Beyond Abdominal Sonography

Which of the following would be best described as a benign tumor comprised of blood vessels? a. hemangioma b. lipoma c. hamartoma d. oncocytoma

a. hemangioma

A mass consisting of abnormal bronchial and lung tissue that develops within the fetal chest best describes:

congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation

Clinical findings of a Baker cyst may mimic those of a(n):

deep venous thrombosis

What patient position is typically required for a thoracentesis?

upright

A dilated group of veins found within the scrotum is called a:

varicocele

What is the most common correctable cause of male infertility?

varicocele

What scrotal abnormality is caused by incompetent valves within the pampiniform plexus?

varicocele

Which of the following most often accompanies lung consolidation? a. ascites b. retroperitoneal fibrosis c. retroperitoneal hematoma d. pleural effusion

d. pleural effusion

All of the following are hormones produced by the thyroid except: a. thyroxine b. Iodine c. Triiodothyronine d. calcitonin

b. Iodine

Which of the following is a clinical test for developmental hip dysplasia that is used to evaluate the hip for the reduction or relocation of a dislocated hip? a. Graf b. Ortolani c. Barlow d. Thompson

b. Ortolani

A pleural effusion that is associated with infection will sonographically appear:

varying sonographic appearances have been noted

All of the following may be discovered sonographically within the chest except: a. bronchial infections b. pleural effusion c. lymphomas d. thymomas

a. bronchial infections

Which of the following best describes the normal appearance of a cervical lymph node? a. a hypoechoic, oblong structure with a distinct echogenic hilum b. a rounded, echogenic structure with small calcifications c. a solid, hypoechoic mass that measures greater than 1cm d. a solid, echogenic mass that measures less than 1cm

a. a hypoechoic, oblong structure with a distinct echogenic hilum

Which of the following is an autoimmune disease that affects the glands that produce moisture, leading to dysfunction of the salivary glands, and dryness of the eyes, nose, skin, and mouth? a. Wharton syndrome b. Sjogren syndrome c. Stenson syndrome d. Sialadenosis syndrome

b. Sjogren syndrome

Which of the following best describes a spermatocele? a. the most common malignant neoplasm of the scrotum b. a benign intratesticular cyst c. a cyst, found within the head of the epididymis, that may contain debris d. a dilated group of veins found within the scrotum

c. a cyst, found within the head of the epididymis, that may contain debris

What structure may be confused for a thyroid of parathyroid mass because of its relationship to the trachea and the posterior aspect of the left thyroid gland?

esophagus

The blue dot sign is indicative of:

torsion of the testicular appendage

During a sonographic examination of the right testis, you visualize multiple small cysts located along the mediastinum testis. What is the most likely diagnosis?

tubular ectasia of the rete testis

A simple fluid collection surrounding the testis is referred to as:

hydrocele

The most common location of BPH is:

transitional zone

A normal lymph node will not measure greater than:

10mm

A thyroid isthmus that measures greater than __________ is indicative of thyroid enlargement.

10mm

Abnormal lymph nodes typically measure more than:

10mm

Dilated veins of a varicocele will measure:

>2mm

A cystic mass located within the popliteal fossa is most likely a:

Baker cyst

The accumulation of synovial fluid from a weakening in the joint capsule of the knee, as seen in conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis can result in:

Baker cyst

Describe the Thompson test:

The calf is squeezed and the foot should plantarflex in a patient who does not have a complete tear of the Achilles tendon.

What test can be performed to determine a torn Achilles tendon?

Thompson test

All of the following are true of ganglion cysts except: a. A ganglion cyst is a common mass found along the superior aspect of the hand and wrist, between the tarsals. b. Ganglion cysts typically appear sonographically as an incompressible, anechoic mass with acoustic enhancement. c. Clinically, ganglion cysts may be hard to touch and painful. d. Ganglion cysts are often treated with an injection of corticosteroids.

a. A ganglion cyst is a common mass found along the superior aspect of the hand and wrist, between the tarsals.

Which of the following is also referred to as a Bible bump? a. ganglion cyst b. superficial endodermal cyst c. superficial epidermal cyst d. epidermoid

a. ganglion cyst

Which of the following is the hormone that is most abundantly produced by the thyroid? a. thyroxine b. Iodine c. Triiodothyronine d. calcitonin

a. thyroxine

What laboratory value can be assessed as a tumor marker to evaluate a patient for testicular malignancy?

alpha-fetoprotein

Which of the following best describes the Thompson test? a. The patient lies prone and performs plantarflexion. b. The patient lies prone while the symptomatic calf is squeezed. c. The patient lies supine and performs plantarflexion. d. The patient lies prone and performs dorsiflexion.

b. The patient lies prone while the symptomatic calf is squeezed.

