Behavioral Sciences CH:5 Motivation, Emotion and Stress
Compare eustress and distress
Eustress: "positive" stress Distress: "negative stress" occurs when experiencing unpleasant stressors
Is Capital one of the drives of Drive reduction theory?
No. Primary Drives in Drive Reduction Theory include the need for food, water, warmth, and generally to promote processes responsible for homeostasis. Capital would be a Secondary Drive, since it had to be learned to be valuable.
List the 7 universal emotions
happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, disgust, contempt
In Kluver-Bucy Syndrome, patients are known to express hyperorality, hypersexuality and disinhibited behavior. Which part of the brain, normally associated with fear and anxiety, is usually affected by Kluver-Bucy Syndrome? (A) Amygdala (B) Thalamus (C) Hypothalamus (D) Hippocampus
(A) Amygdala The amygdala is known for controlling anger/violence and fear/anxiety. Kluver-Bucy Syndrome is a bilateral destruction of the amygdala, causing the aforementioned symptoms.
In the case of Phineas Gage, a metal rod penetrated Gage's skull. Afterwards, he showed less inhibition, along with increased crudity, temper, and an inability to plan. Which two areas were most likely injured? (A) Amygdala and Pre-Frontal Cortex (B) Amygdala and Hypothalamus (C) Cerebellum and Hypothalamus (D) Cerebellum and Pre-Frontal Cortex
(A) Amygdala and Pre-Frontal Cortex The metal rod injured mainly the pre-frontal cortex (planning and inhibition) and the amygdala (crudity and temper).
Which of the following is not one of Lazarus' three categories/responses of primary appraisal? (A) Fearful (B) Irrelevant (C) Benign/positive (D) Stressful
(A) Fearful Lazarus' three categories/responses of primary appraisal include irrelevant, benign/positive, and stressful.
Match the following functions to the appropriate structure (A) prefrontal cortex (B) ventral prefrontal cortex (C) ventromedial prefrontal cortex I. planning + decision making II. controlling emotional response from amygdala + decision making III. expressing personality IV. experiencing emotions
(A) I and III (B) IV (C) II
When you are hungry, your ______________ will signal to you that you are hungry. Once you've eaten enough and are full, your ____________ will signal to you to stop eating. (A) Lateral Hypothalamus, Ventromedial Hypothalamus (B) Ventromedial Hypothalamus , Lateral Hypothalamus (C) Ventromedial Hypothalamus , Ventromedial Hypothalamus (D) Lateral Hypothalamus, Lateral Hypothalamus
(A) Lateral Hypothalamus, Ventromedial Hypothalamus When you are hungry, your Lateral Hypothalamus will signal to you that you are hungry. Once you've eaten enough and are full, your Ventromedial Hypothalamus will signal to you to stop eating.
While taking illicit drugs, Mary-Kate experienced a state of euphoria. Which of the following nervous system structures was most likely affected? (A) Limbic System (B) Frontal Cortex (C) Lateral Hypothalamus (D) Ventromedial Hypothalamus
(A) Limbic System The limbic system is known for controlling emotion, cognition, motivation and pleasure, and is a common target for illicit drugs.
Which of the following are not one of the three components of emotion? (A) Logical (B) Physiological (C) Cognitive (D) Behavioral
(A) Logical The three components of emotion are physiological, cognitive, and behavioral.
Which of the following is not an element of emotion? (A) Logistical (B) physiological (C) behavioral (D) cognitive
(A) Logistical the three elements of emotion are: physiological, behavioral, and cognitive
Elizabeth has always dreamed about being a doctor, but she is not studying hard for the MCAT because she needs to work her hourly job at Walmart in order to pay the bills and afford groceries. Which theory of motivation is best able to explain Elizabeth's situation? (A) Maslow's Hierarchy (B) Evolutionary Approach (C) Cognitive Approach (D) Optimal Arousal Theory
(A) Maslow's Hierarchy According to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, we fulfill basic needs before higher-level needs just as Elizabeth is doing in this situation.
