bild 3 midterm 1

When the Darwin/Wallace theory of natural selection is summarized, four central postulates emerge. Which of the following is NOT one of these four natural selection postulates?

Variations in traits are produced by mutations.

Who developed a theory of evolution almost identical to Darwin's?

Wallace

Which of the following conditions would tend to make the Hardy-Weinberg equation more accurate for predicting the genotype frequencies of future generations in a population of a sexually reproducing species?

little to no migration with surrounding populations

fitness

relative reproductive success of an individual

Uniformitarianism (hutton and lyell)

same geologic processes operated in the past as operate today.

An antibiotic kills 99.9% of a bacterial population. You would expect the next generation of bacteria

to be more resistant to that antibiotic.

founder effect

- a type of genetic drift -a small group leaves a big group, while carrying a new gene frequency.

typological thinking- essentialism

-Plato and Aristotle -anything, such as dog and baby, has some sort of essence to it that makes it what it is. -they have certain characteristics -no evolution bc a cat is a cat, a dog is a dog, they don't change, they are what they are. -plato: typological thinking, every organism has a certain set of characteristics -aristotle: typological thinking & scale of nature, nothing is changing but some organisms (humans) are higher than animals which are higher than plants.

bottleneck effect

-a type of genetic drift -happens when the size of a population is dramatically reduced in some random event, like a natural disaster

Darwin developed his theory of natural selection despite having an incomplete and/or inaccurate knowledge base from which to work. Which of the following were problems for Darwin?

-an understanding of inheritance patterns from one generation to the next -the source of variations in populations -The accepted age of the Earth was far too young to allow for the gradual changes Darwin envisioned.

thomas malthus

-believed that human population growth was faster than increase in food production -humanity was doomed -too few resources for everyone to survive

alfred russell wallace

-had the idea of natural selection as well -he wrote about it as a thought, there wasn't evidence at all about evolution. -darwin had evidence.

Theory of Special Creation

-species were created independently of each other -species do not change over time(no evolution, no extinction)

jean baptiste lamarck

-talked about evolution -was famous before darwin -why are organisms in fossil record different than present day organisms? 1. things that happened during your life got transmitted to the next generation (offspring) 2.use/disuse, if you use something alot, it got bigger and stronger 3.things would get more complex 4.changes are inherited (giraffes neck, it was short but then overtime it got longer because it needed it)

Genetic variation _____.

-the difference in DNA sequences between individuals within a population. -must be present in a population before natural selection can act upon the population

Which of these values would most likely be the heritability of body mass index (BMI) in a developing country with a large gap between nutrition and health care available to the rich and poor?

.99

Why was natural selection rejected?

1. the earth was too young 2. no mechanism for the creation of novel variation 3. no mechanism for the inheritance of adaptations

If a population of 100 individuals is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and the recessive allele frequency is 0.4, what are the expected numbers of individuals who are recessive homozygotes, dominant homozygotes, and heterozygotes?

16 recessive homozygotes, 36 dominant homozygotes, 48 heterozygotes

Suppose 64 percent of a remote mountain village can taste phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) and must, therefore, have at least one copy of the dominant PTC taster allele. If this population conforms to Hardy—Weinberg expectations for this gene, what percentage of the population must be heterozygous for this trait?

48 percent

Which statement illustrates Lamarck's theory on the mechanism of evolution?

A man who routinely shaves the hair off his head will have sons who become bald.

8) After several generations, 35 percent of the island population is found to have AB+ blood. This is much higher than the percentage of AB+ people in the populations from which the original settlers came. The high percentage of AB+ blood is probably due to: A) founder effect. B) selective mutation. C) nonrandom mating. D) disruptive selection.

A) founder effect.

19) A bottleneck may be dangerous to a population because: A) genetic variability is diminished. B) mutation rate is decreased. C) the potential for natural selection is greatly increased. D) mutation rate is increased.

A) genetic variability is diminished.

You sample a population of butterflies and find that 56% are heterozygous at a particular locus. What should be the frequency of the recessive allele in this population?

Allele frequency cannot be determined from this information.

A particular species can choose to reproduce sexually or asexually. If it is living in a relatively stable, resource filled environment, which is the most beneficial for the species to choose?

