Behavior Mod Exam 4
systematic desensitization
reducing fear or anxiety by repeatedly exposing a person to emotional stimuli while the person is deeply relaxed -widely practiced techniques derived from classical conditioning
GRADUATE EXPOSURE DIFFERS FROM FLOODING IN THAT THE THERAPIST HELPS THE CLIENT DEVELOP A _______________ TO GUIDE EXPOSURE TO FEAR EVOKING STIMULI.
hierarchy
exposure based treatments grew out of _______ (classical/operant) conditioning traditions
CLASSICAL
how do effects of CT for depression compare to medications?
CT effects are more enduring
evidence based treatment
"therapies that had strong support" reinforcement, shaping, maladaptive cognitions, problem solving strategies, mindfulness, trust, and therapeutic alliance -empirical evaluations *highly valued*
Ch 9 study guide
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is reinforcement more or less difficult to control when it is delivered by peers?
MORE DIFFICULT -parents teachers or staff are usually unaware that peers are even providing reinforcing consequences for each other's behavior
how effective are exposure based treatments?
VERY
pivotal responses
a target or domain of functioning that when focused on leads to widespread changes in many other behaviors that have not been targeted
flooding
a treatment for phobias in which clients are exposed repeatedly and intensively to a feared object and made to see that it is actually harmless
Mindfulness
an awareness of one's current experience including bodily functions, consciousness, and other aspects of the moment
IF EXTINCTION HAS BEEN USED SUCCESSFULLY BEFORE, THE NEXT TIME WILL BE (EASIER/HARDER).
easier
what are some possible side effects of extinction ?
emotional responses -agitation -frustration -feelings of failure -rage -aggression
what is the only method for determining which reinforced is maintaining a behavior
empirical observation
NOTHER NAME FOR EXTINCTION OF BEHAVIORS DEVELOPED THROUGH NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT IS ___________ EXTINCTION.
escape
WHAT IS IT CALLED WHEN AFTER EXTINCTION IS IMPLEMENTED, THERE IS A SUDDEN INCREASE IN THE TARGET BEHAVIOR?
extinction burst
EXTINCTION IS SLOWER WHEN A BEHAVIOR WAS DEVELOPED USING A CONTINUOUS SCHEDULE OF REINFORCEMENT. (TRUE/FALSE)
false
STUDIES SHOW THAT ESCAPE EXTINCTION IS INEFFECTIVE IN TREATING SIB (SELF-INJURIOUS BEHAVIOR). (TRUE/FALSE)
false
WITHDRAWING ATTENTION FROM A STUDENT WHO ACTS OUT IN CLASS WILL ALWAYS RESULT IN A REDUCTION OF THE ACTING OUT BEHAVIOR. (TRUE/FALSE)
false
WITHDRAWING ATTENTION FROM A STUDENT WHO ACTS OUT IN CLASS WILL ALWAYS RESULT IN SIDE EFFECTS LIKE EMOTIONAL REACTIONS. (TRUE/FALSE)
false
negative cognitive triad
negative thoughts about the self, the world, and the future
is it recommended to use extinction when dealing with dangerous behaviors?
no because extinction does not have rapid effects and they may seriously injure themselves or someone else
flooding
no relaxation training -based on habituation
what percent of those receive treatment?
only 30% 70% do NOT
systematic desensitization
pairing of trained relaxation responses with actual or imagined stimuli -based on classical (counter) conditioning
what is often paired with extinction for pro-social behavior?
reinforcement
COMBINING EXTINCTION WITH POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT FOR DESIRED BEHAVIOR IS MORE EFFECTIVE THAN EXTINCTION ALONE (TRUE/FALSE).
true
IF A PROBLEM BEHAVIOR WAS DEVELOPED ON AN INTERMITTENT SCHEDULE, ACCIDENTAL REINFORCEMENT IS A PARTICULARLY BIG THREAT TO THE EFFECTIVENESS OF EXTINCTION PROCEDURES. (TRUE/FALSE)
true
IF ONE CANNOT IDENTIFY THE STIMULI BEFORE OR AFTER THE TARGET BEHAVIOR ONE SHOULD NOT USE EXTINCTION (TRUE/FALSE).
true
IT IS NOT USUALLY A GOOD IDEA TO ATTEMPT EXTINCTION UNLESS YOU CAN IDENTIFY AND CONTROL THE REINFORCER MAINTAINING THE TARGET BEHAVIOR. (TRUE/FALSE)
true
ONE CONSIDERATION WHEN DECIDING ON USING EXTINCTION IS WHETHER THE TARGET PERSON AND THE PEOPLE IN THE ENVIRONMENT CAN ENDURE AN EXTINCTION BURST. (TRUE/FALSE)
true
when is extinction not likely or feasible?