The instinct theory of motivation is best described as (A) people are motivated do things based on evolutionary programed instincts (B) people are motivated to reach optimal alertness (C) people are motivated to do things in order to reduce/eliminate internal states of tension and seek homeostasis (D) satisfying needs drives motivation
(A) people are motivated do things based on evolutionary programed instincts
Which describes the function of the amygdala? (A) plays a roles in production of emotion and interpretation of facial expressions (B) acts as a sensory relay station to send sensory information to the proper areas of the brain (C) synthesizes and release neurotransmitters the affect mood and arousal (D) helps create long term emotion memory (E) involved in planning, decision making and expressing personality
(A) plays a roles in production of emotion and interpretation of facial expressions
Which of the following is not a part of the General Adaptation Syndrome (G.A.S.)? (A) Alarm (B) Action (C) Exhaustion (D) Resistance
(B) Action The order of the three steps are: Alarm, Resistance and Exhaustion.
After sleeping through her alarm on her Biology test day, Kourtney's body releases a hormone to redistribute glucose in her body. This same hormone suppresses her immune system, and she develops a cold later that week. Which hormone most likely caused these changes? (A) Epinephrine (B) Cortisol (C) Oxytocin (D) Norepinephrine
(B) Cortisol Cortisol is a glucocorticoid that redistributes glucose and suppresses the immune system as part of the "fight or flight" response.
Max explains his desire to eat lasagna at dinner as resulting from his innate need for food. Which theory of motivation is Max relying upon to make this explanation? (A) Maslow's Hierarchy (B) Evolutionary Approach (C) Cognitive Approach (D) Optimal Arousal Theory
(B) Evolutionary Approach The Evolutionary Approach focuses on the role instincts play in motivation. Max is explaining his motivation in terms of innate instincts that make him want to eat.
Which of the following primary appraisal(s) will trigger the start of a secondary appraisal? I. Irrelevant II. Benign/ Positive III. Stressful (A) I only (B) III only (C) II and III (D) I, II and III
(B) III only Only a first appraisal of "stressful" will trigger a secondary appraisal.
In the final month before her PhD dissertation, Rebecca has been working long hours and feels her stress levels rising. Which of the following is not a suitable coping or management technique to reduce the effects of stress? (A) Exercise and meditation after work (B) Increasing her daily eating habits to account for her increased workload and energy usage (C) Having "perceived control" over her dissertation (D) Cognitive flexibility which allows her to change her perspective on the situation
(B) Increasing her daily eating habits to account for her increased workload and energy usage Increasing her eating does nothing to combat the real stressor or manage the stress that comes with it. Cognitive flexibility, perceived control, exercise and meditation are all appropriate coping and management techniques.
Fill in the blanks: There are two main classes of motivation that depend on where the motivation comes from. A motivation coming from internal forces would be _________ motivation, whereas motivation from external forces would be ____________ motivation. (A) Extrinsic, Intrinsic (B) Intrinsic, Extrinsic (C) Ego, Id (D) Internal, External
(B) Intrinsic, Extrinsic There are two main classes of motivation that depend on where the motivation comes from. A motivation coming from internal forces would be Intrinsic motivation, whereas motivation from external forces would be Extrinsic motivation.
Which of the following is not one of the major categories of stressors? (A) Significant life change (B) Relationships (C) Catastrophe (D) Daily Hassle
(B) Relationships The four major categories of stressors include significant life change, catastrophe, daily hassles, and ambient (global and happening in background).
Which of the following are categories of secondary appraisal? I. Harm II. Challenge III. Threat (A) II only (B) I and II only (C) I and III only (D) I, II and III
(D) I, II and III Harm (what has already happened), Challenge (how the threat can be conquered) and Threat are the three categories considered in secondary appraisal.
After working in a neurobiology research lab for a semester and learning the basics, your PI tells you she has something for you that will "engage your prefrontal cortex" more. Which of the following interpretations is most likely? (A) She wants to coordinate your left and right hemispheres better. (B) She wants to give you a larger project where you will solve problems and make decisions. (C) She wants to elicit a fear response out of you before she awards you a greater role in the lab. (D) She wants you to recall all of the relevant literature you have read during the previous semester.
(B) She wants to give you a larger project where you will solve problems and make decisions The Prefrontal Cortex is in charge of problem solving, decision making and managing behavior in social situations. Congratulations on the new project!
Which of the following is a scale based on stress, and is measured using "life change units"? (A) Life Changing Stress Scale (B) Social Readjustment Rating Scale (C) Stressor-Based Stress Scale (D) Resistance Rating Scale
(B) Social Readjustment Rating Scale The Social Readjustment Rating Scale measures stress using "Life change units" as a scoring system.
