Bibby EXAM 1

Was the American Revolution about taxes only? What other issues impelled the thirteen colonies to declare independence?

It was NOT only about taxes, it was about wanting representation for the colonies in the government's decisions.

What was John Winthrop's purpose in his speech, "A Model of Christian Charity"? (answers will vary)

"He helped lay the groundwork for America exceptionalism, the controversial idea that America has had a special destiny among the world's people".

Puritan: what does it mean to call someone "a puritan" or "puritanical"?

Someone with the desire to purify the Catholic Church.

Who were the Conquistadors? (what class of society did they come from, in general? what, other than conquest, were their motives for exploration?)

Spanish Soldiers-Cortes' soldiers The 2nd, 3rd, and 4th sons or non nobles because they did not inherit the wealth or land from their fathers.

Encomienda (what is this system?)

Spanish version of European feudalism. Favored army officers were given huge Parcels of land. They were to provide the Indians with protection in exchange for "tribute"- goods and labor, tending farms or mining for gold and silver.

Stamp Act of 1765 (why was it a "new departure"?)

Spark of the revolution

Why was "Common Sense" so successful in convincing colonists to join the rebellion? (there are multiple answers to this - see Prezi)

Successful because it plotted against the monarchy, who began taxing them heavily. None of the colonists wanted to support a government that was going to continue taking their money from thousands of miles away through indirect rule.

No Taxation without Representation: what does this phrase mean?

That the Americans, felt if they couldn't be represented in the British parliament then they shouldn't have to be taxed.

Seven Years War: why is it considered a major cause of the American Revolution?

The British had many war debts to pay therefore they put unjust taxes of the people to pay the debts; causing outrage among the revolutionists.

Seven Years War (who was it between?)

The French and Britain ("French and Indian War")

What is a "compact"? Who was the Mayflower compact between? (answers may vary)

The Mayflower compact was a "group contract" between the Puritans who lived at Plymouth. The contract was used as a constitution because plymouth was outside the jurisdiction of any government. There was no division between church and government in Plymouth.

Stamp Act: why was it a bad idea? (there are many reasons, but if you want a hint, why would different groups of people object to the Stamp Act? For example, why would sailors, lawyers, or newspaper publishers be outraged at the Stamp Act?)

The Stamp Act was a bad idea because: A dangerous precedent Included legal docs Included dice and cards Imposed without colonial consent It was offensive because it was imposed during the recession

What was the purpose of the First Continental Congress? (hint: there are more than one correct answer to this - students do not need to memorize the specifics)

The first continental congress was an attempt at an American government. It was recalled because it wasn't united and it was thought of as a "baby parliament" which the colonists resented. They wanted to raise a militia.

Why is mercantilism unjust or unfair? (hint: why is it unfair from the perspective of a producer, a seller, or a consumer?)

-colonies are only allowed to trade with England and england chose the prices -Mercantilism is a system designed to benefit the country that has established the colonies. The colonists resented the idea of mercantilism because it reduced their ability to make money and their freedom to trade with whoever they wanted.

How did Mercantilism affect the British view of American colonies?

1. Controlled production and trade 2. Slave Trade 3. Inflation and taxatiopuriti

What happened at Roanoke? (what are the most common explanations? which one do you think is most plausible? what did the English learn from this experience? *this is not in your book - see class notes and Prezis)

1. They were captured by the Spanish 2. They could have simulated into the native culture 3. Headed back to England and got lost at sea. 4. Britain covered up the settlement because it failed and they didn't want people to know that going to the Americas could be a failed attempt. The fourth theory is the most plausible. 4th is most common

How long (roughly) did the period of "salutary neglect" last for? (this is a *wide range of dates - answers may vary slightly)

156 years

What year did the Mayflower arrived in the Cape Cod Bay area?

1620

Black Legend (what is it? why did this story inspire other Europeans to settle in North America?)

A style of propaganda that criticizes the Spanish empire first described by writings about the injustices committed against the native Americans.

Navigation Acts (what was the purpose?)

Americans kept smuggling and customs officers (colonial customs service) helped them. The period of salutary neglect ended so the government began restricting all colonial trade to "English" ships. They began excluding all foreign merchants

What is a "Corporate community" and how is it different than a "covenant community"?

