Behavior & Motivation Ch. 11

What are the four core features of human agency (also according to Bandura)? (p. 343-344)

Intentionality, forethought, self-reactiveness, self-reflectiveness

What happens if we reward someone for doing what they love to do? (p. 347)

Intrinsic motivation can be undermined by the presence of rewards because the rewards reduce the individual's sense of autonomy; the individual may contribute their behavior to the reward contingencies rather than their own will

How does Kenrick's notion of the hierarchy of needs differ from Maslow's? (p. 340)

It includes analyses of each need on three levels: (a) evolutionary significance, (b) developmental trajectory, and (c) the specific environmental stimuli that trigger each need at any given moment

What does White believe about the play of children? (p. 342)

It is triggered by the child's attempt to master the environment effectively

What do we need to become fully functioning individuals? (p. 333)

Must have unconditional positive regard so that we can "let down" our defenses and allow the self to change and grow

___________ occurs when we begin to see the value of an activity for its own sake. (p. 348)

Identified regulation

Describe Rogers' idea of unconditional positive regard. (p. 332)

When a person is accepted and loved regardless of behavior; we receive experiences that allow us to see that we are loved regardless of what we do; come from interactions with our parents

Describe Rogers' conditional positive regard. (p. 333)

When positive regard is contingent (dependent) upon specific behaviors; individuals are made to feel they are worthwhile only if they behave in certain ways

Differentiate between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. (p. 346)

When you engage in intrinsically motivated behaviors you are doing so because you want to and we enjoy the activity itself. When engaging in extrinsically motivated behaviors it is because we are expecting reward or trying to avoid punishment.

Briefly describe one of the criticisms of Rogers' approach. (p. 334)

(pick one) - many of the terms Rogers used are not operationally defined: terms like self-actualizing tendency are not defined in operational terms; a common problem in psychology - the environment is regarded as an important source of motivational change, yet it is unclear which environmental conditions will enhance growth and which will hinder it: a clearer distinction between situations that lead to unconditional versus conditional positive regard would help clarify the role of the environment in motivation. - it implies a "me first" psychology: Rogers said little about how feelings of responsibility toward others may lead to growth - Rogers's approach does not emphasize to any great extent the goals toward which an individual may be striving: Although he has emphasized the striving, he has largely ignored the end products of that striving as important determinants of behavior - Rogers' theory is weak empirically: He has not specified the components of his theory in a manner that can be easily tested

Why is it that most people fail to self-actualize? (Choose one of the listed reasons.) (p. 337-338)

(pick one) - the tendency toward growth is weaker than the deficiency motives - western culture, with its emphasis on the negative nature of human motivation, has worked against our trusting of our inner nature - growth requires the taking of chances - people are afraid of their own abilities

What are origins and pawns, according to deCharms? (p. 342)

- origin: believes that our behavior is controlled by our own choices - pawn: perceives our behavior as being controlled by external forces over which we have no control

What are proxy agency and collective agency? (p. 344-345)

- proxy agency: when we take advantage of each other's areas of expertise; by living in a group it is not necessary for everyone to be an expert at every conceivable task - collective agency: the ability of groups to accomplish more than can be done by the same number of individuals working alone

What are relatedness and autonomy? (p. 345)

- relatedness: our need to feel a sense of belongingness with others - autonomy: our need to freely integrate our experiences with our sense of self (ex: Melissa recognizes that reading is an important lifetime skill, and may thus exercise her autonomy and choose to do more of it)

Briefly describe the four criticisms of Maslow's self-actualization that are presented in the text. (p. 338)

- replicability: we are to take Maslow's word that the people he studied had the characteristics he described - the theory has been criticized as elitist: might not describe people in general - a motivation toward growth may not be as general as Maslow proposed since so many people fail to become self-actualized - criticized because of its vagueness in language and concepts and its general lack of evidence

Why are people reluctant to talk about their peak experiences? (p. 339)

Because the experiences were special, intimate, and personal

The self-actualized individual has satisfied all the deprivation needs of the first four levels. What motivates his behavior? ['different conditions' is not the answer] (p. 337)

Being needs or B-motivation/metamotivation

How does Maslow's view of the unconscious differ from Freud's? (p. 334)

Believed that motivations for much of our behavior may occur at an unconscious level, but saw the unconscious in much more positive terms

What must we understand about the arrangements of needs in Maslow's hierarchy? (p. 334)

Needs lower in the hierarchy are stronger and must be satisfied before higher needs will be triggered. However, the hierarchy is not totally rigid: we can partly satisfy lower needs allowing higher needs to become partially active

What are the five characteristics of the fully functioning individual? (p. 333)

Openness to experience, existential living, trust in one's own organism, sense of freedom, creativity

Define competence. (p. 345)

Our need to have some control over our environment

Explain Bandura's reciprocal causation. (p. 343)

The idea that our behavior (B), environment (E), and personal (P) factors influence and are influenced by one another

What does Shostrom mean by 'time competence' in reference to the self-actualized person? (p. 338)

The self-actualized individual appears to live in the present but can meaningfully tie past or future events to the present

Self-actualized people are not perfect, and are subject to the same problems as others. From where do their feelings of guilt, anxiety, sadness, etc. appear to arise? (p. 337)

Their realization that they are not all that they could be

Full functioning does not guarantee happiness, nor is it an easy process. What CAN we expect of (and as) a fully functioning individual? (p. 333)

To be more comfortable with life situations (whether happy or not) and to cope with situations in open and flexible ways

Maslow later decided there were two types of self-actualized individuals. What are the two? (p. 337)

Transcenders or peakers & nontranscenders or nonpeakers