Which of the following is not a cognitive reaction used to interpret surroundings? (A) Appraisal (B) Surveying (C) Expectations (D) General Thoughts
(B) Surveying Appraisal, expectations and general thoughts will combine to produce an emotional reaction.
Ever since Becca became concussed, she has noticed her senses are all impaired except for smell. Which structure did she most likely injure? (A) Amygdala (B) Thalamus (C) Hypothalamus (D) Hippocampus
(B) Thalamus The thalamus acts as a relay station for all senses except smell, sending the information to various parts of the cortex.
Based on the previous descriptions of Emotion Theories, which of them would be best described as a Two-Factor theory, where two processes must occur before an emotion is experienced? (A) The James-Lange Theory (B) The Schachter-Singer theory (C) The Lazarus Theory of Emotion (D) The Cannon-Bard theory
(B) The Schachter-Singer theory The Schachter-Singer theory states both arousal and the labeling of arousal (assigning a reason for the arousal) need to occur before an emotion is felt.
an individuals expectancy for success and value for success is best described by which theory? (A) opponent process (B) expectancy-value (C) incentive (D) expectation-determination
(B) expectancy-value
The arousal theory of motivation is best described as (A) people are motivated do things based on evolutionary programed instincts (B) people are motivated to reach optimal alertness (C) people are motivated to do things in order to reduce/eliminate internal states of tension and seek homeostasis (D) satisfying needs drives motivation
(B) people are motivated to reach optimal alertness
Which best describes cognitive response? (A) how humans interact with each other due to some stimuli (B) subject interpretation of ones emotions based on past experiences (C) facial expression + body language (D) how the ANS responds
(B) subject interpretation of ones emotions based on past experiences
Self-Determination Theory is another motivational theory based on needs. Which of the following is NOT one of the three universal needs outlined in this theory? (A) Competence (B) Autonomy (C) Belonging (D) Relatedness
(C) Belonging The three universal needs outlined by Self-Determination Theory are Autonomy, Competence and Relatedness.
Which of the following structures is not a recognized part of the Limbic System? (A) Amygdala (B) Thalamus (C) Cerebellum (D) Hippocampus
(C) Cerebellum The Limbic System is recognized to include the Hypothalamus, Amygdala, Thalamus, and Hippocampus (HATH).
Sarah is motivated to go to work because she knows that it is the responsible thing to do. When asked why she doesn't skip work to party, she replies that it makes rational sense to go to work so that she can pay the bills and not end up living on the streets. Which theory of motivation is Sarah relying upon to make this explanation? (A) Maslow's Hierarchy (B) Evolutionary Approach (C) Cognitive Approach (D) Optimal Arousal Theory
(C) Cognitive Approach Sarah is relying on logical thinking to explain her motivation. The Cognitive Approach focuses on rationality and decision-making abilities.
Which of the following scenarios would most follow the James-Lange theory of emotion? (A) Ashley is crying because she is already sad from not getting a rose. (B) Seeing a ghost, Scooby simultaneously started to feel fearful and started to scream (C) Holding your puppy can make you happy by increasing heart rate, which changes certain neurotransmitter levels in the brain (D) Jadeveon screamed in anger before the football play, because he thought the other team would score.
(C) Holding your puppy can make you happy by increasing heart rate, which changes certain neurotransmitter levels in the brain.
Expectancy-Value theory claims that which factor does NOT determine how much motivation is needed to reach a goal? (A) The individual's expectation of success in reaching this goal. (B) How much the individual values reaching this goal. (C) How attainable the process of reaching the goal is.
(C) How attainable the process of reaching the goal is. According to Expectancy-Value Theory, the amount of motivation needed to reach a goal depends on how much the individual expects to succeed at the goal and how much they value reaching that goal.
Clayton was in the woods hunting deer when he drew the attention of a black bear. Which area of the limbic system will regulate his fight-or-flight response to this scare? (A) Amygdala (B) Thalamus (C) Hypothalamus (D) Hippocampus
(C) Hypothalamus The hypothalamus regulates the autonomic nervous system, including the fight-or-flight and the rest-and-digest principles.
Which of the following are reasons some emotions are argued to be Universally expressed? I. Humans have evolved the same sets of facial muscles to express emotions, regardless of society/culture. II. Life events will be reacted to with similar emotions, regardless of society/culture. III. Regardless of society/culture, people will use the same expressions to communicate their emotions. (A) I only (B) I and II only (C) I and III only (D) I, II and III
(C) I and III only Two of the main reasons that Darwin argued emotions are Universally expressed are: I. Humans have evolved the same sets of facial muscles to express emotions, regardless of society/culture. II. Regardless of society/culture, people will use the same expressions to communicate their emotions.