A corporate community is a colonial settlement established for economic or financial purposes by various companies, such as the Virginia company (a "joint stock company")

What was the Olive Branch petition? (was it successful?)

A final attempt from the colonists to avoid going to war with Britain during the American Revolution.

What is a Joint Stock company? (how did the Joint Stock company lead to further exploration and settlement in the new world?)

A joint stock company is a company whose stock is owned jointly by the shareholders.

What is a Loyalist?

A loyalist is someone who in this case, is still loyal to the british king and monarchy and supported their actions.

Reconquista" (what is this word? What important event in Europe does this refer to?)

A series of Christian attacks by the Spainards to recapture territory and Muslims (Moors) who occupied the Iberian Peninsula

Where did the first people come from? (note: this question is asking what the majority scientific community believes to be the best current explanation. If in doubt, consult prezis and notes from class. Other explanations have differing degrees of validity, and are still being tested, debated, and defended).

ASIA, 11,400 years ago, bering straight theory-last ice age allows people to cross over.

Bartholomeu Dias (who was he? What was the significance of his voyage to the Cape of Good Hope?)

Bartolomeu Dias became the first European mariner to round the southern tip of Africa, opening the way for a sea route from Europe to Asia. Dias' ships rounded the perilous Cape of Good Hope and then sailed around Africa's southernmost point.

Puritanism: why is the legacy of Puritanism important in the American Heritage? (hint: how is the founding of Plymouth different than the founding of the settlement in Jamestown?)

Because they were the first English settlers to come to America in search of covenant. They were wanting freedom of religion and to separate themselves from the church of England

What were the Intolerable Acts? (Hint: there are 4 laws - students do not have to memorize the details, only to be able to explain why the Intolerable acts were thought of as "intolerable" by the colonists)

Close Boston Harbor (pay up for the tea that was lost) Reorganize the government (revoke Charter of Massachusetts. New governer is General Thomas Gage) Allowing British officials to go to England or other colonies to be tried Make it a law to "Quarter soldiers" These acts were put into place as an attempt to reimpose strict British control over the colonies

What was the purpose of Thomas Paine's Common Sense?

Common sense was a pamphlet created to advocate for independence from Great Britain.

Mayflower Compact (this is the first written ________ in what is now the United States. Fill in the blank)

Constitution

Who said, "Puritanism is the fear that someone somewhere might be happy"?

H.L. Mencken

Mercantilism: what is the goal of mercantilism? how is it best achieved? (hint: favorable _______ __ _____)

Favorable Balance of Trade

Hernan Cortes (why is he important in the story of the "American Heritage"? Hint: see p. 17)

First explorer to encounter a major American Overthrew the Aztecs-with the help of neighboring tribes who hated the Aztecs

Thomas Paine: who was he? Where was he from? Why did he become famous?

He wrote Common Sense. He is from England and became famous because he was a politician

"A City Upon a Hill" (why is John Winthrop's speech was important in the American Heritage? what is this image of a City Upon a Hill meant to represent? hint: it does not necessarily mean "great military or economic power")

His speech made an emphasis on community, and the fact that covenants are with God, not the crown. Stated the the eyes of the world were upon them to see if America will fail.

Predestination: what does this mean?

If you will go to heaven or not is already determined. The belief also includes doing good to find out if you are predestined or not.

Indentured servant (what is an indentured servant? How is it different from slavery?)

Indentured servants were people who exchanged several years (usually 4-7) of labor for the cost of passage to America and an eventual grant of land.

Las Casas (what was the purpose of Las Casas's writings? What effect did they have?)

Intended to protect the Native Americans Infuriated people and made most colonizers believe that the Indians should be ruled out of fear instead of love.

What is the lesson of Paine's fable about the "Ass and the Lion"? (hint: this answer is on Prezi, and is not in the text - we discussed the answer in class, but students can infer the correct answer simply by reading the text)

Is about an ass and how it received a sound cudgeling for the fright he had caused and the ass is the English king - Hereditary monarchy itself is bad The title of "King" is the lion skin, and everyone sees them as this great human, until they act and "speak" as the ass did. The Donkey is the English king. The king is an imposter

Jamestown (why is it important in the American Heritage? when was it settled? What were its problems? How did the colony survive?)