Which of the following would be best described as a benign tumor comprised of fat? a. hemangioma b. lipoma c. hamartoma d. oncocytoma

b. lipoma

The most common location of a hydrocele is:

between the two layers of the tunica vaginalis

The lack of normal fixation of the testis to the posterior scrotal wall is referred to as:

cbell-clapper deformity

Inflammation and infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue is termed:

cellulitis

Bullets, shrapnel, and other metallic objects may cause:

comet-tail artifact

All of the following will aid in sonographic assessment of an Achilles tendon except: a. The patient lies prone, with his or her feet hanging off the end of the bed. b. Both the symptomatic and asymptomatic Achilles tendons should be scanned for comparison. c. The entire tendon should be evaluated in sagittal and transverse scan planes. d. The patient is scanned standing, with a small amount of pressure placed on the symptomatic side.

d. The patient is scanned standing, with a small amount of pressure placed on the symptomatic side.

Which of the following is true about patients with a lipoma? a. They often complain of pain in the area of the mass. b. The are often obese. c. They are only slightly tender in the area of the mass. d. They feel no pain in the area of the mass.

d. They feel no pain in the area of the mass.

Which of the following at the sight of a foreign body may produce bright echoes and therefore cause some ambiguity about the correct orientation of the object? a. fluid b. enhancement c. dust d. air

d. air

Tendons sonographically appear as:

echogenic, fibrous structures connecting muscles to bone

What type of gland is the thyroid gland?

endocrine

A partial tear of a tendon typically appears as:

focal hypoechoic areas within the tendon

A common mass found along the dorsal aspect of the hand and wrist is the:

ganglion cyst

The Achilles tendon connects the:

heel to the calf muscle

What would be the most likely sonographic appearance of a seminoma?

hypoechoic

Sonographically, normal muscle appears as"

hypoechoic tissue that contains linear, echogenic strands

Hyperemic flow within or around a structure is often indicative of:

inflammation

A 6-year-old femal patient presents to the sonography department for a hip sonogram with irritability, unwillingness to walk, and low-grade fever. Sonographically, you visualize a hypoechoic fluid collection that elevates the joint capsule. What is the most likely diagnosis?

joint effusion

You have been asked to perform a study to rule out cryptorchidism. The term cryptorchidism denotes:

one or both of the testicles have not descended into the scrotum

A complicated Baker cyst may contain a thin flap of tissue referred to as:

pannus

A patient with hypercalcemia presents to the sonography department for a neck sonogram. What abnormality in the neck should be suspected?

parathyroid adenoma

Subluxation denotes:

partial hip dislocation

The most common location of prostatic cancer is the:

peripheral zone

A patient presents to the sonography department for a penile sonogram. He complains of a painful curvature of the penis and impotence. What is the most likely diagnosis?

peyronie disease

A patient presents with a palpable, oozing mass at the level of the natal cleft. What is the most likely etiology of this mass?

pilonidal cyst

In what position should the patient be placed to better evaluate the Achilles tendon?

prone

What is the most common cancer found in men?

prostate cancer

Inflammation of the breast that is related to pregnancy is referred to as:

puerperal mastitis

Psammoma bodies are:

punctuate calcific deposits

Acoustic shadowing caused by bending of a sound beam at the edge of a curved reflector is referred to as:

refractive shadowing

Zinner syndrome consists of unilateral renal agenesis, ejaculatory duct obstruction, and:

seminal vesicle cysts

Spermatogenesis occurs within the:

seminiferous tubules

The most common germ cell tumor of the testis is the:

seminoma

The exocrine function of the testicles is to produce:

sperm

What is the most common malignancy of the penis?

squamous cell carcinoma

A patient presents to the sonography department with a history of cellulitis on his abdomen. The patient has fever, edema, and complains of focal tenderness in a specific region affected by the cellulitis. Sonographically, you identify a localized complex collection of fluid. What is the most likely diagnosis?