Yerkes-Dodson Principle could also best be applied to which of the following ideas learned from extreme distress in animal experiments? (A) Classical Conditioning (B) Operant Conditioning (C) Learned Helplessness (D) Schrodinger's Box
(C) Learned Helplessness In Learned Helplessness experiments, an animal has been so distressed that their performance has dropped, believing that they have no control over their stressors. Classical and Operant conditioning may have increases in arousal, but it could be either Eustress or Distress. Learned Helplessness is almost certainly extreme distress, making it a better answer.
Jim is working out because he likes the respect he gets from his friends when they see his six-pack at the beach. Which level of Maslow's Hierarchy is Jim relying upon? (A) Safety (B) Phsyiological (C) Self-esteem (D) Belongingness/Love
(C) Self-esteem The need for Self-esteem is closely related to our desiring of respect from others, just as is the case with Jim the muscle man.
When a healthy amygdala is stimulated, which of the following feelings is not evoked? (A) Anger/Violence (B) Fear (C) Sexual Drive (D) Anxiety
(C) Sexual Drive When a healthy amygdala is stimulated, feelings of anger, violence, fear and anxiety are evoked. Hypersexuality is one of the symptoms of a damaged amygdala.
Which best describes behavioral response? (A) how humans interact with each other due to some stimuli (B) subject interpretation of ones emotions based on past experiences (C) facial expression + body language (D) how the ANS responds
(C) facial expression + body language
The drive reduction theory of motivation is best described as (A) people are motivated do things based on evolutionary programed instincts (B) people are motivated to reach optimal alertness (C) people are motivated to do things in order to reduce/eliminate internal states of tension and seek homeostasis (D) satisfying needs drives motivation
(C) people are motivated to do things in order to reduce/eliminate internal states of tension and seek homeostasis ex. you are at the gym and are super thirsty, but your trainer says you can't get water until you do 20 more pushups. According to this theory, you are motivated to the pushups so that you can quench your thirst
Which describes the function of the hypothalamus? (A) plays a roles in production of emotion and interpretation of facial expressions (B) acts as a sensory relay station to send sensory information to the proper areas of the brain (C) synthesizes and release neurotransmitters the affect mood and arousal (D) helps create long term emotion memory (E) involved in planning, decision making and expressing personality
(C) synthesizes and release neurotransmitters the affect mood and arousal
Which of the following examples best exhibit Darwin's theory that emotions have an adaptive or inherent value? (A) A child sees their parent bargaining with a sales clerk for a discount, and will attempt bargaining with their teacher. (B) A toddler is told to use their words to explain what is wrong, but the toddler only cries. (C) A child throws a tantrum after watching their younger sibling complain and get a toy. (D) A blind man will use similar facial expressions as the general public, even though he's never seen them.
(D) A blind man will use similar facial expressions as the general public, even though he's never seen them. The blind man could not have "learned" these expressions without seeing them, but he still expresses them as others do. A and C both are learned from watching others (not innate). B has no adaptive value, since using words would improve the situation.
CRB The hippocampus is also involved in storing Emotional Memory. Which of the following is the best description of Emotional Memory? (A) A memory of an event that always triggers the same, strong emotion in you. (B) A memory of an event that always triggers the same emotional response. (C) Any memory that can trigger an emotional response. (D) The actual feelings of emotion associated with some remembered event. (D) The actual feelings of emotion associated with some remembered event. Emotional memory is the implicit part of memory, which stores the actual feelings of emotion associated with some remembered event. A small chihuahua is laying in the shade and sees a coyote approaching. Not realizing that the coyote presents a dangerous situation, the chihuahua does not react. Which term best describes the step in which the chihuahua interpreted the threat level of the coyote? (A) Evaluation (B) Stressor (C) Stress reaction (D) Appraisal
(D) Appraisal Appraisal is the step where the situation is interpreted and Lazarus claims it can be much more impactful than the individual stressor.
