responding", "decreasing his latency", and "decreasing his interresponse time" all mean that he would be responding even quicker than the first time he took the exam. Task: C-4

Procedural integrity checks should be conducted: on each component of an intervention. during baseline and intervention phases. instead of treatment integrity checks when using a multiple baseline design. (All of the above)

Correct Answer: "on each component of an intervention." Procedural integrity is also known as procedural fidelity, treatment integrity, and treatment fidelity. It is the degree to which the staff are conducting the intervention as it was written. Behavior analysts should take procedural integrity data on all aspects of an intervention to ensure the staff are implementing the intervention correctly. This involves making sure the staff set up the environment in the way that was written in the intervention. It also involves whether or not the staff respond correctly to a client's behavior (e.g. the response measures portion of a behavior plan.) Keep in mind that even if the staff have perfect treatment fidelity, it does not necessarily mean it will be an effective intervention. It simply means they are running the intervention exactly as it is written. If staff are not running the procedure as written, the behavior analyst can pull them aside and show them which steps they performed correctly and what they need to do differently to perform the incorrect steps correctly in the future. Treatment fidelity data is not typically collected during baseline phases since the treatment is not being conducted (no treatment=no treatment fidelity). Task: H-6

A conditioned reinforcer must be periodically paired with the established reinforcer that originally made that neutral stimulus a conditioned reinforcer. Otherwise, ____________ may occur. respondent extinction stimulus-stimulus pairing respondent conditioning operant extinction

Correct Answer: "respondent extinction." A stimulus-stimulus pairing procedure involves pairing a neutral stimulus with an established stimulus; the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned reinforcer since it takes the eliciting properties of the established stimulus. These two stimuli have to be paired periodically so that the previously neutral stimulus will maintain the properties of the established stimulus. Otherwise, respondent extinction may occur. "Operant extinction" is incorrect since it involves withholding reinforcement for a previously reinforced response. "Respondent conditioning" and "stimulus-stimulus pairing" are incorrect since they establish reinforcers. Task: B-3

Darius was taught in driver's education class to turn on his blinker before turning into his driveway. One day, Darius realizes that his blinker is not working. Therefore, he rolls down his window and uses a hand gesture to signal to other drivers that he is turning into his driveway. In this example, using a hand gesture instead of his blinker is an example of: stimulus generalization. response generalization. response maintenance. multiple exemplar training.

Correct Answer: "response generalization." This is response generalization because Darius used an untrained response (hand gestures) that is functionally equivalent to the trained response (turning on his blinker). It is functionally equivalent because it signaled to the other drivers that he was about to turn his car into his driveway. "Stimulus generalization" is incorrect because this would involve untrained stimuli that evoke the same response. (An example of stimulus generalization would be him turning on his blinker to turn into somewhere other than his driveway, such as a store's parking lot.) "Response maintenance" is incorrect since this would involve him using the same response (turning on his blinker) rather than a new response. Finally, "multiple exemplar training" is incorrect since this involves teaching the learner a wide variety of stimulus conditions and response variations, which was not mentioned in this scenario. Task: G-21

Jake's wife tells him, "If you buy the ingredients for cake on your way home from work, I'll make a cake for you on Sunday." Jake loves cake. Therefore, he picks up the ingredients on his way home. Jake's behavior is an example of: a direct-acting contingency. negative reinforcement. positive reinforcement. rule-governed behavior.

Correct Answer: "rule-governed behavior." A rule is a verbal statement that explains a behavioral contingency. Jakes wife said, "IF you buy the ingredients, THEN I will make you a cake on Sunday." Since his behavior was governed by a rule, the correct answer is "rule-governed behavior". "A direct-acting contingency" is incorrect since this would mean that the behavior would result in immediate reinforcement. The delay in the reward was too delayed for it to be considered positive reinforcement (he didn't receive the cake until Sunday). And since no negative stimulus was removed, this is not negative reinforcement. (It also never told us if Jake's behavior of buying cake ingredients increased in the future.) Task: B-12

Multiple baseline experimental designs include designs across: subjects, settings, and behaviors. settings, people, and places. people, places, and things. subjects, behaviors, and people.

Correct Answer: "subjects, settings and behaviors." Multiple baseline across subjects, multiple baseline across settings, and multiple baseline across behaviors are the 3 subsets of a multiple baseline design. Task: D-5

A researcher is conducting an experiment to determine if a training program is successful at improving students' test scores. In this experiment, the __________ is the independent variable and the ___________ is/are the dependent variable. test scores; training program training program; test scores training program; students students; test scores

Correct Answer: "training program; test scores." The independent variable is the intervention that is being applied. The dependent variable is the behavior that is being tracked to see if the independent variable is effecting it. Therefore, in this scenario, the training program is the independent variable and the test scores is the dependent variable. Task: D-1

A functional relation can be demonstrated through: systematically applying a dependent variable and monitoring how it effects an independent variable. descriptive, correlational, and experimental analyses. maturation, sequence effects, and attrition. verification, replication, and prediction.

Correct Answer: "verification, replication, and prediction." These are essential for demonstrating experimental control. "Descriptive and correlational analyses" do not demonstrate experimental control. "Systematically applying a dependent variable and monitoring how it effects an independent variable" is incorrect (IV is what is added and the DV is what is monitored). "Maturation, sequence effects, and attrition" are threats to validity and therefore do not help demonstrate a functional relation. Task: D-3

A parametric analysis could be used to determine: which component(s) of an intervention package are necessary to maintain the treatment effects. if a DRO, DRA, and timeout intervention package is effective. whether or not a DRO, DRA, and timeout intervention package is necessary. what is the most effective length of a timeout in a DRO, DRA, and timeout intervention package.

Correct Answer: "what is the most effective length of a timeout in a DRO, DRA, and timeout intervention package." A parametric analysis is used to determine "how much" of an intervention is necessary to control the behavior (AKA the range in which the independent variable is most successful). Therefore, determining how long a timeout needs to be in order to maximize effectiveness of an intervention package is considered a parametric analysis. A parametric analysis is not necessarily used to determine IF an intervention is effective, it is used to determine "how much" of an intervention is necessary to control the behavior. "To determine which components of an intervention package is effective" is incorrect; this would be a component analysis. Task: D-6

Intervention goals should include: who will engage in the behavior, which behavior should occur, when it should and should not occur, and why the behavior is important. who will engage in the behavior, which behavior should occur and which behaviors should not occur, when the correct behavior should occur, and how often the unwanted behaviors should occur. who will engage in the behavior, which behavior should occur, when it should and should not occur, and how often it should occur. who will engage in the behavior, which behaviors should not occur, why they should not occur, and when they can occur (if applicable).

Correct Answer: "who will engage in the behavior, which behavior should occur, when it should and should not occur, and how often it should occur." An intervention goal should include: 1) the target behavior in measurable and observable terms, 2) who will engage in this behavior, 3) how often or long the behavior should occur for, and 4) and under which environmental conditions the behavior should occur. It does not need to include why the behavior is important, when undesirable behaviors should occur, or why undesirable behaviors should not occur. Task: H-1

An echoic is evoked by a __________ and is reinforced by __________. verbal Sd that has formal similarity (but does not have point-to-point correspondence); generalized conditioned reinforcers. verbal Sd that has formal similarity and point-to-point correspondence; generalized conditioned reinforcers. verbal Sd that has point-to-point correspondence (but does not have formal similarity); generalized conditioned reinforcers. (None of the above)

Correct Answer: An echoic is evoked by a verbal Sd that has formal similarity and point-to-point correspondence and is reinforced by generalized conditioned reinforcers. Therefore, the other options are incorrect. Task: B-14