when the source of reinforcement is not easily controlled or eliminated ex: criminal behavior like stealing cannot be controlled because the reinforcer is the thrill from the rewards
ONE PROBLEM WITH USING EXTINCTION ALONE IS THAT IT DOESN'T TEACH A DESIRABLE BEHAVIOR THAT WOULD BE PREFERABLE TO THE TARGET BEHAVIOR. (TRUE/FALSE)
true
SYSTEMATIC DESENSITIZATION IS A TECHNIQUE DERIVED FROM CLASSICAL CONDITIONING TO HELP REDUCE AVOIDANCE BEHAVIORS. (TRUE/FALSE)
true
T/F PMT can play a role in the development of child behavior problems
true
USING EXTINCTION WITH DANGEROUS BEHAVIOR IS NOT ENCOURAGED. (TRUE/FALSE)
true
what is the main concern of spontaneous recovery?
that the response will be accidentally reinforced
pivotal response training for autism
-ABA plus 2 unique features (pivotal responses & natural training - uses child selected stimuli and direct/natural reinforcers
Early Intensive Behavioral Intervention for Autism
-ABA used to teach language, play skills and social interaction skills -now includes parents
graduated exposure
-NOT like flooding -hierarchy of situations -exposed to low doses of anxiety or situation low on hierarchy
list of evidence based treatments
-exposure based treatments -parent management training -early & intensive behaviors interventions for autism -pivotal response training for autism -rational emotive behavior psychotherapy -cognitive therapy for depression -problem solving skills training -dialectical behavior therapy
what are some common targets for extinction
-hypochondriacal complaints -tantrums -vomiting -aggressive behavior -not staying in ones bed at night -disruptive classroom behaviors
what are a few scenarios where extinction of negatively reinforced behaviors may be used
-parent nagging and child beings to shout; parent cannot stop nagging just bc child shouted -child with SIB asked to complete a task and child begins SI; SIB cannot stop them from completing the last -feelings of anxiety make you avoid situation; do not permit anxiety to cause escape, expose yourself to the anxiety provoking situation to make situation no longer cause anxiety
How does the S-O-R differ from the S-R model
-stimulus organism response the O stands for cognition, behavior, and emotional states; internal processes in addition to environmental cues
****when/how should you use extinction
-when the reinforcer can be identified and controlled -when extinction bursts would not be harmful -when the people administering the program will be able to tolerate the procedures
5 problem solving skills
1. Alternative solution thinking 2. Means-End thinking 3. Consequential thinking 4. Casual thinking > ability to relate events to the behavior of another person 5. Sensitivity to interpersonal problems
what are 3 pivotal behavior examples
1. motivation to respond to social and environmental stimuli 2. self initiation 3. socializing
why does it help to use positive reinforcement for behaviors incompatible with the response dealing with extinction?
1. problems of effectively executing extinction are mitigated 2. reduced side effects 3. extinction alone does NOT guarantee a desirable behavior will replace the extinguished one
criteria for identifying evidence based treatments
1. random assignment of subjects to conditions 2. careful specification of the population 3. use of treatment manuals 4.multiple outcome measures 5. statistically significant differences between treatment and a comparison group 6. replications of outcome effects, especially by independent investigator or team
what % of the population meets the criteria for 1 or more psychiatric disorders
25%
how much do anxiety disorders cost
42 billion
how much does substance abuse issues cost
500 billion
BECAUSE USING EXTINCTION ALONE CAN GENERATE A VARIETY OF NEGATIVE SIDE EFFECTS P____________ REINFORCEMENT COMPONENTS ARE OFTEN ALSO INCLUDED. (TRUE/FALSE)
?? true
who developed cognitive therapy for depression
Aaron Beck -negative cognitive triad
Who created Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy?
Albert Ellis
during an extinction nurse, and __________ (+/-) behavior runs a higher risk of accidental reinforcement during a burst
NEGATIVE
escape extinction
NOT allowing escape -do everything possible to PREVENT letting them "escape" -several studies of SIB, aggressive and disruptive behavior have shown that escape extinction alone or in combination with prompting and positive reinforcement techniques can effectively eliminate behavior
Extinction of negatively reinforced behavior
The aversive stimulus is no longer removed following the behavior
empirical observation
The direct observation of that which is being studied in order to understand it
extinction burst
an increase in the frequency of responding when an extinction procedure is initially implemented. -ex: of 9 month old vomiting
what do most people assume is the reinforcer maintaining behavior?
attention from adults or peers *NOT ALWAYS TRUE*
FLOODING IS INTENDED TO EXTINGUISH (APPROACH/AVOIDANT) BEHAVIOR.
avoidant
why is extinction often slow or weak in its effects
because behaviors might have been previously positively reinforced intermittently
what kind of behavioral problems can PMT prevent
coercive patterns ex: corporal punishment leads to increased aggression/avoidance
what did behavior therapy expand into?