superficial abscess

A standoff pad is most useful in imaging:

superficial structures

Fluid within the synovial sheath is indicative of:

tendosynovitis

Inflammation of the tendon and synovial tendon sheath is referred to as:

tendosynovitis

Acute onset of testicular pain at rest is a common clinical finding with:

testicular torsion

The endocrine function of the testicles is to produce:

testosterone

The most common location of a varicocele is:

the left side of the scrotum

A 7-year-old boy presents to the emergency department with acute testicular pain localized to the superior pole of his right testis. What is the most likely diagnosis?

torsion of the testicular appendage

What is the most likely cause of a hip joint effusion in infants?

transient sinovitis

The "sandwich" sign denotes:

abdominal lymphadenopathy

The diagnosis of a pneumothorax is typically via a(n):

chest radiograph

Which of the following is not located within the mediastinum? a. heart b. thymus c. esophagus d. lungs

d. lungs

The superior extension of the thyroid isthmus is referred to as the:

pyramidal lobe

All of the following are sonographic findings of an abnormal lymph node except: a. rounded shape b. echogenic hilum c. calcifications d. enlargement

b. echogenic hilum

All of the following are sonographic findings of malignant thyroid nodules except: a. internal calcifications b. hyperechoic mass c. cervical node involvement d. solitary mass

b. hyperechoic mass

Which of the following does the thyroid gland utilize to produce its hormones? a. colloid b. iodine c. iron d. calcium

b. iodine

Which of the following could result from undergoing a thoracentesis? a. deep venous thrombosis b. pneumothorax c. pericardial effusion d. ascites

b. pneumothorax

Which of the following muscles would be situated closest to the spine? a. rectus abdominus b. psoas muscle c. quadratus lumborum d. iliacus

b. psoas muscle

A 65-year-old patient presents to the somography department with a history of abdominal pain and weight loss. Sonographically, you visualize multiple hypoechoic masses that extend along the anterior border of the abdominal aorta. Which of the following would be most likely? a. pulmonary sequestration b. retroperitoneal hematoma c. retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy d. encapsulated ascites

c. retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy

A 23-year-old man presents to the sonography department with a history of infertility. Which of the following is associated with male infertility? a. spermatocele b. choriocarcinoma c. varicocele d. hydrocele

c. varicocele

Which of the following would not be a typical clinical finding of a patient with retroperitoneal hematoma? a. low hematocrit b. trauma c. weight loss d. hemophilia

c. weight loss

Parathyroid glands control the release and absorption of which nutrient?

calcium

Which vascular structure is located closest to the thyroid lobes?

common carotid artery

Which of the following would most likely resemble a solid intratesticular mass and be associated with Cushing syndrome? a. choriocarcinoma b. epidermoid cyst c. intratesticular varicocele d. adrenal rest

d. adrenal rest

Typically, a hematoma appears: a. hyperechoic b. hypoechoic c. complex d. all of the above have been encountered

d. all of the above have been encountered

Which gland is located immediately anterior to the ear?

parotid gland

Fluid located around the heart is termed:

pericardial effusion

A 45-year-old patient presents to the sonography department with chest pain and shortness of breath. During the sonographic examination of the abdomen, an anechoic fluid collection is noted superior to the diaphragm. This most likely represents:

pleural effusion

What is the most common location of a retroperitoneal hematoma in hemophiliac patients?

psoas muscle

A separate mass of nonfunctioning lung tissue with its own blood supply describes:

pulmonary sequestration

Enlargement of the abdominal lymph nodes is referred to as:

retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy

What is the most common malignancy of the testicles?

seminoma

Lung consolidation typically appears sonographically as:

several internal echoes that radiate in a linear pattern because of air within the bronchi

The tissue comprising a lung consolidation can appear sonographically isoechoic to:

the liver

Where is the thymus located?

within the mediastinum

Normally, how many parathyroid glands are found within the adult neck?

4

A 30-year-old patient presents to the sonography department for a thyroid sonogram with a history of weight loss, hair loss, and hypertyroidism. You note that the patient has buldging eyes. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Graves disease

What is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism?

Graves disease

Which abnormality is associated with the sonographic findings of a thyroid inferno?

Graves disease

What is the most common cause of hypothyroidism?

Hashimoto thyroiditis

What is the term for stones in the salivary duct?

Sialolithiasis

Which muscles are located anterior to the thyroid gland?

