Bio 101 Chapter 5

The sequential reaction pathway A → B → C → D is dependent on enzymes for each separate step. The enzyme that has "C" as a substrate becomes nonfunctional. Explain how this affects the metabolic pathway shown.

A will still be converted to B, which will still be converted to C. However, D will not be produced because the enzyme that produces D is not functional.

Which of the following is either consumed or synthesized in virtually every cellular reaction ?

ATP

The ________ of an enzyme is an area with a specialized shape and set of chemical properties that allows the enzyme to bind with a particular substrate.

Active site

Humans store sugars in the form glycogen. Glycogen is made by linking many glucose molecules together. The process is:

Anabolic

Determine whether each statement is an analogy for an anabolic pathway or a catabolic pathway.

Anabolic - A worker uses individual bricks to build a wall. - In a popular video game individuals blocks of material are used to build objects. - An individual invests money in the stock market. Catabolic - In a popular video game an ax is used to chop trees into individual blocks of wood. - An individual spends money on a new car.

A plant cell is mutated so ATP synthase no longer functions. Which process will be affected?

Both Photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

Which of the following statements comparing photosynthesis and cellular respiration is accurate?

Both photosynthesis and cellular respiration require electron transport chains.

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration cycle the element ________ through the environment. When a plant does photosynthesis, it takes this element from the air and produces sugars. When animals conduct cellular respiration, they break down sugars and exhale a gas that contains this element.

Carbon

What would be the initial outcome of decreasing the number of photosynthetic organisms on Earth with no change in the number of organisms using cellular respiration?

Carbon dioxide would increase.

For each characteristic below, determine if it applies to photosynthesis and/or cellular respiration.

Cellular Respiration Only : - Produces Carbon Dioxide - Used by animal cells Photosynthesis Only: - Produces Sugars Both Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration: - Used by Plant cells Neither photosynthesis nor cellular respiration: - produces light energy.

The reaction (Sugar + Oxygen --> Carbon Dioxide + Water + ATP) is part of : ( NOT PHOTOSYNTHESIS)

Cellular respiration.

The energy required for life processes must be extracted from an organism's:

Environment

The capture and use of energy by living organisms involves numerous chemical reactions. Collectively these processes are known as:

Metabolism

The Krebs cycle produces

NADH, ATP, FADH2

Which of the following is a product of the light reactions of photosynthesis?

Oxygen

A new bacterial cell is found that is able to grow without food as long as sunlight is available. This cell likely uses ________ to produce its own food.

Photosynthesis

Defend the following statement by discussing the importance of the products of photosynthesis:"The evolution of photosynthesis was an essential event for the evolution of life as we know it."

Photosynthesis produces oxygen, which allows other organisms to conduct cellular respiration rather than fermentation. This allows these organisms to produce much more ATP. Photosynthesis also produces sugars, which are used as an energy source by other organisms.

Excess carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is increasing climate change. How do photosynthesis and cellular respiration relate to this issue, and how can we use this knowledge to help decrease this problem?

Photosynthesis takes in carbon dioxide; respiration produces it. If we increase the number of photosynthetic organisms, we could decrease the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

Which of the following is known to result from disruption of mitosis and meiosis?

Prostate Cancer

The energy carriers NADPH and NADH differentiations structurally. Functionally they are:

Somewhat different. NADH is produced from catabolic processes, whereas NADPH is used in anabolic processes.

Photosynthetic organisms capture energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical bonds by forming:

Sugars

Plants and animals use different energy storage molecules, yet they both use the same mechanism to burn their stored energy. How can plants and animals both be successful, even though they burn different energy storage molecules?

The breaking of the chemical bonds of a storage molecule transfers energy, no matter what molecule is stored.

Two students are discussing the importance of glycolysis in human cells. One student states that the main function of glycolysis is to produce ATP. The other states that the main function is to produce NADH. Which student is correct?

The second student is correct. Although glycolysis does produce some ATP, the NADH produced by glycolysis will be used by the electron transport chain to produce much more ATP. Therefore, the bulk of the ATP produced is due to the production of NADH rather than ATP directly in glycolysis.

A mutation in a plant cell produces rubisco enzymes, which can only bind O2 (and not CO2). What would be the outcome of this mutation?

This plant would not be able to produce sugars in the Calvin cycle because they would not bind the carbon needed to produce the sugars.

Describe viruses.

Typically a piece of genetic material encased in proteins. Viruses are small non cellular, infectious agents that are only capable of reproducing when inside a living cell, such as thise of plants, animals, fungi peotozoans or bacteria.

Cells contain the molecule GTP (guanosine triphosphate). Would this molecule be useful as an energy carrier (similar to ATP)?

Yes, because it contains the same number of phosphates as does ATP.

In the reaction H2O + CO2 + carbonic anhydrase → H+ + HCO3−+carbonic anhydrase, carbonic anhydrase is a(n)

enzyme.

If the mitochondria of a cell did not produce an inner membrane, the mitochondria would be unable to

maintain the proton gradient required for ATP production.

In a human cell,

nearly all chemical reactions are catalyzed by enzymes.

Living cells have an intact phospholipid bilayer that separates the cell from its external environment; this structure is commonly referred to as the

plasma membrane

In the reaction C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O, the 6 CO2molecules are examples of

products.

In photosynthesis, the carbon used to make sugars is :

provided by carbon dioxide.

The events of the Calvin cycle

use ATP and NADPH to produce sugars.