cognitive therapy
acceptance
complements mindfulness and emphasizes accepting and embracing one's private thoughts and experiences
EXTINCTION IS EASIER IF THE TARGET BEHAVIOR WAS DEVELOPED WITH A _________ SCHEDULE
continous
what are the most common targets of CBT
current determinants/experience (mindfulness & acceptance) and changes to behavior/cognition *rather than history determinants or childhood conflicts*
BECAUSE THE EFFECTS OF EXTINCTION ALONE ARE OFTEN SLOW, IT IS NOT A GREAT CHOICE FOR WHAT KIND OF BEHAVIOR?
dangerous
autism
deficits in social interaction, verbal and nonverbal communication, delays in cognitive development & adaptive functioning, and repetitive/ritualistic behaviors -affects 1 in 110 children
Negative cognition leads to ____________ but does not CAUSE it
depression -may create a diathesis for depression
what does rational emotive behavior therapy target
faulty irrational thought patterns
GRADUATE EXPOSURE IS FAR LESS INTENSE AS A TREATMENT THAT ____________.
flooding
BEFORE DOING AN EXTINCTION PROGRAM, ONE SHOULD CONDUCT A ______ _______.
functional analysis
WHILE IT IS COMMON FOR ADULTS TO ASSUME ATTENTION IS MAINTAINING A PROBLEM BEHAVIOR YOU WON'T KNOW FOR SURE UNLESS YOU DO WHAT?
functional analysis (would accept empirical observations)
what should you do when identifying the reinforcer?
functional analysis!!!
EXTINCTION USUALLY RESULTS IN (QUICK/GRADUAL) REDUCTIONS IN A TARGET BEHAVIOR.
gradual
unlike punishment, extinction often results in a _________ response
gradual -- punishment has more immediate effects
what is the current vision of flooding
graduated exposure -no relaxation but uses successive approximations
the greater the amount of a particular reinforcer given for a response the __________ (greater/lesser) resistance of the response of extinction)
greater
the more intermittent the schedule of reinforcement was the _______(greater/less) resistance of the response to extinction
greater
EXPOSURE THERAPIES KEEP A PERSON IN CONTACT WITH A FEARED STIMULUS UNTIL ANXIOUS FEELINGS DISSIPATE. THE FEAR RESPONSE IS SAID TO HAVE ____________.
habituated
the process of anxiety diminishing over time with flooding
habituation
important terms for exposure based treatments for anxiety
habituation, flooding, graduated exposure, counter-conditioning, and relaxation training (cards 62-65)
EXTINCTION IS HARDER IF THE BEHAVIOR WAS DEVELOPED WITH A(N) (CONTINUOUS/INTERMITTENT) SCHEDULE OF REINFORCEMENT.
intermittent
Extinction of positively reinforced behavior
involves withholding the consequence that was previously delivered after the behavior *most focus of extinction is on this*
the ______(longer/shorter) a extinction period is the more likely for accidental reinforcements
long
WHAT IS IT CALLED WHEN YOU HAVE USED EXTINCTION SUCCESSFULLY BUT THEN AFTER NOT SEEING THE BEHAVIOR FOR A WHILE, THE BEHAVIOR TEMPORARILY RECCURS.
spontaneous recovery
what premise did Ellis create rational emotive behavior therapy
that irrational thinking results in emotional disturbances and unproductive behavior/choices
why are avoidance behaviors so difficult to overcome?
the escape/avoidance from the aversive situation helps to sustain the connection between some cues and anxiety -escaping the cues contribute to maintaining behavior ex of dog jumping over barriers to prevent electric shock
spontaneous recovery
the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response -strength of response is usually LESS than it was before
cognitive variables addressed in contemporary CBT
thoughts, perceptions, beliefs, expectations *these do not mean that environment or behavior are any less important*
what is the example of extinction from positive reinforcement in the text where an ABAB design was used but it might not actually have been extinction?
tina the hair twirler and use of the mittens
why is there a need for functional analysis?
to evaluate which reinforcer is maintaining the behavior
what is the example of extinction in the text of the use of extinction from positive reinforcement with multiple baselines across individuals?
to reduce infant night time awakenings (except for chid 3 there was a clear effect)
A PRIMARY FEATURE OF ESCAPE EXTINCTION IS THAT AN INDIVIDUAL'S BEHAVIOR IS NOT ALLOWED TO HELP THEM ESCAPE WHAT THEY CONSIDER TO BE AN AVERSIVE STIMULUS. (TRUE/FALSE)
true
ANXIETY COULD BE TREATED BY TECHNIQUES SUCH AS GRADUATED EXPOSURE. (TRUE/FALSE)
true
AT THE BEGINNING OF EXTINCTION PROCEDURES, WE OFTEN SEE AN INCREASE IN THE TARGET BEHAVIOR. (TRUE/FALSE)
true
what is the example of extinction from positive reinforcement in the test of the use of extinction with multiple baselines across behaviors?
withdrawing attention for 1.) object mouthing 2.) destruction of property and 3.) aggression
can extinction be used as the MAIN technique used to decrease undesirable behavior?
yes- IT MAY