Strap

Which of the following is a linear muscular section of the diaphragm that attaches to the anterolateral surfaces of the upper lumbar vertebrae? a. Crus of the diaphragm b. psoas muscle c. iliacus d. quadratus lumborum

a. Crus of the diaphragm

Which of the following is the most likely sonographic appearance of the thymus? a. echogenic mass that contains linear and punctuate echogenicities b. anechoic structure anterior to the sternum b. complex mass anterior to the iliac crest d. homogeneous mass with posterior shadowing containing anechoic cystic structures

a. echogenic mass that contains linear and punctuate echogenicities

Which of the following is associated with congenital muscular torticollis? a. fibromatosis colli b. branchial cleft cyst c. pleomorphic adenoma d. sialadenosis

a. fibromatosis colli

Which of the following is the most common sonographic appearance of retroperitoneal fibrosis? a. hypoechoic mass surrounding the aorta b. multiple small lymph nodes anterior to the abdominal aorta c. anechoic mass in the lower abdomen d. echogenic mass posterior to the kidneys

a. hypoechoic mass surrounding the aorta

All of the following are sonographic findings consistent with torsion of the testicular appendage except: a. no intratesticular flow b. small hyperechoic mass adjacent to the testis c. reactive hydrocele d. scrotal wall thickening

a. no intratesticular flow

Which of the following best describes a hemophiliac? a. A person who lacks hemoglobin and hematocrit clotting factors. b. A person who has an inherited bleeding disorder that inhibits the control of blood clotting. c. A person who has an inherited breathing disorder that causes the development of pulmonary sequestrations. d. A person who has abnormally shaped red blood cells

b. A person who has an inherited bleeding disorder that inhibits the control of blood clotting.

Which of the following is the duct that drains the submandibular gland? a. Stensen duct b. Wharton duct c. Seigel duct d. Partridge duct

b. Wharton duct

A 45-year-old patient presents to the sonography department with a palpable neck mass 6 months following a thyroidectomy for papillary carcinoma. Which of the following would be the most likely etiology of the palpable mass? a. torticollis b. lymphadenopathy c. Sialadenitis d. Graves disease

b. lymphadenopathy

Which of the following is included in the clinical findings of retroperitoneal fibrosis? a. hematuria b. migraine medication use c. diabetes mellitus d. diarrhea

b. migraine medication use

A 35-year-old female patient presents to the sonography department with a history of migraine headache medication use, weight loss, nausea, and malaise. Sonographically, you visualize a 15-cm hypoechoic mass within the abdomen. Which of the following would be most likely? a. volvulus b. retroperitoneal fibrosis c. intussusception d. retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy

b. retroperitoneal fibrosis

Primary varicoceles are associated with all of the following except: a. left-sided location b. retroperitoneal mass c. infertility d. palpable extratesticular mass

b. retroperitoneal mass

Enlargement of the prostate in older men is most often caused by:

benign prostatic hypertrophy

A cystic mass noted at the mandibular angle is most likely a:

branchial cleft cyst

All of the following are true of abnormal lymph nodes except: a. They tend to lose their echogenic hilum. b. Enlargement may be associated with infection or malignancy. c. They tend to measure less than 1cm. d. The "sandwich" sign denotes abdominal nodes surrounding and compressing the aorta and inferior vena cava.

c. They tend to measure less than 1cm.

Which of the following is a benign intratesticular mass that typically has a whorled or onion skin sonographic appearance? a. seminoma b. teratoma c. epidermoid cyst d. adrenal rest

c. epidermoid cyst

With which of the following is elevated serum calcium associated? a. Graves disease b. thyroglossal duct cyst c. parathyroid adenoma d. thyroid adenoma

c. parathyroid adenoma

Which of the following can be seen posterior and lateral to the kidney? a. rectus abdominis b. psoas muscle c. quadratus lumborum d. iliacus

c. quadratus lumborum

The fluid produced by the thyroid gland that contains thyroid hormones is referred to as:

colloid

A 63-year-old male patient presents to the sonography department for an examination of the abdomen. He has a history of lung cancer and is suffering from shortness of breath. Sonographically the liver and gallbladder appear normal. However, you visualize a heterogenous fluid collection superior to the right hemidiaphragm. What is the most likely diagnosis?

complex pleural effusion

All of the following are diagnostic findings of a likely benign thyroid nodule except: a. anechoic nodule b. eggshell calcification c. hyperechoic nodule d. cold nodule

d. cold nodule

All of the following are potential causes of lung consolidation except: a. pneumonia b. hemorrhage c. carcinoma d. pulmonary sequestration

d. pulmonary sequestration

Common locations for abdominal lymph nodes include all of the following except: a. mesentary b. renal hilum c. along the length of the renal hilum d. within the subhepatic space

d. within the subhepatic space

A 38-year-old female patient presents to the sonography department with a history of femoral artery puncture and back pain. What laboratory value would be helpful to assess the patient for active bleeding?