According to many psychologists, which of the following categories of stressors is the most significant form of stress due to its recurring nature? (A) Significant life change (B) Ambient (C) Catastrophe (D) Daily Hassle
(D) Daily Hassle
Fill in the blanks: The ________ prefrontal cortex is associated with cognition and attention, whereas the __________ prefrontal cortex connects with areas that experience and control emotions. (A) Dorsal, Ventromedial (B) Ventromedial, Ventral (C) Ventral, Dorsal (D) Dorsal, Ventral
(D) Dorsal, Ventral The Dorsal prefrontal cortex is associated with cognition and attention, whereas the Ventral prefrontal cortex connects with areas that experience and control emotions.
Clayton was in the woods hunting deer when he drew the attention of a black bear. Which area of the limbic system will regulate his fight-or-flight response to this scare? (A) Amygdala (B) Thalamus (C) Hypothalamus (D) Hippocampus (C) Hypothalamus The hypothalamus regulates the autonomic nervous system, including the fight-or-flight and the rest-and-digest principles. After a severe biking accident, Lamelo suffers from anterograde amnesia (unable to form new memories). Lamelo can still access old memories. What area has Lamelo likely damaged? (A) Amygdala (B) Thalamus (C) Hypothalamus (D) Hippocampus
(D) Hippocampus The Hippocampus is in charge of converting short-term memories into long-term memories.
The adaptive value of Emotion can also be seen in the Yerkes-Dodson Law. Which of the following descriptions are true regarding Emotion, Arousal and the Yerkes-Dodson Principle? I. An emotional response will typically include physiological Arousal. II. Increasing arousal can increase performance on a task, to a certain point. III. Because over-arousal can harm performance, there is a "sweet spot" of optimal arousal for tasks. (A) I only (B) I and II only (C) I and III only (D) I, II and III
(D) I, II and III Each of the following are accurate descriptions based on Emotion, Arousal and the Yerkes-Dodson Principle: I. An emotional response will typically include physiological Arousal. II. Increasing arousal can increase performance on a task, to a certain point. III. Because over-arousal can harm performance, there is a "sweet spot" of optimal arousal for tasks.
Which of the following are examples of the negative effects of elevated levels of stress? I Frontal cortex and hippocampus atrophy II Anger III Addiction (A) II only (B) III only (C) I and II (D) I, II and III
(D) I, II and III Negative effects of stress include frontal cortex and hippocampus atrophy, anger, addiction, anxiety, and depression.
John enjoys being a physician. He finds it to be much more mentally stimulating than his last job cleaning toilets and much less scary than his old job cleaning windows on 100-story skyscrapers. He feels like he is motivated to be at work because it is exciting to the right level. Which theory of motivation is John relying upon to make this explanation? (A) Maslow's Hierarchy (B) Evolutionary Approach (C) Cognitive Approach (D) Optimal Arousal Theory
(D) Optimal Arousal Theory John has found the optimal level of arousal and it is motivating him to perform his job. In accordance with this, the Optimal Arousal Theory would suggest that John is also performing his job well due to a balanced level of arousal.
Based on previous descriptions, which of the following Emotion theories would be supported by knowing sensory information is received by and sent to both the cortex and sympathetic nervous system simultaneously by the thalamus? (A) The James-Lange Theory (B) The Schachter-Singer theory (C) The Lazarus Theory of Emotion (D) The Cannon-Bard theory
(D) The Cannon-Bard theory The Cannon-Bard theory states that physiological arousal and feeling an emotion occur at the same time. Seeing that singaling is simultaneous with the thalamus and both the cortex and sympathetic nervous system, this is the best answer.
The hippocampus is also involved in storing Emotional Memory. Which of the following is the best description of Emotional Memory? (A) A memory of an event that always triggers the same, strong emotion in you. (B) A memory of an event that always triggers the same emotional response. (C) Any memory that can trigger an emotional response. (D) The actual feelings of emotion associated with some remembered event.
(D) The actual feelings of emotion associated with some remembered event. Emotional memory is the implicit part of memory, which stores the actual feelings of emotion associated with some remembered event.