Jamestown is important because it was the first SUCCESSFUL settlement in America. They settled in 1607. They didn't have sufficient resources and it was super cold. Jamestown was able to succeed due to the leadership of John Smith, Tobacco, and the Headright System.

Why did John Adams think that Paine's Common Sense was a "short sighted Crapulous Mass"? (hint: Adams did not like the third part, which was too radical - but why? Student answers may vary slightly)

John Adams favored a Republican point of view. He liked structure and did not favor Paine's radical tactics to detach from the monarchy.

Protestant work ethic: why would someone work hard and focus on worldly success if their fate in the afterlife is "predestined"?

John Calvin had taught that the "elect" (those God saved) would know they were saved because of their actions so who wouldn't want to know?

Who was John Smith?

John Smith helped establish Jamestown. He is famous for his role in the exploration of the New World and is responsible for the settlement and survival of Jamestown, England's first permanent colony in America.

John Winthrop (who was he?)

John Winthrop was one of the most famous of the next generation of Puritans, is the founder of Massachusetts Bay (1630), and is famous for the idea of a "City Upon a Hill"

What year was the Boston Massacre? (this is one date that everyone should know. Don't worry, there will be a wide range of dates on the exam, so you should be able to eliminate the bad ones)

March 5, 1770

Mercantilism: what is mercantilism, and how is it different than Capitalism?

Maximize the trade of a nation and also Is a national economic policy to maximize accumulation of gold and silver. Difference is capitalism is free trade and mercantilism is government regulated or controlled. -DIFFERENCE: Whether or not it is regulated by the government-- mercantilism is regulated by the government

Who said, "I am not a Virginian but an American"?

Patrick Henry

Richard Hakluyt (how did his writings encourage the English to go to the New World? what were some of his arguments for colonization?) 109, 113

Plans for English colonization of America. "His writings gave us a window into the mindset of the English on the Eve of American Colonization". English geographer whose writings encouraged the English to settle in America trumpeting the economic, religious, and political benefits of colonization. He also wrote about the "Glory of God", enlarging the british empire, a market for wool and raw commodities.

Proclamation Line of 1763 (why did the British put a "boundary" on western settlement? What did the colonists think about this boundary?)

Prohibited American colonists from settling the west after Britain winning the 7 years war.

The period of salutary neglect fostered a sense of _______

Self rule and individualism

What role did the last Ice Age play in allowing the first people to cross the land bridge?

The last ice age made it possible to create the Bering Strait. The Bering land bridge hypothesis moved south to America and South America from Alaska. They are thought to make up the early Natice Americans, Incans, Mayans and more.

Puritan religion: what did Puritans reject about the Catholic Church? Why were the Puritans unsatisfied with the Protestant Reformation?

The puritans believed that the congregation should determine leadership and structure of the church rather than bishops. The puritans didn't like the protestant reformation because they believed that Christ's sacrifice on the cross made possible the redemption of those whom God "elected" to be saved and thus had "predestined" to salvation.

Why did the Pilgrims / Puritans leave Holland?

They wanted to get away from the church in Europe and wanted their own religious freedom. Hard to get jobs in Holland- were farmers in England Concerned children are becoming too worldly The king can still reach them

Sugar Act of 1764 (what was its purpose? Why is it important historically?)

They wanted to raise revenue from the colonists. First attempt to raise taxes

Portuguese exploration: why are the Portugese explorations significant in the story of the colonization of the New World? (what technological advancements did they make? what maritime techniques helped them? where did they do most of their exploring?)

They were the lead in exploration. Expert sailors used caravels (fast, 3 masted ships) and went along the west coast of Africa then on to China and Japan, found spices, cloths, and other trade goods.

What is the significance of the discovery of tobacco in American history? What was one of the most harmful effects of the success of tobacco plantations in Virginia?

Tobacco saved Jamestown and made it successful in comparison to Roanoke. Harmful effects- servants were needed. Some came voluntarily as indentured servants, but some homeless children in London were kidnapped and sold into servitude.

True or false: Part of Paine's purpose in writing Common Sense was to attack monarchy itself (i.e., to convince Americans that monarchy was a bad system of government)

True - he was anti-monarchist!

American Revolution (in what way did it have worldwide significance?)

it served as a model for other countries to follow if they decided to become free from their colonial rulers