hematocrit

Which muscles are located posterior to each thyroid lobe?

longus colli

The replacement of normal air-filled alveoli with fluid, inflammation, blood, or neoplastic cells is referred to as:

lung consolidation

What is the most common form of salivary gland cancer?

mucoepidermoid carcinoma

Fluid located around the lungs is termed:

pleural effusion

Free air within the chest outside the lungs is referred to as:

pneumothorax

One complication of a thoracentesis that may require a chest radiograph for diagnosis is the development of a:

pneumothorax

A common cyst most often seen in the head of the epididymis that contains nonviable sperm is the:

spermatocele

Which muscle does fibromatosis colli mostly affect?

sternocleidomastoid

Which muscles are located lateral to each thyroid lobe?

sternocleidomastoid

What is the first branch of the external carotid artery?

superior thyroid artery

The diagnostic or therapeutic procedure where fluid is removed from the pleural space is referred to as:

thoracentesis

Benign congenital cysts located superior to the thyroid gland near the hyoid bone are referred to as:

thyroglossal duct cysts

In the presence of Hashimoto thyroiditis, the thyroid produces:

too few thyroid hormones

Enlarged, abnormal lymph nodes tend to deviate from their normal sonographic appearance and become more:

anechoic or hypoechoic

All of the following are keys to identifying foreign bodies with sonography except: a. Most foreign bodies appear hypoechoic. b. A linear array transducer should be used. c. Most foreign bodies are better visualized using a standoff pad. d. Comet-tail artifact may be seen posterior to metallic objects.

a. Most foreign bodies appear hypoechoic.

Which of the following would more likely be a malignant thyroid nodule? a. cold nodule b. hot nodule

a. cold nodule

Which of the following houses the male urethra? a. corpus spongiosum b. buck fascia c. bulbourethral gland d. corpus cavernosum

a. corpus spongiosum

Secondary varicoceles are most likely associated with all of the following except: a. left-sided location b. right-sided location c. hepatomegaly d. renal mass

a. left-sided location

Which of the following is not a component of the spermatic cord? a. epididymis b. testicular artery c. cremaster muscle d. lymph nodes

a. epididymis

Which of the following transducers would be best suited to sonographically assess for a splinter in a patient's hand? a. high-frequency linear array transducer b. low-frequency curved array transducer c. high-frequency sector transducer d. low-frequency linear array transducer

a. high-frequency linear array transducer

Which of the following is consistent with the sonographic features of testicular abscess? a. hyperemic flow around the abscess but not within it b. onion skin sonographic appearance and hyperemic epididymis c. hyperemic flow within an anechoic mass d. hyperemic flow within the abscess but not around it

a. hyperemic flow around the abscess but not within it

All of the following are sonographic findings consistent with the diagnosis of testicular torsion except: a. hyperemic flow within the testis b. hypoechoic testis c. reactive hydrocele d. decreased intratesticular flow (as compared with the asymptomatic testis)

a. hyperemic flow within the testis

Which of the following best describes the most common sonographic appearance of gynecomastia? a. hypoechoic, retroareolas mass b. hyperechoic, exophytic mass c. anechoic, retroareolar mass d. hyperechoic, areolar mass

a. hypoechoic, retroareolas mass

Clinical findings of tendonitis include all of the following except: a. itching in the area of the tendon b. pain c. edema d. the area is warm to touch

a. itching in the area of the tendon

Which of the following techniques is useful for providing sonographic evidence of a varicocele? a. valsalva maneuver b. sitting position c. pulsed Doppler d. right lateral decubitus position

a. valsalva maneuver

Superficial lipomas may appear as all of the following except: a. hypoechoic to the surrounding tissue b. isoechoic to the surrounding tissue c. hyperechoic to the surrounding tissue d. anechoic to the surrounding tissue

d. anechoic to the surrounding tissue

Which of the following is the most common form of thyroid cancer? a. follicular b. anaplastic c. lymphoma d. papillary

d. papillary

Which of the following techniques is used to measure the relationship of the femoral head and acetabulum by evaluating the alpha and beta angles? a. Graf b. Ortolani c. Barlow d. Thompson

a. Graf