Which best describes physiological response? (A) how humans interact with each other due to some stimuli (B) subject interpretation of ones emotions based on past experiences (C) facial expression + body language (D) how the ANS responds
(D) how the ANS responds the physiological element of emotion deals with how the ANS responds to stimuli. Ex. change in HR, BP, body temp, etc
The need based theory of motivation is best described as (A) people are motivated do things based on evolutionary programed instincts (B) people are motivated to reach optimal alertness (C) people are motivated to do things in order to reduce/eliminate internal states of tension and seek homeostasis (D) satisfying needs drives motivation
(D) satisfying needs drives motivation
Explain Alarm, Resistance, and exhaustion in the general adaptation syndrome
Alarm: stress stimulates hypothalamus + adrenal medulla --> secretes hormones (cortisol, NE and Epi) Resistance: the sympathetic nervous system "fights" the stressor Exhaustion: body cannot maintain elevated sympathetic NS activity, at this point you are more proned to illness
compare approach-approach, avoidance-avoidance, and approach-avoidance conflict
Approach-approach: need to choose between 2 desirable options Avoidance-avoidance: choices between 2 negative options Approach-avoidance: deals with 1 choice that has both positive and negative elements
Compare and contrast Maslows hierarchy of needs and the self-determination theory
Both are need-based theories of motivation Maslows hierarchy: we are motivated to satisfy needs in a particular order. The most basic need must be met before you can go on to fulfill other needs Self-determination: emphasizes the role of the 3 universal needs (autonomy, competence, relatedness)
Which of the following are not two of Ekman's 6 sets of universal emotions? (A) Happiness and Surprise (B) Sadness and Anger (C) Fear and Disgust (D) Excitement and Anticipation
D) Excitement and Anticipation Ekman's six universal emotions are happiness, sadness, fear, disgust, anger and surprise.
Stressors can be divided by if they cause distress or eustress. If you scored above your goal on the MCAT, would this trigger distress or eustress? And what is the difference between the two?
Distress results from negative stressors, whereas Eustres results from positive stressors. In this case, scoring above your goal on the MCAT would be a positive stressor, so you would be in Eustress!
Compare explicit and implicit memory in terms of emotion
Explicit memory: a experience/memory about the emotion ex. Remembering that you were happy during your graduation Implicit memory: is the storage of the actual feelings associated with the emotion ex. sensation of happiness when placed in a similar situation
Compare extrinsic and intrinsic motivation.
Extrinsic motivation is due to an expected reward to avoiding punishment Intrinsic motivation is from within. An internal drive/driven by ones interest
T/F conflict stresses arise from the fact that we don't have any choices to make
F conflict stresses arise from eh fact that we HAVE a choice to make
T/F sexual motivation is only influenced by hormones
F hormones along with cultural + social factors influence sexual motivation
T/F the instinct theory is also called the cognitive theory of motivation
F the instinct theory is also called the BIOLOGICAL theory of motivation
True or False? Emotions are generally considered a voluntary response.
False. Emotions are generally considered an INVOLUNTARY response.
CRB True or false? The Ventromedial Prefrontal cortex is a part of the Ventral Prefrontal cortex, and is specifically involved in decision making and stimulating emotional responses.
False. The Ventromedial Prefrontal cortex is a part of the Ventral Prefrontal cortex, and is specifically involved in decision making and CONTROLLING emotional responses.
True or False? The main male reproductive issue regarding chronic stress is decreased levels of testosterone to the point of infertility.
False. The main male reproductive issue regarding chronic stress is impotency, or Erectile Dysfunction (ED), due to peripheral vasoconstriciton.
True or False. The removal of a negative factor can replace a reward in Incentive Theory, similar to negative reinforcement and positive reinforcement in operant conditioning achieving similar outcomes.
False. The removal of a negative factor (negative reinforcement) cannot replace a reward (positive reinforcement) in Incentive Theory
Fred is the father of three little children. They are a very poor family and instead of buying food for his family to eat, Fred pays the bill for his household security system. Safety is more important to Fred than food. Is Fred's behavior supported by Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?
Fred's behavior contradicts Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs because Maslow argues that Physiological needs are more basic than safety needs; thus, a father would be expected to try and fulfill his personal and family's need for food first and need for security second.
Incentive theory is based on the idea that if a behavior is rewarded, it will result in what?
Incentive theory is based on the idea that if a behavior is rewarded, it will result in the behavior occurring again.
Describe the incentive theory and give an example
Incentive theory states that people are motivated to do things in order to receive an award or avoid punishment ex. NFL teams are motivated to win games so they can become Super Bowl champions
Compare the effects of inhibiting versus destroying the Amygdala.
Inhibiting the amygdala will simply result in someone entering a mellow state. Destroying the amygdala will cause hyperorality, hypersexuality and disinhibited behavior, as seen in Kluver-Bucy Syndrome.
Jacob walked on the carpet with muddy shoes on. His Mom told him that before he could eat any dinner, he would need to clean the carpet. How might this situation relate to the Drive-Reduction Theory of Motivation?