Asexual reproduction

11) Which of the following situations describes a scenario in which allopatric speciation might occur via vicariance? A) A mutation makes certain frogs mate two days earlier in the season. B) An earthquake separates a lizard population into two groups C) A mutation changes the pollinator a plant can utilize. D) A pair of birds colonizes an island with numerous empty niches.

B) An earthquake separates a lizard population into two groups

20) The only known population of a reptile species lives on an African mountain. The population is relatively large, but no close relatives of this species are known. Suppose you could stop allmutations within the population and all emigration out of this population. Which statement best describes the probable future of this population? A) Although the population will cease to change, it may survive for as long as the environment remains constant. B) Evolution will continue as natural selection acts on the genetic variability that exists in the population. C) The population will decline and become extinct after a few generations because of excessive inbreeding. D) Genetic drift will cause major evolutionary changes in the population.

B) Evolution will continue as natural selection acts on the genetic variability that exists in the population.

15) Pharyngeal slits are present in the embryos of organisms as diverse as fish, chickens, and humans. Why would organisms as different as these have similar embryonic structures? A) The organisms shared a common ancestor, which did not have the slits, but natural selection created similar changes in the embryos over time. B) The organisms shared a common ancestor whose embryos had pharyngeal slits. C) The pharyngeal slits develop into gills because all species need to survive in a water environment at some point in their life cycle. D) The pharyngeal slits is an acquired characteristic that just happens to look similar in different species.

B) The organisms shared a common ancestor whose embryos had pharyngeal slits.

Which of the following statements best summarizes natural selection?

Traits that promote survival and reproduction become more frequent in species from one generation to the next.

3) Charles Darwin was influenced by Charles Lyell, Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck, and Georges Cuvier. What common theme from their work inspired Darwin's theory of evolution through natural selection? A) Traits were inherited through blending. B) The world is not static; it is constantly changing. C) Early embryos of a variety of organisms share characteristics. D) The newly formed Earth was hot and humid.

B) The world is not static; it is constantly changing.

4) The many species of tree frogs that inhabit forests in the eastern United States maintain their genetic isolation from other species by several mechanisms, including "singing" slightly different songs. Which type of isolating mechanism does this represent? A) habitat isolation B) behavioral isolation C) temporal isolation D) mechanical isolation

B) behavioral isolation

14) If after several generations most males have antlers with 20 points, this development will have been the result of: A) founder effect. B) directional selection. C) disruptive selection. D) bottleneck effect.

B) directional selection.

13) The major weakness of Charles Darwin's theory during his lifetime was the: A) fact that populations do not promote competition but rather promote sharing. B) lack of variation in natural populations. C) lack of a mechanism to explain how traits were passed to offspring intact when most believed inheritance worked through blending. D) fact that, at certain points in embryonic development, diverse species all have structures known as pharyngeal gill slits.

B) lack of variation in natural populations.

12) About 50,000 animal species are vertebrates, yet only some vertebrates then went on to evolve four limbs. This tetrapod feature is considered to be a/an ________ of vertebrates. A) ancestral character B) synapomorphy C) analogous character D) plesiomorphy

B) synapomorphy

Who proposed the geological theory of catastrophism?

Cuvier

9) As world travel becomes easier and human populations intermix, the occurrence of what phenomenon will probably decrease? A) mutation B) sexual selection C) founder effect and genetic drift D) immigration

C) founder effect and genetic drift

7) No new settlers arrive, and nobody leaves the island. After a few generations, the percentage of blue-eyed individuals increases from the original zero to 25 percent. This is probably due to whichof the following factors? A) sexual recombination B) natural selection C) genetic drift D) mutation E) gene flow

C) genetic drift

1) Which of the following females in a given mammal population would be considered the most fit in an evolutionary sense? Assume parental care is necessary for survival. A) one that produced two offspring, both of which survived and produced offspring of their own B) one that produced 1,000 offspring, all of which died before reaching reproductive age C) one that produced 0 offspring, but was sole parent/caretaker of 10 nephews that eventually had offspring of their own. D) one that produced 100 offspring, of which 10 survived but 9 did not reproduce E) one that produced 1,000 offspring, of which 100 survived but 99 did not reproduce

C) one that produced 0 offspring, but was sole parent/caretaker of 10 nephews that eventually had offspring of their own.