Jacob's need for food is driving him to clean the carpet. Once he finishes cleaning the carpet and eats his dinner, his need is fulfilled and his drive is reduced.
Compare the Jame-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and Schacter-singer theory of emotions
James-Lange: a stimulus causes physiological arousal first which is interpreted and leads to a secondary response where the emotion is labeled Cannon-Bard: physiological arousal and emotion occur at the same time which then leads to a behavioral response Schacter-Singer: a stimulus causes arousal and in order to feel/label an emotion one must consciously analyze the environment
Match each emotional state with the brain hemisphere that it is usually associated with: (A) Left Hemisphere (B) Right Hemisphere -Positive emotions -Negative emotions -Isolative interactions -Social interactions
Match each emotional state with the brain hemisphere that it is usually associated with: (A) Left Hemisphere (B) Right Hemisphere -Positive emotions -Negative emotions -Isolative interactions -Social interactions
Jacob says he has reached self-actualization after winning an Olympic Gold medal in the high jump. He used steroids to achieve this feat and was really only doing it for the fame and fortune. Would Maslow agree with Jacob?
Self-actualizers are those who reach their full potential and these individuals are true to their own moral principles. Jacob is not focused on reaching his full potential or on obeying his own moral principles. He is most likely trying to meet needs of self-esteem, and is not actually self-actualizing.
T/F the opponent process their explains the motivation behind drug use
T as drug use increases the body counteracts its effects leading to tolerance and uncomfortable withdrawal symptoms
Contrast the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion with the James-Lange theory of emotion.
The Cannon-Bard theory claims an event can cause a physiological response and an emotion simultaneously. The James-Lange theory claims a physiological response will occur, and then its perception will cause an emotion.
Clearly differentiate the terms stressor, stress reaction, and stress.
The stressor is the event that is causing the animal to have that stress reaction. The stress reaction is how the animal with the stressor physiologically responds. Stress is the combination of the stressor and stress reaction.
12/47 True or False. When you are hungry, Leptin is found in high amounts in your blood as it is a hunger-stimulating hormone. False. When you are full, Leptin is found in high amounts in your blood as it is an appetite-suppressing hormone. CRB Shashank is lacking motivation to study for his SAT, so his parents want to extrinsically motivate him. Which of the following would be extrinsic motivators? I. Praise from his parents when he studies. II. Setting up an SAT competition with his neighbor. III. Offering a monetary reward for a high practice exam score. (A) III only (B) I and III (C) II and III (D) I, II and III
True or False. When you are hungry, Leptin is found in high amounts in your blood as it is a hunger-stimulating hormone. False. When you are full, Leptin is found in high amounts in your blood as it is an appetite-suppressing hormone. CRB Shashank is lacking motivation to study for his SAT, so his parents want to extrinsically motivate him. Which of the following would be extrinsic motivators? I. Praise from his parents when he studies. II. Setting up an SAT competition with his neighbor. III. Offering a monetary reward for a high practice exam score. (A) III only (B) I and III (C) II and III (D) I, II and III (D) I, II and III Each of the following would be examples of extrinsic motivation. I. Praise from his parents when he studies. II. Setting up an SAT competition with his neighbor. III. Offering a monetary reward for a high practice exam score.
True or False? Depression is biologically-supported, and there is evidence that patients suffering from Depression stop making and have reduced responses to serotonin in the frontal cortex.
True. Depression is biologically-supported, and there is evidence that patients suffering from Depression stop making and have reduced responses to serotonin in the frontal cortex.
True or False? Ekman's 6 universal emotions are considered universal because they are expressed by consistent facial expressions, regardless of cultural background.
True. Ekman's 6 universal emotions are considered universal because they are expressed by consistent facial expressions, regardless of cultural background
True or False? the Schachter-Singer theory of emotion claims that you must identify the reason behind the physiological response and/or event before registering an emotion.
True. The Schachter-Singer claims you must identify the reason behind the physiological response and/or event before registering an emotion.
According to the opponent process theory, what withdrawal symptoms might a cocaine user have?
cocaine is a stimulant. According to the opponent process theory, the body will try to counteract the effect (in this case act like a depressant). So the person may experience symptoms of fatigue, lethargy, decrease HR, depression
T/F elevated stress levels leads to illness
elevated stress levels makes you more prone to illness because the body cannot maintain elevated sympathetic NS levels