10) Interbreeding two different species of lovebirds produces offspring unable to build a nest after they mature because they lack the innate knowledge needed to carry the nesting materials. The hybrid offspring do not reproduce, and this limits genetic mixing of the two species. This is an example of: A) sympatric speciation. B) gametic isolation C) reduced hybrid fertility. D) behavioral isolation.

C) reduced hybrid fertility.

16) In order for migration to alter allele frequencies in another population: A) a large portion of the population must leave as new individuals arrive. B) a large portion of the population must die off. C) the gene pool of the migrating population must be different from the population it is joining. D) the gene pools of the populations involved must be very similar.

C) the gene pool of the migrating population must be different from the population it is joining.

Special Creation proposed originally that species are created and never go extinct. T/F?

True

5) Which of the following statements is true? A) All traits currently in a population must have provided a reproductive advantage at some point in time. B) All traits are simultaneously maximized in a population. C) A population will always evolve to fit current conditions. D) The advantage of a trait depends on its environment.

D) The advantage of a trait depends on its environment.

Macroevolution

Evolutionary change above the species level.

6) Animals use auricular muscles to swivel their ears to home in on sounds. Humans have auricular muscles but we can't turn our ears. So why do humans have auricular muscles? A) They are still needed to help us swallow and retract our tongue. B) People who can wiggle their ears due to auricular muscles have a reproductive advantage. C) They are needed in the development of the human embryo but not in the adult. D) They are vestigial structures we inherited from mammalian ancestors

D) They are vestigial structures we inherited from mammalian ancestors

2) Darwin found that many different species of finches were found on the Galapagos Islands and nowhere else. The finches were related to a species found on the mainland of South America. Fromthis he concluded: A) ancestral species originated on the Galapagos Islands and some migrated to the mainland. B) separate acts of creation put some species on the islands and some on the mainland. C) an ancestral species migrated to both South America and the Galapagos Islands from Europe and then diverged into separate species. D) an ancestral species migrated from the mainland and diverged over time into separate species on the islands.

D) an ancestral species migrated from the mainland and diverged over time into separate species on the islands.

17) A hypothesis about the evolutionary relatedness of a group of organisms is known as a: A) homology. B) analogy. C) taxon. D) phylogeny.

D) phylogeny.

18) When the London underground (subway) system was built in the nineteenth century, mosquitoes moved into the tunnels and became adapted to biting the customers and small animals that inhabit the subway system. Like people, mosquitoes can freely enter and leave through the tunnelentrances. Recently, DNA analysis and attempts to cross-breed above-ground mosquitoes with underground mosquitoes indicate that there are now two different species. The underground insects are visibly larger. Which term best describes what has happened? A) temporal isolation B) population bottleneck C) behavioral incompatibility D) sympatric speciation

D) sympatric speciation

Traits with low heritability are more affected by environmental variation than by genetic variation. T/F?

True

What was the prevailing belief prior to the time of Lyell and Darwin?

Earth is a few thousand years old, and populations are unchanging.

Lyell's book Principles of Geology, which Darwin read on board the H.M.S. Beagle, argued in favor of which of the following concepts?

Earth's surface is shaped by natural forces that act gradually and are still acting.

charles darwin

English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882)

Which of the following influences on Darwin believed in evolution?

Lamarck

The concept that Earth's present landscape is due to gradual geologic processes was proposed by:

Lyell

inversion mutation

Mutation in which a chromosome piece reattaches to original chromosome but in reverse orientation

Which of the following represents an idea that Darwin learned from the writings of Thomas Malthus?

Populations tend to increase at a faster rate than their food supply normally allows.

asexual reproduction

Process by which a single parent reproduces by itself

Which of the following thinkers argued that organisms tend to produce many more offspring than the environment can support, leading to a struggle for existence, an argument that later influenced Charles Darwin's ideas of natural selection?

Thomas Malthus

georges cuvier

founder of paleontology

Which of the following assumptions or observations contradicts Darwin's idea of natural selection?

Whether an organism survives and reproduces is almost entirely a matter of random chance.

This can add a new allele to a gene pool:______

gene flow, insertion, point mutation, translocation, duplication, deletion

adaptation

a beneficial trait becomes common because it increases fitness (offspring).

deletion mutation

a mutation in which one or more pairs of nucleotides are removed from a gene

duplication mutation

a mutation that involves duplication of a region of DNA on the same strand

in a population of snorfluffles, the following genotype (phenotype) distribution was noted: AA (blue) = 33.3% BB (green)= 33.3%; AB (purple) = 33.4% a. If the population was in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium, what would the expected genotype percentages be? b. Is this population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? If not, what is a likely evolutionary process/scenario that led to these genotype frequencies?

a)AA 25%, BB 25%, AB 50% b)no, negative frequency selection

A trait that confers a greater level of fitness, relative to those who lack it, is called a(n) ________.

adaptation

A population of organisms will not evolve if _____.

all individual variation is due only to environmental factors

Broccoli, cabbages, and brussels sprouts all descend from the same wild mustard and can still interbreed. These varieties were produced by

artificial selection

gradualism (hutton and lyell)

big changes can occur through gradual processes

geology

biggest influence on darwin; James hutton and charles Lyell

Evolution by natural selection ________.

can be tested observationally and experimentally.

genetic drift

change in allele frequencies due to chance; random changes in gene pool

evolution

change in the gene pool of a population over time.

Microevolution

change in the genetic composition of a population over time

Which of these conditions are always true of populations evolving due to natural selection?Condition 1: The population must vary in traits that are heritable. Condition 2: Some heritable traits must increase reproductive success. Condition 3: Individuals pass on most traits that they acquire during their lifetime.

conditions 1 and 2

Cotton-topped tamarins are small primates with tufts of long white hair on their heads. While studying these creatures, you notice that males with longer hair get more opportunities to mate and father more offspring. To test the hypothesis that having longer hair is adaptive in these males, you should ________.

determine if hair length is heritable

this is the most common mechanism can potentially lead to the evolution of a bran new gene that has never existed before (not just a new allele of a gene that already exists):

duplication

This type of large scale mutation is the most common mechanism for the origin of new (novel) genes?

duplications

Essentialism as proposed by Aristotle considered variation within a species to be important characteristics created by God. T/F?

false

law of succession

fossil species are strikingly similar to living species in the same geographic areas

The genetic makeup of any organism is its ________, which determines the physical characteristics called its ________.

genotype; phenotype

Humans share several features with salamanders. Certain genes and proteins are nearly identical between the two species; both species have four limbs with a similar skeletal structure; the species' early embryos are very similar; and where the salamander has a functional tail, humans have a vestigial tailbone. In evolutionary terms, these are examples of

homology

carolus linnaeus

influenced darwin, founder of taxonomy, anti-evolutionist.

At Thanksgiving dinner, your uncle Elias, argues that there is no evidence for evolution. Describe 1 specific example of microevolution occurring that cannot logically be explained by the Theory of Special Creation.

microevolution: mutation, genetic drift, natural selection. the microevolution is something that can be studied and there's proof of the gene pool changing overtime.

genetic variation____

must be present in a population before natural selection can act upon the population

translocation mutation

mutation in which one part of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another

this can lead to the evolution of an imperfect adaptation:

natural selection

Mechanisms of Evolution

natural selection, mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, sexual selection

In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, the frequency of homozygous dominant individuals in a population is equal to:

p^2.

this mutation can create a new allele without changing the total number of nucleotides on a single chromosome:

point mutation

artificial selection/selective breeding

process by which humans breed animals and plants for a desired set of particular traits

this can lead to a trait that reduces average lifespan increasing in frequency in a population over time:

sexual selection, genetic drift.

Which of the following mechanisms can drive evolution?

small population size (genetic drift), natural selection, mutations

vestigual structure

something that our ancestors had in their body.

Aristotle believed that:

species are fixed (permanent) and perfect

Paleontology

study of fossils; helped lay the groundwork for darwins ideas.

taxonomy

taxonomy is the science of naming, defining and classifying groups of biological organisms on the basis of shared characteristics

Biological fitness is best defined as

the ability of an individual to produce offspring that survive and reproduce, relative to other individuals in the population.

Homology

the existence of shared ancestry between a pair of structures, or genes

Speciation

the formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution.

natural selection

the process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring

Which of the following represents a pair of homologous structures?

the wing of a bat and the flipper of a whale